...Date... AGE Event
1797/--/-- 0 *** Hopper, William - Born to Hopper, William and Stephens, Hester (Hopper) North Carolina
1797/--/-- 0 - Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) to France.
1797/--/-- 0 - British wood engraver Thomas Bewick publishes A History of British Birds.
1797/--/-- 0 - David Thompson surveys the Mississippi headwaters for the North West Company.
1797/--/-- 0 - John Adams (Federalist) becomes president of the United States
1797/--/-- 0 - Nelson defeats the Spanish fleet at Cape St. Vincent, and the Dutch at Camperdown.
1797/--/-- 0 - The British capture the Spanish colony of Trinidad.
1797/--/-- 0 - The Directory appoint Talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for France.
1797/--/-- 0 - The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the war of the First Coalition against France.
1797/--/-- 0 - The Venetian Republic is dissolved; Venice is ruled by Austria.
1798/--/-- 1 - Alien and Sedition Act
1798/--/-- 1 - America's first professional author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland.
1798/--/-- 1 - Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey form a Second Coalition against France.
1798/--/-- 1 - Economist Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population.
1798/--/-- 1 - Eli Whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets.
1798/--/-- 1 - French armies occupy Rome and invade Switzerland, creating the Helvetic Republic.
1798/--/-- 1 - Haydn composes "The Creation"
1798/--/-- 1 - Lord Wellesley becomes governor-general of India.
1798/--/-- 1 - Napoleon's army invades Egypt and defeats the Mamelukes at the Battle of the Pyramids.
1798/--/-- 1 - The French fleet is destroyed by Nelson at Abukir Bay, cutting off Napoleon's forces in Egypt.
1798/--/-- 1 - The U.S. Congress passes the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.
1798/--/-- 1 - The XYZ Affair leads to the Quasi War between France and the U.S.
1798/--/-- 1 - The territory of Mississippi becomes part of the United States.
1798/--/-- 1 - William Wordsworth publishes Lyrical Ballads with Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
1798/--/-- 1 - Wolfe Tone leads a revolt against the British by the Society of United Irishmen.
1799/--/-- 2 - A 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the Lena River in Russia.
1799/--/-- 2 - Britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax.
1799/--/-- 2 - City Hotel, the first American structure designed as a hotel, opens in New York.
1799/--/-- 2 - Humboldt and Bonpland begin their scientific expedition in South American.
1799/--/-- 2 - Napoleon attacks Syria to prevent a Turkish invasion of Egypt, but is defeated at Acre.
1799/--/-- 2 - Napoleon becomes Consul
1799/--/-- 2 - Napoleon returns to France as first consul; the Consulate replaces the Directory.
1799/--/-- 2 - Ranjit Singh establishes a Sikh kingdom in northwest India.
1799/--/-- 2 - Russian forces under Suvorov defeat the French in Italy, but are held at Zurich.
1799/--/-- 2 - The Rosetta Stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in Egypt.
1799/--/-- 2 - The Russian-American Company is founded to administer the Alaskan fur trade.
1799/--/-- 2 - Tippu Sultan is killed in battle with the British; the Mysore empire is destroyed.
1800/--/-- 3 - Black slave Gabriel leads an abortive uprising near Richmond, Virginia.
1800/--/-- 3 - France regains Louisiana from Spain under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso.
1800/--/-- 3 - Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery.
1800/--/-- 3 - Jefferson defeats Adams in the U.S. presidential election, but ties with Burr.
1800/--/-- 3 - Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) arrives in the Ohio River valley around this time.
1800/--/-- 3 - Library of Congress founded
1800/--/-- 3 - Madame de Stael publishes The Influence of Literature Upon Society.
1800/--/-- 3 - Napoleon commissions Cambaceres to develop the Napoleonic Code of law.
1800/--/-- 3 - Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo.
1800/--/-- 3 - Seat of government moves from Philadelphia to Washington, DC
1800/--/-- 3 - The Library of Congress is founded in Washington D.C.
1800/--/-- 3 - The seat of U.S. government is transferred to Washington, D.C.
1800/--/-- 3 - Volta invents electric battery
1801/--/-- 4 - Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I.
1801/--/-- 4 - Barbary pirates begin the Tripolitan War; a U.S. squadron sails to the Mediterranean.
1801/--/-- 4 - Castlereagh secures passage of the Act of Union, which unites Britain and Ireland.
1801/--/-- 4 - Chemists Proust and Berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition.
1801/--/-- 4 - Jefferson is selected as the 3rd U.S. president; Burr becomes vice-president.
1801/--/-- 4 - Nelson defeats the Danish fleet at Copenhagen.
1801/--/-- 4 - Robert Fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the Nautilus.
1801/--/-- 4 - The British defeat Napoleon's army of Egypt at Alexandria.
1801/--/-- 4 - The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria.
1801/--/-- 4 - The Union Jack becomes the official flag of the United Kingdom.
1801/--/-- 4 - Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1802/--/-- 5 - Alexander von Humboldt climbs Mt. Chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- 5 - American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse.
1802/--/-- 5 - Britain returns the island of Minorca to Spain.
1802/--/-- 5 - Napoleon is created First Consul for life.
1802/--/-- 5 - The French capture Haitian leader Toussaint, but are defeated by Christophe.
1802/--/-- 5 - The Treaty of Amiens brings a temporary halt to the French Revolutionary Wars.
1803/--/-- 6 - Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars.
1803/--/-- 6 - Britain establishes a new penal colony on Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).
1803/--/-- 6 - Dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 6 - English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 6 - France sells Louisiana to the U.S.
1803/--/-- 6 - Matthew Flinders completes the first circumnavigation of Australia.
1803/--/-- 6 - Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union.
1803/--/-- 6 - Robert Emmet leads an Irish rebellion in Dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 7 - American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 7 - Dessalines declares Haitian independence and names himself Emperor Jacques I.
1804/--/-- 7 - English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 7 - Francis II assumes the title of emperor of Austria.
1804/--/-- 7 - Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria.
1804/--/-- 7 - Jefferson is reelected as U.S. president; Clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 7 - Lewis and Clark expedition encounters Native Americans
1804/--/-- 7 - Lewis and Clarke Expedition
1804/--/-- 7 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west.
1804/--/-- 7 - Napoleon becomes Emperor
1804/--/-- 7 - Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France.
1804/--/-- 7 - Serbian nationalists revolt against the Turks.
1804/--/-- 7 - Stephen Decatur leads a U.S. navy skirmish into Tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 8 - American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean.
1805/--/-- 8 - Austria sues for peace with France at the Treaty of Pressburg.
1805/--/-- 8 - Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden form a Third Coalition against France.
1805/--/-- 8 - Muhammad Ali is appointed Pasha (governor) of Egypt by the Ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 8 - Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 8 - The French defeat Austro-Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 8 - The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, begins planning an Indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 9 - Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion.
1806/--/-- 9 - Napoleon begins the Continental System, closing European ports to British vessels.
1806/--/-- 9 - Napoleon forces the abdication of Francis II; the Holy Roman Empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 9 - Noah Webster publishes "Compendious" Dictionary of the English Language"
1806/--/-- 9 - Prussia joins the Coalition against France, but is defeated at Jena-Auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 9 - Revolutionary leader Francisco de Miranda makes an abortive invasion of Venezuela.
