SFHR Periodic Report notes

History

0100/--/-- Teotihuacan in central Mexico has a population of 50,000. 1723
0100/--/-- The compilation of the Kamasutra is begun in India. 1724
0100/--/-- The earliest Chinese dictionary the Shuo Wen is compiled about this time. 1725
0100/--/-- The earliest Chinese dictionary the Shuo Wen is compiled about this time. 7748
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 1726
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 7430
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 7749
0106/--/-- The city of Petra is conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan. 1727
0113/--/-- Emperor Trajan's column is built to glorify his military victories. 1728
0115/--/-- Greek writer Lucian's The True History describes a fantasy trip to the moon. 1729
0117/--/-- The Roman Empire is at the height of its territorial power. 1731
0117/--/-- Trajan dies; he is succeeded by Hadrian as emperor of Rome. 1404
0117/--/-- Trajan dies; he is succeeded by Hadrian as emperor of Rome. 1730
0118/--/-- Construction of the Pantheon begins in Rome. 1732
0122/--/-- Construction of Hadrian's Wall is begun to protect Britain from northern tribes. 1733
0130/--/-- The Taoist religion is accepted in China. 1734
0130/--/-- The Taoist religion is accepted in China. 7750
0132/--/-- The Jewish Bar Kochba revolt begins against the Romans. 1735
0135/--/-- Suppression of the Jewish revolt leads to the diaspora (dispersion) of the Jews. 1736
0150/--/-- Apuleius, author of the Latin tale The Golden Ass, dies. 1405
0150/--/-- Apuleius, author of the Latin tale The Golden Ass, dies. 1739
0150/--/-- Greek astronomer Ptolemy writes his Almagest and Geography. 1737
0150/--/-- The earliest surviving Sanskrit inscriptions are made in India. 1740
0150/--/-- The Niger region is dominated by Berber and Mandingo tribes. 1738
0161/--/-- Marcus Aurelius, author of the Meditations, becomes emperor of Rome. 1741
0170/--/-- Pausanias writes his Description of Greece, a contemporary guide book. 1742
0170/--/-- Persecution of the Christians increases in Rome. 1743
0180/--/-- Bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius is completed in Rome. 1744
0189/--/-- The reign of the last Han Emperor Hsien-Ti begins. 1745
0190/--/-- Alexandrian surgeon Galen compiles his writings on medical treatments. 1747
0190/--/-- The abacus is used for numerical calculation in China. 1746
0190/--/-- The abacus is used for numerical calculation in China. 7751
0196/--/-- Roman emperor Septimius Severus sacks the city of Byzantium (Istanbul). 1748
0200/--/-- Buddhism is established as a vital force in China. 1749
0200/--/-- Buddhism is established as a vital force in China. 7752
0200/--/-- Carthage in North Africa becomes a world metropolis under Roman rule 1750
0200/--/-- Carthage in North Africa becomes a world metropolis under Roman rule 7852
0201/--/-- Empress Jingo reigns as regent in Japan. 1751
0201/--/-- Empress Jingo reigns as regent in Japan. 7945
0206/--/-- The building of the Baths of Caracalla is begun in Rome by Septimius Severus. 1752
0212/--/-- Emperor Caracalla grants citizenship to all freemen of the empire. 1753
0220/--/-- The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula. 1754
0220/--/-- The Han dynasty ends in China. 1755
0220/--/-- The Han dynasty ends in China. 7753
0224/--/-- Sassanians under Ardashir defeat the Arascid dynasty in Persia. 1756
0250/--/-- Diophantus of Alexandria writes the first book on algebra. 1758
0250/--/-- Emperor Decius persecutes the Christians and makes emperor-worship compulsory. 1757
0250/--/-- The Classical period of the Maya begins in Mesoamerica. 1759