1806/--/-- 9 - The British employ Congreve rockets against a French invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 9 - U.S. explorer Zebulon Pike is sent west to descend the Red River.
1806/--/-- 9 - William Murdock installs gas lighting in a Manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 10 - Aaron Burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 10 - Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral).
1807/--/-- 10 - British chemist Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 10 - Congress passes the Embargo Act in response to interference with U.S. shipping.
1807/--/-- 10 - German philosopher Hegel publishes The Phenomenology of the Spirit.
1807/--/-- 10 - Napoleon defeats the Russian armies; Russia and Prussia sue for peace at Tilsit.
1807/--/-- 10 - Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal.
1807/--/-- 10 - Robert Fulton's steamship the Clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 10 - Sir Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 10 - The Janissaries depose Sultan Selim III and place Mustafa IV on the Ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 10 - The U.S. frigate Chesapeake is involved in an incident with a British man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 10 - The slave trade is outlawed throughout the British Empire.
1808/--/-- 11 - Beethoven composes "Fifth Symphony"
1808/--/-- 11 - Congress prohibits importing of African slaves
1808/--/-- 11 - Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 11 - French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 11 - German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains.
1808/--/-- 11 - Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko.
1808/--/-- 11 - John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company.
1808/--/-- 11 - Napoleon appoints his brother Joseph as king of Spain.
1808/--/-- 11 - Napoleon occupys Spain
1808/--/-- 11 - The British under Wellington aid Portugal against France in the Peninsular War.
1809/--/-- 12 - Frenchman Nicolas Appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 12 - German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 12 - James Madison (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1809/--/-- 12 - John Stevens' steamboat the Phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 12 - Lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in Zoological Philosophy.
1809/--/-- 12 - Metternich draws Austria into the War of the Fifth Coalition against France.
1809/--/-- 12 - Napoleon annexes the Papal States and takes Pope Pius VII prisoner.
1809/--/-- 12 - Russia seizes Finland from Sweden; King Gustav IV Adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 12 - The French defeat the Austrians at Wagram; Francis II accepts the Treaty of Schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 13 *** Brown, Rebecca Fitzpatrick (Hopper) [Wife] - Born to Brown, Joel and Patsy, Martha
1810/--/-- 13 - A rebellion against Spain breaks out in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1810/--/-- 13 - American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida.
1810/--/-- 13 - Kamehameha I becomes ruler of Hawaii and establishes the Kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 13 - Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla leads a rebellion against Spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 13 - Revolutions in Latin America lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 13 - Separatists movements in Latin America
1810/--/-- 13 - The Krupp arms factory is established at Essen in Germany.
1810/--/-- 13 - Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army holds the French on the outskirts of Lisbon.
1811/--/-- 14 - Bolivar and Miranda lead the Venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 14 - First steamboat to sail down Mississippi reaches New Orleans
1811/--/-- 14 - George III becomes mentally unstable; the Prince of Wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 14 - Henri Christophe declares himself king of northern Haiti.
1811/--/-- 14 - Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro develops the concept known as Avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 14 - Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility"
1811/--/-- 14 - Jose Artigas raises a force to expel the Spanish from the Banda Oriental (Uruguay).
1811/--/-- 14 - Mexican rebel leader Hidalgo y Costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 14 - Native Americans defeated in Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana Territory
1811/--/-- 14 - The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 14 - The building of the National Road, the first U.S. federal highway, begins in Maryland.
1811/--/-- 14 - The first rowing race in the United States is held in New York.
1811/--/-- 14 - The ruling Mameluke aristocracy is massacred in Cairo by Muhammad Ali.
1811/--/-- 14 - William Henry Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 15 - An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 15 - English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax.
1812/--/-- 15 - General William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British.
1812/--/-- 15 - Georges Cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 15 - Grimm's Fairy Tales are published in Germany.
1812/--/-- 15 - John Nash begins the oriental conversion of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton.
1812/--/-- 15 - Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union.
1812/--/-- 15 - Napoleon defeated in Russia
1812/--/-- 15 - Napoleon invades Russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 15 - Napoleon's army retreats from Moscow; only 40,000 men reach France.
1812/--/-- 15 - Rebel leader Morelos y Pavon defeats the Mexican royalist forces at Oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 15 - Spanish forces defeat Bolivar and Miranda in Venezuela; Miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 15 - Stephen Decatur's frigate United States defeats the British frigate Macedonian.
1812/--/-- 15 - Swiss explorer Jakob Burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of Petra.
1812/--/-- 15 - Territorial and shipping disputes lead to the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
1812/--/-- 15 - The French defeat the Russians at Borodino; Napoleon occupies Moscow.
1812/--/-- 15 - The U.S. Navy frigate Constitution defeats 2 British frigates.
1812/--/-- 15 - The ancient city of Petra (now in present-day Jordan) is rediscovered by Johann Burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 15 - The first coal gas generating station is chartered in London to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 15 - War of 1812 Begins
1812/--/-- 15 - Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain.
1813/--/-- 16 - 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England.
1813/--/-- 16 - English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice.
1813/--/-- 16 - James Wilkinson captures a fort at Mobile, the last Spanish possession in West Florida.
1813/--/-- 16 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by the Sixth Coalition.
1813/--/-- 16 - Oliver Hazard Perry's ships destroy the British fleet on Lake Erie.
1813/--/-- 16 - British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames.
1813/--/-- 16 - Rebel forces invade Venezuela and capture Caracas; Bolivar is declared the Liberator.
1813/--/-- 16 - Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England.
1813/--/-- 16 - Wellington defeats the French in Spain at Vitoria and invades southern France.
1813/--/-- 16 - William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames.
1814/--/-- 17 - Actor Edmund Kean makes his debut as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.
1814/--/-- 17 - Andrew Jackson annihilates the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
1814/--/-- 17 - Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Resistance in South
1814/--/-- 17 - British forces burn Washington, D.C., but are repulsed at Fort McHenry.
1814/--/-- 17 - Coalition armies invade France; Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of Elba.
1814/--/-- 17 - French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque.
1814/--/-- 17 - George Stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 17 - Louis XVIII assumes the French throne.
1814/--/-- 17 - New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention.
1814/--/-- 17 - Pope Pius VII returns to Rome; the Jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 17 - The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
1814/--/-- 17 - Treaty of Ghent
1814/--/-- 17 - U.S. forces under Thomas Macdonough destroy the British fleet on Lake Champlain.
1815/--/-- 18 - French Monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 18 - Napoleon escapes from Elba and marches on Paris during the Hundred Days.
1815/--/-- 18 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; he is exiled to the island of Saint Helena.
1815/--/-- 18 - The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 18 - The Barbary States sue for peace with the U.S.
1815/--/-- 18 - The Spanish army reconquers Venezuela; Bolivar flees to Jamaica.
1815/--/-- 18 - The Spanish capture and execute the Mexican rebel leader Morelos y Pavon.
1815/--/-- 18 - The first Gurkha regiment is formed by the British army.
1815/--/-- 18 - War of 1812 Ends
1816/--/-- 19 - Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome.
1816/--/-- 19 - Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union.
1816/--/-- 19 - Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil.
1816/--/-- 19 - Nepal is made a protectorate of British India.
1816/--/-- 19 - Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa.
1816/--/-- 19 - The British Museum buys the Elgin Marbles (smuggled from Greece by Lord Elgin).
1816/--/-- 19 - The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 20 - Construction begins on Erie Canal in New York
1817/--/-- 20 - Construction of the Erie Canal begins in New York State.
1817/--/-- 20 - First Seminole War
1817/--/-- 20 - French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 20 - James Monroe (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1817/--/-- 20 - Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins defeat the Spanish in Chile.
1817/--/-- 20 - Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union.
1817/--/-- 20 - Monroe is inaugurated as the 5th U.S. president; Tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 20 - Sir Walter Scott writes the Scottish adventure novel Rob Roy.
1818/--/-- 21 - Arthur Schopenhauer publishes The World as Will and Representation.
1818/--/-- 21 - Bernardo O'Higgins becomes the supreme director of independent Chile.
1818/--/-- 21 - Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 21 - English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 21 - Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union.
1818/--/-- 21 - John Keats "Endymion"
1818/--/-- 21 - Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley publishes the horror novel Frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 21 - Sir John Ross sails in search of the Northwest Passage.
1818/--/-- 21 - Thomas Love Peacock publishes his comic novel Nightmare Abbey.
1818/--/-- 21 - Treaty with Britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 22 - Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union.
1819/--/-- 22 - American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape.
1819/--/-- 22 - Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Colombia at the Battle of Boyaca.
1819/--/-- 22 - Lord Byron begins his satirical poem Don Juan.
1819/--/-- 22 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles acquires Singapore for the East India Company.
1819/--/-- 22 - Spain surrenders East and West Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
1819/--/-- 22 - The Prado Museum is inaugurated in Madrid.
1819/--/-- 22 - The Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic.
1819/--/-- 22 - Treaty with Spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 23 - Carbonari Italian nationalists rebel against the rule of Ferdinand I in Naples.
1820/--/-- 23 - English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale.
1820/--/-- 23 - English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound.
1820/--/-- 23 - Fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 23 - French navigator Dumont d'Urville discovers the Venus de Milo on the island of Melos.
1820/--/-- 23 - French poet Alphonse de Lamartine publishes Meditations Poetiques.
1820/--/-- 23 - Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer.
1820/--/-- 23 - Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes the virtual dictator of Argentina.
1820/--/-- 23 - Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union.
1820/--/-- 23 - Missouri Compromise
1820/--/-- 23 - Percy Bysshe Shelly "Prometheus Unbound"
1820/--/-- 23 - Russian Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen sights land in the Antarctic.
1820/--/-- 23 - Stephen H. Long explores the Rocky Mountain region.
1820/--/-- 23 - The Missouri Compromise admits Missouri to the Union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 23 - The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III.
1820/--/-- 23 - The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii.
1820/--/-- 23 - The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia.
1820/--/-- 23 - U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 23 - Washington Irving publishes Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
1821/--/-- 24 - American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica.
1821/--/-- 24 - Bolivar forms Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama).
1821/--/-- 24 - Brazil annexes the Banda Oriental (Uruguay).
1821/--/-- 24 - English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain.
1821/--/-- 24 - King John VI is reinstated on the Portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 24 - Mexican Independence
1821/--/-- 24 - Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 24 - Missouri Compromise
1821/--/-- 24 - Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union.
1821/--/-- 24 - Napoleon dies on Saint Helena.
1821/--/-- 24 - Revolutionary general San Martin enters Lima and declares Peru independent.
1821/--/-- 24 - Revolutionary leader Iturbide declares Mexican independence from Spain.
1821/--/-- 24 - Simon Bolivar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and Ecuador.
1821/--/-- 24 - The Cherokee Indian Sequoya develops the Cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 24 - The Greek War of Independence begins against Turkey.
1821/--/-- 24 - Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published.
1821/07/09 24 - George IV crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Char
1822/--/-- 25 - American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 25 - Antonio Jose de Sucre defeats the Spanish in Ecuador at the Battle of Pichincha.
1822/--/-- 25 - British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 25 - Denmark Vesey leads a slave revolt in Charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 25 - Dom Pedro, son of Portuguese King John VI, declares Brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 25 - Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali completes the conquest of northern Sudan.
1822/--/-- 25 - French scholar Jean Francois Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 26 - Charles Babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 26 - Charles Lamb publishes his Essays of Elia in The London Magazine.
1823/--/-- 26 - Charles Macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 26 - General Santa Anna leads a coup against Mexican Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide).
1823/--/-- 26 - James Fenimore Cooper publishes the first volume of The Leatherstocking Tales.
1823/--/-- 26 - Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji.
1823/--/-- 26 - Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony.
1823/--/-- 26 - Monroe Doctrine
1823/--/-- 26 - Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England.
1823/--/-- 26 - The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas.
1824/--/-- 27 - De Sucre defeats the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, liberating Peru.
1824/--/-- 27 - Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma.
1824/--/-- 27 - English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 27 - Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 27 - Sadi Carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 27 - The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana).
1824/--/-- 27 - The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana).
1824/--/-- 27 - The National Gallery is founded in London.
1825/--/-- 28 *** Stephens, Hester (Hopper) [Mother] - Died Kentucky
1825/--/-- 28 - Adams is inaugurated as the 6th U.S. president; Calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 28 - American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time.
1825/--/-- 28 - English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age.
1825/--/-- 28 - John Quincy Adams (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1825/--/-- 28 - Kappa Alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at Union College, New York.
1825/--/-- 28 - Mountain man James Bridger discovers the Great Salt Lake.
1825/--/-- 28 - Nicholas I is made emperor of Russia; the Decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 28 - The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico.
1825/--/-- 28 - Thomas Cole establishes Hudson River school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 28 - Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina.
1825/--/-- 28 - Welsh reformer Robert Owen founds a community at New Harmony, Indiana.
1826/--/-- 29 - American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive.
1826/--/-- 29 - Andre Ampere publishes his Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomenon.
1826/--/-- 29 - British engineer Thomas Telford builds the Menai suspension bridge in Wales.
1826/--/-- 29 - Felix Mendelssohn composes his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream at age 17.
1826/--/-- 29 - German poet Heine begins the publication of Reisebilder (Travel Pictures).
1826/--/-- 29 - Ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance.
1826/--/-- 29 - Revolutionary leader Antonio Jose de Sucre is elected first president of Bolivia.
1827/--/-- 30 - American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress.
1827/--/-- 30 - Audubon publishes " Birds of America"
1827/--/-- 30 - Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece.
1827/--/-- 30 - English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches.
1827/--/-- 30 - French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni.
1827/--/-- 30 - Mountain man Jedediah Smith pioneers an overland route to California.
1827/--/-- 30 - Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America.
1827/--/-- 30 - The Allied navies destroy the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino in Greece.
1828/--/-- 31 - Composer Frederic Chopin begins concert tours at age 18.
1828/--/-- 31 - Greeks win War of Independence from Ottoman Empire
1828/--/-- 31 - Lavalleja's Thirty-three Immortals achieve Uruguayan independence from Brazil.
1828/--/-- 31 - Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language.
1828/--/-- 31 - Rammohun Roy founds the Brahmo Samaj religious society in India.
1828/--/-- 31 - The Duke of Wellington becomes prime minister of Britain.
1828/--/-- 31 - Virtuoso violin player Niccolo Paganini performs in Vienna.
1829/--/-- 32 - Andrew Jackson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1829/--/-- 32 - Delacroix paints "Death of Sardanapalus"
1829/--/-- 32 - Explorer Charles Sturt charts the Murray River in Australia.
1829/--/-- 32 - Jackson introduces spoils system
1829/--/-- 32 - Jackson is inaugurated as the 7th U.S. president; Calhoun continues as vice-president.
1829/--/-- 32 - Lord Bentinck bans the Indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows).
1829/--/-- 32 - Louis Braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind.
1829/--/-- 32 - Serbia becomes an autonomous principality under Prince Milos.
1829/--/-- 32 - Sir Robert Peel reorganizes the London police; his policemen are nicknamed Bobbies.
1829/--/-- 32 - Sir Robert Peel sponsers the Catholic Emancipation Act in Britain.
1829/--/-- 32 - The convict-free British colony of Western Australia is founded.
1829/--/-- 32 - The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun.
1830/--/-- 33 - Belgium asserts its independence from the Netherlands.
1830/--/-- 33 - British geologist Charles Lyell begins publishing his Principles of Geology.
1830/--/-- 33 - Fructuoso Rivera is elected as first president of Uruguay.
1830/--/-- 33 - George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time.
1830/--/-- 33 - Greece becomes independent from Turkey.
1830/--/-- 33 - Hector Berlioz composes his first major work the Symphonie Fantastique.
1830/--/-- 33 - Indian Removal Act moves eastern Indians west of Mississippi
1830/--/-- 33 - Joseph Smith founds the Mormon church at Fayette, New York.
1830/--/-- 33 - Louis Philippe is chosen as the citizen king of France.
1830/--/-- 33 - Philipon publishes the satirical weekly La Caricature, with contributions by Daumier.
1830/--/-- 33 - Polish rebellions are suppressed by Russia.
1830/--/-- 33 - Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year.
1830/--/-- 33 - The Indian Removal Act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to Indian Territory.
1830/--/-- 33 - The July Revolution in France forces the abdication of Charles X.
1830/--/-- 33 - The Women's magazine Godey's Lady's Book is published in the U.S.
1830/--/-- 33 - The locomotive Best Friend of Charleston is in use on the first U.S. railroad.
1830/--/-- 33 - William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1831/--/-- 34 - British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle.
1831/--/-- 34 - Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper.
1831/--/-- 34 - Explorer James Clark Ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole.
1831/--/-- 34 - Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founds the Young Italy movement.
1831/--/-- 34 - Jose Antonio Paez becomes the first president of Venezuela.
1831/--/-- 34 - King Louis Philippe founds the French foreign legion.
1831/--/-- 34 - Leopold I is selected as the first king of Belgium.
1831/--/-- 34 - Michael Faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction.
1831/--/-- 34 - Nat Turner leads a black slave revolt in Virginia; he is captured and hanged.
1831/--/-- 34 - Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin completes his masterpiece Eugene Onegin.
1831/--/-- 34 - The crown colony of British Guiana (Guyana) is formed.
1831/--/-- 34 - Victor Hugo "Hunchback of Notre Dame"
1831/--/-- 34 - William Lloyd Garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator.
1832/--/-- 35 - George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) publishes her first novel Indiana.
1832/--/-- 35 - Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido.
1832/--/-- 35 - Samuel F.B. Morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph
1832/--/-- 35 - The Black Hawk War is the last major Indian conflict east of the Mississippi River.
1832/--/-- 35 - The Democratic party is formally established as a national organization.
1833/--/-- 36 - A Bavarian prince becomes King Otto of Greece.
1833/--/-- 36 - Britain occupies the Falkland Islands.
1833/--/-- 36 - Carl von Clausewitz's classic study of warfare On War is published.
1833/--/-- 36 - General Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico.
1833/--/-- 36 - Isabella II succeeds Ferdinand VII, King of Spain; the Carlist Wars begin.
1833/--/-- 36 - President Jackson withdraws federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.
1833/--/-- 36 - Santa Anna elected President of Mexico
1833/--/-- 36 - The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia.
1833/--/-- 36 - Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English.
1834/--/-- 37 - A Quadruple Alliance is formed to aid Isabella II of Spain and Maria II of Portugal.
1834/--/-- 37 - American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine.
1834/--/-- 37 - British politician Sir Robert Peel founds the Conservative Party.
1834/--/-- 37 - Indian Territory founded
1834/--/-- 37 - Slavery abolished in British Empire
1834/--/-- 37 - The Carlist Wars resume in Spain.
1834/--/-- 37 - The Hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in London.
1834/--/-- 37 - The Whig party is formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party.
1835/--/-- 38 - American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule.
1835/--/-- 38 - Attempts to move the Seminole Indians begins the second Seminole War.
1835/--/-- 38 - Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen publishes Tales Told for Children.
1835/--/-- 38 - French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America.
1835/--/-- 38 - James Gordon Bennett founds the New York Herald newspaper.
1835/--/-- 38 - Second Seminole War in Florida
1836/--/-- 39 - American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers.
1836/--/-- 39 - American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver.
1836/--/-- 39 - American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club.
1836/--/-- 39 - Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union.
1836/--/-- 39 - Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior.
1836/--/-- 39 - Bolivian president Santa Cruz invades Peru and forms the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
1836/--/-- 39 - Charles Barry designs Westminster Palace in the Gothic Revival style.
1836/--/-- 39 - Charles Dickens publishes his first popular work The Pickwick Papers.
1836/--/-- 39 - John C. Calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent Congress debating slavery.
1836/--/-- 39 - Republic of Texas forms
1836/--/-- 39 - Russian author Nikolai Gogol writes his play The Inspector General.
1836/--/-- 39 - Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders.
1836/--/-- 39 - Texans under Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River.
1836/--/-- 39 - Texas Revolution
1836/--/-- 39 - The Arc de Triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in Paris.
1837/--/-- 40 - Britain's refusal to grant more home rule in Canada leads to the Rebellions of 1837.
1837/--/-- 40 - British scientist Charles Wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system.
1837/--/-- 40 - Charles Dickens "Oliver Twist"
1837/--/-- 40 - Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs.
1837/--/-- 40 - Martin Van Buren (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1837/--/-- 40 - Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union.
1837/--/-- 40 - Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin.
1837/--/-- 40 - Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel.
1837/--/-- 40 - Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle publishes The French Revolution.
1837/--/-- 40 - Seminole Indian leader Osceola is captured.
1837/--/-- 40 - Van Buren is inaugurated as the 8th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president.
1837/--/-- 40 - William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1837/06/-- 40 - Victoria succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
1838/--/-- 41 - Boer (Afrikaner) leader Andries Pretorius defeats the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River.
1838/--/-- 41 - British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire.
1838/--/-- 41 - Charles Wilkes heads a U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica.
1838/--/-- 41 - Cherokee "Trail of Tears"
1838/--/-- 41 - French philosopher Auguste Comte inaugurates the science of sociology.
1838/--/-- 41 - Iowa Territory organized
1838/--/-- 41 - John Deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil.
1838/--/-- 41 - Samuel F.B. Morse develops the Morse code for electric telegraph systems.
1838/--/-- 41 - Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle.
1838/06/08 41 - Victoria crowned Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Will
1839/--/-- 42 - American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber.
1839/--/-- 42 - Chile defeats Santa Cruz's Peru-Bolivian Confederation at the Battle of Yungay.
1839/--/-- 42 - Daguerre invents first form of photography
1839/--/-- 42 - French novelist Stendhal writes The Charterhouse of Parma.
1839/--/-- 42 - Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt embarks on a concert tour of Europe.
1839/--/-- 42 - Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved.
1839/--/-- 42 - Stephens and Catherwood explore Maya ruins in the Yucatan.
1839/--/-- 42 - The Anglo-Afghan Wars begin in Afghanistan.
1839/--/-- 42 - The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China.
1839/--/-- 42 - Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden formulate the cell theory.
1840/--/-- 43 - Civil War breaks out in Uruguay between the Colorados (reds) and Blancos (whites).
1840/--/-- 43 - Edgar Allen Poe: "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque"
1840/--/-- 43 - French philosopher and anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon writes What is Property.
1840/--/-- 43 - Horatio Greenough's classical statue of George Washington is strongly criticized.
1840/--/-- 43 - Maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to Queen Victoria in the Treaty of Waitangi.
1840/--/-- 43 - Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg.
1840/--/-- 43 - Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages.
1840/--/-- 43 - The Liberty party is founded in Albany, N.Y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform.
1840/--/-- 43 - The Underground Railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the U.S.
1840/--/-- 43 - The first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, is issued in London.
1840/--/-- 43 - The metric system of measurement is reinstated in France.
1840/--/-- 43 - Upper and Lower Canada are united in the single Province of Canada.
1840/--/-- 43 - Upper and lower Canada united
1841/--/-- 44 - Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue.
1841/--/-- 44 - George Grey is appointed governor of South Australia to help save the colony.
1841/--/-- 44 - Harrison is inaugurated as the 9th U.S. president; Tyler becomes vice-president.
1841/--/-- 44 - Horace Greeley founds the New York Tribune newspaper.
1841/--/-- 44 - Italian ballerina Carlotta Grisi creates the role of Giselle.
1841/--/-- 44 - John Tyler (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1841/--/-- 44 - Muhammad Ali defeats the Ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of Egypt.
1841/--/-- 44 - New Zealand is established as a separate British colony.
1841/--/-- 44 - President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president
1841/--/-- 44 - Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by Sir Robert Peel.
1841/--/-- 44 - William Henry Harrison (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1841/--/-- 44 - William Henry Talbot patents the calotype photographic process.
1842/--/-- 45 - 10-hour day for children under 12 in Massachusetts
1842/--/-- 45 - American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail.
1842/--/-- 45 - American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb.
1842/--/-- 45 - Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler predicts the Doppler effect.
1842/--/-- 45 - China cedes Hong Kong to Britain.
1842/--/-- 45 - China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade.
1842/--/-- 45 - Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale.
1843/--/-- 46 - A coup in Greece forces King Otto to accept a constitutional monarchy.
1843/--/-- 46 - Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission.
1843/--/-- 46 - Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard publishes Either/Or.
1843/--/-- 46 - English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters.
1843/--/-- 46 - German astronomer Samuel Schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle.
1844/--/-- 47 - Alexander Dumas "The Three Muskateers"
1844/--/-- 47 - Eastern Hispaniola declares independence from Haiti as the Dominican Republic.
1844/--/-- 47 - French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas pere) publishes The Three Musketeers.
1844/--/-- 47 - Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob.
1844/--/-- 47 - Samuel F.B. Morse establishes the first U.S. telegraph link.
1844/--/-- 47 - Settlers in New South Wales force Britain to stop sending convicts to the colony.
1844/--/-- 47 - The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England.
1844/--/-- 47 - William Henry Talbot begins his Pencil of Nature, the first book of photographs.
1845/--/-- 48 - American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century.
1845/--/-- 48 - British archaeologist Austen Layard excavates the sites of Nimrud and Nineveh.
1845/--/-- 48 - Civil War ends in Peru; Castilla Ramon is elected as president.
1845/--/-- 48 - Failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in Ireland.
1845/--/-- 48 - Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 48 - French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters.
1845/--/-- 48 - German composer Robert Schumann writes his Piano Concerto in A minor.
1845/--/-- 48 - German scientist Alexander von Humboldt publishes the first volume of his Kosmos.
1845/--/-- 48 - James K. Polk (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1845/--/-- 48 - Polk is inaugurated as the 11th U.S. president; Dallas becomes vice-president
1845/--/-- 48 - Sir John Franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the Northwest Passage.
1845/--/-- 48 - The Republic of Texas becomes the 28th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 48 - The Republic of Texas is annexed by the U.S.; it becomes the 28th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 48 - The Sikh Wars begin in British India.
1845/--/-- 48 - The first clipper ship the Rainbow is built in New York.
1845/--/-- 48 - The term Manifest Destiny is first used in defense of U.S. territorial ambitions.
1846/--/-- 49 - Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone in Paris.
1846/--/-- 49 - American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic.
1846/--/-- 49 - German astronomer Johann Galle makes the first observation of the planet Neptune.
1846/--/-- 49 - German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach publishes The Essence of Religion.
1846/--/-- 49 - Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphers the Mesopotamian cuneiform script.
1846/--/-- 49 - Iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the Union.
1846/--/-- 49 - Mexican War
1846/--/-- 49 - Mormon trek from Navoo to Salt Lake City
1846/--/-- 49 - Oregon boundary with Canada established at 49th parallel
1846/--/-- 49 - The Christy Minstrels begin performing in New York.
1846/--/-- 49 - The Mexican War begins over the U.S. annexation of Texas.
1846/--/-- 49 - The Mexican government collapses; Santa Anna is reelected as president.
1846/--/-- 49 - The Smithsonian Institution is created by Congress.
1846/--/-- 49 - The border between the U.S. and Canada is established, settling the Oregon Question.
1846/--/-- 49 - U.S. forces under Stephen Watts Kearny occupy New Mexico.
1846/--/-- 49 - U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor defeat the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Monterrey.
1846/--/-- 49 - Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense.
1846/03/21 49 *** Hopper, John [Son] - Born to Hopper, William and Brown, Rebecca Fitzpatrick (Hopper)
1847/--/-- 50 - American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon.
1847/--/-- 50 - American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts.
1847/--/-- 50 - Charlotte Bronte publishes Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte publishes Wuthering Heights.
1847/--/-- 50 - English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair.
1847/--/-- 50 - Honore de Balzac completes La Comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels.
1847/--/-- 50 - Italian statesman Cavour founds the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence).
1847/--/-- 50 - Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet.
1847/--/-- 50 - Mormons and the Indians
1847/--/-- 50 - Scott enters Mexico City after a series of battles; Mexico sues for peace.
1847/--/-- 50 - Sir James Simpson uses chloroform for childbirth
1847/--/-- 50 - Taylor defeats Santa Anna's Mexican army at the Battle of Buena Vista.
1847/--/-- 50 - The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent.
1847/--/-- 50 - The American Medical Association is founded.
1847/--/-- 50 - The Mormons under Brigham Young found Salt Lake City.
1847/--/-- 50 - The U.S. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps.
1847/--/-- 50 - U.S. forces under Stockton, Fremont and Kearny occupy California.
1847/--/-- 50 - U.S. forces under Winfield Scott land at Veracruz and advance on Mexico City.
1848/--/-- 51 - A Czech uprising under Frantisek Palacky is suppressed by Austria.
1848/--/-- 51 - American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction.
1848/--/-- 51 - February Revolution by French workers makes Louis Napoleon III President of 2nd Reublic
1848/--/-- 51 - Ferdinand I abdicates; Francis Joseph becomes Emperor of Austria.
1848/--/-- 51 - French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau.
1848/--/-- 51 - French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas fils) publishes his novel Camille.
1848/--/-- 51 - Gold discovered in California
1848/--/-- 51 - Holman Hunt, Millais and Rossetti form the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in Britain.
1848/--/-- 51 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.
1848/--/-- 51 - Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels publish "Communist Manifesto"
1848/--/-- 51 - Louis Philippe abdicates; a Second Republic is declared in France.
1848/--/-- 51 - Mexican Cession
1848/--/-- 51 - Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence.
1848/--/-- 51 - Scottish physicist William Thomson Kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale.
1848/--/-- 51 - The Austrian revolution begins in Vienna; chancellor Metternich resigns.
1848/--/-- 51 - The Revolutions of 1848 break out in Europe.
1848/--/-- 51 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ratifies the cession of California and New Mexico.
1848/--/-- 51 - The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill begins the California gold rush.
1848/--/-- 51 - The first U.S. women's rights assembly meets at the Seneca Falls Convention.
1848/--/-- 51 - Uprisings in Berlin force Frederick William IV to summon a constitutional assembly.
1848/--/-- 51 - Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union.
1849/--/-- 52 - Amelia Bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the Lily magazine.
1849/--/-- 52 - Austrian forces crush the Italian revolution; Mazzini and Garibaldi flee from Italy.
1849/--/-- 52 - Austrian premier Felix Schwarzenberg uses the Russian army to defeat the Hungarians.
1849/--/-- 52 - Black slave Harriet Tubman escapes and begins her Underground Railway work.
1849/--/-- 52 - Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree.
1849/--/-- 52 - Francois Rene de Chateaubriand publishes Memoirs From Beyond the Tomb.
1849/--/-- 52 - French physicist Armand Fizeau measures the velocity of light.
1849/--/-- 52 - Lajos Kossuth declares Hungarian independence from Austria.
1849/--/-- 52 - Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is deported to Siberia.
1849/--/-- 52 - Taylor is inaugurated as the 12th U.S. president; Fillmore becomes vice-president
1849/--/-- 52 - Zachary Taylor (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1850/--/-- 53 - Allan Pinkerton founds the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
1850/--/-- 53 - American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter.
1850/--/-- 53 - American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races.
1850/--/-- 53 - California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union.
1850/--/-- 53 - Congress reinforces the Fugitive Slave Law for the return of escaped slaves.
1850/--/-- 53 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes her Sonnets From the Portuguese.
1850/--/-- 53 - English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield.
1850/--/-- 53 - French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers.
1850/--/-- 53 - Jenny Lind the Swedish nightingale begins her U.S. tour.
1850/--/-- 53 - Millard Fillmore (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1850/--/-- 53 - Nathanial Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter"
1850/--/-- 53 - Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans.
1850/--/-- 53 - Plains Indians cede land in exchange for reservations
1850/--/-- 53 - President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president.
1850/--/-- 53 - The Compromise of 1850 establishes California as a non-slavery state.
1850/--/-- 53 - The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty.
1850/--/-- 53 - The first issue of Harper's magazine is published.
1850/--/-- 53 - Utah and New Mexico Territories
1851/--/-- 54 - A gold rush begins in Victoria, Australia; Victoria becomes a separate colony.
1851/--/-- 54 - American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
1851/--/-- 54 - Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice.
1851/--/-- 54 - Harriet Beecher Stowe begins publishing Uncle Tom's Cabin.
1851/--/-- 54 - Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones found the New York Times.
1851/--/-- 54 - Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine.
1851/--/-- 54 - Jacob Fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in Baltimore.
1851/--/-- 54 - Melville "Moby Dick"
1851/--/-- 54 - Mongkut (Rama IV) becomes king of Siam (Thailand).
1851/--/-- 54 - Singer patents sewing machine
1851/--/-- 54 - The Crystal Palace is built in London to house the Great Exhibition.
1851/--/-- 54 - The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest.
1851/--/-- 54 - The first college sorority is established at Wesleyan College, Georgia.
1852/--/-- 55 - Argentinean dictator Rosas is defeated by forces under Urquiza at Monte Caseros.
1852/--/-- 55 - Britain gains control of the Irrawaddy delta after the second Anglo-Burma War.
1852/--/-- 55 - The Grimms begin publication of their Deutsches Worterbuch (German Dictionary).
1852/--/-- 55 - The Second Empire begins in France under Napoleon III.
1853/--/-- 56 - A U.S. naval squadron under Matthew Perry enters Tokyo Bay to negotiate a treaty.
1853/--/-- 56 - Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom.
1853/--/-- 56 - Crimean War between Turkey, France & Britain against Russia
1853/--/-- 56 - Franklin Pierce (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1853/--/-- 56 - Franklin Pierce is inaugurated as the 14th U.S. president; King becomes vice-president.
1853/--/-- 56 - General Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico for the last time.
1853/--/-- 56 - Georges Haussmann begins the reconstruction of Paris.
1853/--/-- 56 - Napoleon III marries the Empress Eugenie.
1853/--/-- 56 - Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung.
1853/--/-- 56 - Russia occupies the Turkish principalities of Moldavia and Walachia.
1853/--/-- 56 - The U.S. adds land to New Mexico and Arizona with the Gadsden Purchase.
1853/--/-- 56 - Turkey issues an ultimatum to Russia; the Russians destroy the Turkish fleet at Sinope.
1854/--/-- 57 - A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation.
1854/--/-- 57 - American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden.
1854/--/-- 57 - An Anglo-French-Turkish expeditionary force lands at Sevastopol in the Crimea.
1854/--/-- 57 - Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War.
1854/--/-- 57 - Nebraska and Kansas Territories
1854/--/-- 57 - Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.
1854/--/-- 57 - Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat.
1854/--/-- 57 - Republican Party formed for abolition of slavery
1854/--/-- 57 - Smith & Wesson invent revolver
1854/--/-- 57 - The Allied armies defeat the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman.
1854/--/-- 57 - The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa.
1854/--/-- 57 - The Charge of the Light Brigade is made by the British during the Battle of Balaklava.
1854/--/-- 57 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery.
1854/--/-- 57 - The Republican party is formed after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
1854/--/-- 57 - Upper half of Indian Territory becomes part of Kansas Territory
1855/--/-- 58 - British photographer Roger Fenton documents the Crimean War.
1855/--/-- 58 - Florence Nightingale reforms hygienic standards in Crimean hospitals.
1855/--/-- 58 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes The Songs of Hiawatha.
1855/--/-- 58 - Lord Palmerston becomes prime minister of Great Britain for the first time.
1855/--/-- 58 - Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea.
1855/--/-- 58 - Mexican dictator Santa Anna is overthrown.
1855/--/-- 58 - Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II.
1855/--/-- 58 - Robert Browning publishes his poetry collection Men and Women.
1855/--/-- 58 - Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa.
1855/--/-- 58 - The Allies occupy the Russian fortress at Sevastapol in the Crimea.
1855/--/-- 58 - The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario.
1855/--/-- 58 - Walt Whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the Leaves of Grass.
1856/--/-- 59 - A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France.
1856/--/-- 59 - English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes.
1856/--/-- 59 - The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War.
1856/--/-- 59 - The first Neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in Germany.
1856/--/-- 59 - Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables during his exile from France.
1857/--/-- 60 - Buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th U.S. president; Breckinridge becomes vice-president.
1857/--/-- 60 - Disputes between Mormons and non-Mormon settlers leads to the Utah War.
1857/--/-- 60 - Elisha Graves Otis installs the first passenger elevator in a New York City store.
1857/--/-- 60 - English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays.
1857/--/-- 60 - French novelist Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary.
1857/--/-- 60 - French poet Baudelaire publishes Flowers of Evil and is arrested for immorality.
1857/--/-- 60 - James Buchanan (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1857/--/-- 60 - Kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution
1857/--/-- 60 - Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
1857/--/-- 60 - The Indian Mutiny begins when Indian troops rebel against the British in Meerut.
1857/--/-- 60 - The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England.
1858/--/-- 61 - Benito Juarez becomes the first Mexican president of Indian descent.
1858/--/-- 61 - Bernadette Soubirous sees visions of the Vigin Mary in a grotto near Lourdes, France.
1858/--/-- 61 - Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China.
1858/--/-- 61 - British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa.
1858/--/-- 61 - British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace outlines his theories of evolution.
1858/--/-- 61 - Charles Frederick Worth establishes his Paris fashion house.
1858/--/-- 61 - Cyrus W. Field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
1858/--/-- 61 - Federal forces end the Utah War; Brigham Young is replaced as governor of Utah Territory.
1858/--/-- 61 - French photographer Nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon.
1858/--/-- 61 - German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west.
1858/--/-- 61 - Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld premiers in Paris.
1858/--/-- 61 - James Renwick begins the design of Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.
1858/--/-- 61 - Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union.
1858/--/-- 61 - The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) are founded to overthrow British rule.
1858/--/-- 61 - The Indian Mutiny is suppressed by the British Army and loyal Indian troops.
1858/--/-- 61 - The government of India is transferred from the East India Company to the British crown.
1859/--/-- 62 - Abolitionist John Brown leads an attack on Harpers Ferry; he is captured and executed.
1859/--/-- 62 - Charles Darwin "Origin of Species"
1859/--/-- 62 - Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
1859/--/-- 62 - Ferdinand de Lesseps begins building the Suez Canal in Egypt.
1859/--/-- 62 - French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system.
1859/--/-- 62 - Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria.
1859/--/-- 62 - Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union.
1859/--/-- 62 - Queensland becomes a separate colony of Australia.
1860/--/-- 63 - Abraham Lincoln is elected as the first Republican president of the United States.
1860/--/-- 63 - China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking.
1860/--/-- 63 - English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White.
1860/--/-- 63 - Florence Nightingale establishes a school for training nurses.
1860/--/-- 63 - George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes The Mill on the Floss.
1860/--/-- 63 - Italian patriot Garibaldi invades Sicily and Naples with his 1,000 Redshirts.
1860/--/-- 63 - Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine.
1860/--/-- 63 - Sardinia-Piedmont seizes the Papal States in Italy.
1860/--/-- 63 - South Carolina becomes the first Southern state to secede from the Union.
1860/--/-- 63 - The Crittenden Compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states.
1860/--/-- 63 - The Maori Wars begin against the British in New Zealand.
1860/--/-- 63 - The pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from Missouri to California.
1861/--/-- 64 - Abraham Lincoln (Republican) becomes president of the United States
1861/--/-- 64 - American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock.
1861/--/-- 64 - CONFEDERACY
1861/--/-- 64 - Civil War Begins
1861/--/-- 64 - English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement.
1861/--/-- 64 - Explorers Burke and Wills die during their north-south crossing of Australia.
1861/--/-- 64 - French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt.
1861/--/-- 64 - General George B. McClellan is made commander of the Union forces.
1861/--/-- 64 - Italy is unified under Victor Emmanuel II.
1861/--/-- 64 - John Ericsson designs the Monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret.
1861/--/-- 64 - Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union.
1861/--/-- 64 - Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th U.S. president; Hamlin becomes vice-president.
1861/--/-- 64 - Nicholas II abolishes serfdom in Russia.
1861/--/-- 64 - The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S.
1861/--/-- 64 - The Confederates defeat the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run.
1861/--/-- 64 - The Southern states meet to draft a constitution; Davis is selected as president.
1861/--/-- 64 - The Trent Affair begins when a Union ship intercepts a British steamer.
1861/--/-- 64 - The United States introduce the first national income tax.
1861/--/-- 64 - The bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor begins the U.S. Civil War.
1861/--/-- 64 - Unification of Italy
1861/--/-- 64 - Western territories reorganized by Republican Congresses
1862/--/-- 65 - A Union fleet under David G. Farragut captures New Orleans.
1862/--/-- 65 - Bartolome Mitre unites Argentina and is elected president.
1862/--/-- 65 - Brady, O'Sullivan and Gardner document the Civil War in photographs.
1862/--/-- 65 - Explorer John McDouall Stuart makes the first south to north crossing of Australia.
1862/--/-- 65 - Foucault measures speed of light
1862/--/-- 65 - French actress Sarah Bernhardt makes her debut at the Comedie Francaise.
1862/--/-- 65 - French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe.
1862/--/-- 65 - French physicist Jean Foucault successfully measures the speed of light.
1862/--/-- 65 - French writer Victor Hugo completes his social novel Les Miserables.
1862/--/-- 65 - Lee defeats the Union army in the Second Battle of Bull Run.
1862/--/-- 65 - Lee's Confederate invasion of Maryland is halted at the Battle of Antietam.
1862/--/-- 65 - McClellan is defeated in the Seven Days Battle and retreats from the peninsular.
1862/--/-- 65 - Napoleon III imposes the Austrian prince Maximilian as emperor of Mexico.
1862/--/-- 65 - Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun.
1862/--/-- 65 - Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev publishes Fathers and Sons.
1862/--/-- 65 - The first recorded ski competition is held near Oslo in Norway.
1862/--/-- 65 - The ironclad warships Monitor and Merrimack clash at Hampton Roads, Va.
1862/--/-- 65 - Union forces under Burnside are defeated at the Battle of Fredricksburg.
1862/--/-- 65 - Union forces under Grant defeat the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh.
1862/--/-- 65 - Union forces under McClellan begin the Peninsular Campaign to capture Richmond.
1862/--/-- 65 - William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as minister president of Prussia.
1863/--/-- 66 - Cambodia (Kampuchea) becomes a French protectorate.
1863/--/-- 66 - English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism.
1863/--/-- 66 - French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses.
1863/--/-- 66 - George I succeeds Otto as king of Greece.
1863/--/-- 66 - Grant defeats the Confederates in the Vicksburg Campaign.
1863/--/-- 66 - Ismail Pasha rules Egypt under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
1863/--/-- 66 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery in the Confederate states.
1863/--/-- 66 - London's Metropolitan Railway becomes the first underground subway.
1863/--/-- 66 - The Confederate guerrilla band Quantrill's Raiders pillage Lawrence, Kansas.
1863/--/-- 66 - The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed.
1863/--/-- 66 - The Confederates under Lee are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.
1863/--/-- 66 - The French occupy Mexico City in support of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico.
1863/--/-- 66 - The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules.
1863/--/-- 66 - West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union.
1864/--/-- 67 - A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion.
1864/--/-- 67 - A Union army under Sherman invades Georgia, begining the Atlanta campaign.
1864/--/-- 67 - Cheyenne and Arapaho families massacred at Sand Creek, Colorado
1864/--/-- 67 - Denmark is defeated by Prussia; Schleswig-Holstein is ceded to Germany.
1864/--/-- 67 - Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union.
1864/--/-- 67 - Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano Lopez begins the War of the Triple Alliance.
1864/--/-- 67 - Sherman defeats the Confederates at Atlanta and begins his march to the sea.
1864/--/-- 67 - The Colorado militia massacre Cheyenne Indians at Sand Creek.
1864/--/-- 67 - The Confederate submarine Hunley sinks a Federal ship but is sunk in the process.
1864/--/-- 67 - The Geneva Convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war.
1864/--/-- 67 - The Ionian Islands are ceded to Greece by Britain.
1864/--/-- 67 - The Union launches a drive on Richmond but falters in the Wilderness Campaign.
1864/--/-- 67 - Ulysses S. Grant is made general in chief of all the Union armies.
1865/--/-- 68 - Andrew Johnson (Republican) becomes president of the United States
1865/--/-- 68 - Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the U.S.
1865/--/-- 68 - Civil War Ends
1865/--/-- 68 - Confederate forces under Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
1865/--/-- 68 - Count Leo Tolstoi begins his monumental Russian novel War and Peace.
1865/--/-- 68 - English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
1865/--/-- 68 - Johnston surrenders the last Confederate army to Sherman, ending the U.S. Civil War.
1865/--/-- 68 - Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"
1865/--/-- 68 - Lincoln assassinated
1865/--/-- 68 - Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C.
1865/--/-- 68 - Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment.
1865/--/-- 68 - The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery.
1865/--/-- 68 - The Petersburg Campaign is won by Union forces; Lee evacuates Richmond.
1866/--/-- 69 - British engineer Robert Whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo.
1866/--/-- 69 - Congress authorize (but do not mandate) the use of the metric system in the U.S.
1866/--/-- 69 - Mendel publishes his genetic research in Experiments With Plant Hybrids.
1866/--/-- 69 - Prussia and Italy defeat Austria in the Seven Weeks' War.
1866/--/-- 69 - The Ku Klux Klan is founded in the southern United States.
1867/--/-- 70 - Alfred Nobel patents dynamite
1867/--/-- 70 - Bismark forms the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership.
1867/--/-- 70 - Diamond fields are discovered in South Africa.
1867/--/-- 70 - English photographer Julia Margaret Cameron takes Sir John Herschel's portrait.
1867/--/-- 70 - French troops withdraw from Mexico; Emperor Maximilian is executed by Juarez.
1867/--/-- 70 - Karl Marx publishes the first volume of Das Kapital.
1867/--/-- 70 - Nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the Union.
1867/--/-- 70 - Sir John A. Macdonald becomes Canada's first prime minister.
1867/--/-- 70 - The Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 creates the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
1867/--/-- 70 - The Dominion of Canada is established by the British North America Act.
1867/05/06 70 *** Norfleet, Sara (Hopper) & Hopper, John [Son] - Married
1868/--/-- 71 - A military coup led by General Juan Prim deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain.
1868/--/-- 71 - A skeleton of Cro-Magnon man is discovered in southern France.
1868/--/-- 71 - British labor unions form the Trades Union Congress.
1868/--/-- 71 - Christopher Sholes patents the first practical typewriter.
1868/--/-- 71 - Chulalongkorn succeeds his father Mongkut as the king of Siam (Thailand).
1868/--/-- 71 - Feminists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton publish Revolution.
1868/--/-- 71 - Johannes Brahms' A German Requiem is performed for the first time.
1868/--/-- 71 - Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula.
1868/--/-- 71 - The Meiji dynasty is restored in Japan; the Tokugawa shogunate is abolished.
1868/--/-- 71 - The Ten Years' War begins in Cuba against Spanish rule.
1868/--/-- 71 - U.S. President Andrew Johnson is impeached by Congress but acquitted by the Senate.
1868/--/-- 71 - William Gladstone becomes Liberal prime minister of Britain for the first time.
1869/--/-- 72 - 200 pitched battles between Indians and U.S. Calvary
1869/--/-- 72 - English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy.
1869/--/-- 72 - French artist Eugene Louis Boudin paints On the Beach at Deauville.
1869/--/-- 72 - Grant is inaugurated as the 18th U.S. president; Colfax becomes vice-president.
1869/--/-- 72 - James Gordon Bennett Jr. commissions Stanley to search for Livingston in Africa.
1869/--/-- 72 - John Roebling designs the Brooklyn Bridge but dies after a construction accident.
1869/--/-- 72 - Louis Riel leads the Red River Rebellion in Canada.
1869/--/-- 72 - Ludwig II (Mad Ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in Bavaria.
1869/--/-- 72 - Philadelphia garment workers organize the Knights of Labor, an early labor union.
1869/--/-- 72 - Pope Pius IX calls the First Vatican Council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility.
1869/--/-- 72 - Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Gudunov.
1869/--/-- 72 - Suez Canal opens
1869/--/-- 72 - The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first professional baseball team.
1869/--/-- 72 - The Suez Canal is opened in Egypt.
1869/--/-- 72 - The first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum.
1869/--/-- 72 - The transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Point, Utah.
1869/--/-- 72 - Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) becomes president of the United States
1869/--/-- 72 - Union Pacific meets Central Pacific
1870/--/-- 73 *** Hopper, William - Died
1870/--/-- 73 - American industrialist John D. Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company.
1870/--/-- 73 - French war minister Leon Gambetta escapes from besieged Paris in a balloon.
1870/--/-- 73 - German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavates the ancient city of Troy.
1870/--/-- 73 - Paraguayan dictator Solano Lopez dies, ending the War of the Triple Alliance.
1870/--/-- 73 - Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
1870/--/-- 73 - The Franco-Prussian War begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by Bismark.
1870/--/-- 73 - The Prussians defeat the French at Sedan; Napoleon III is taken prisoner.
1870/--/-- 73 - The Third Republic is formed in France; a Government of National Defense is established.
1870/--/-- 73 - The city of Miami is founded in Florida.
1870/09/27 73 *** Hopper, Nealie (McKinley) [Granddaughter] - Born to Hopper, John and Norfleet, Sara (Hopper)
In 1797 Transportation was by:
Foot
Horse
Sailing ship
Bicycle
By 1870 Transportation was by:
Train
Steamboat
in addition.
By 1870 Transportation by:
Sailing ship
had been discontinued.
In 1797 Communications was by:
Word of Mouth
Post Office
By 1870 Communications was by:
Telegraph
in addition.
In 1797 Food Preparation was by:
Wood
In 1797 Entertainment was by:
Social Intercourse
Organized Sports
Travel
Professional Sports
Movies
Radio
Television
Theme parks
Computer
In 1797 Health Care was by:
Operations
Anesthetic
X-Rays
MRI
In 1797 War Making was by:
Calvary
gun
Artillery
Submarine
By 1870 War Making was by:
Machine guns
Iron Clad ships
Mines
in addition.
In 1797 Navigation was by:
Stars & Maps
Compass
from the SFHR database of Duane Bristow 03-13-2021 19:57:08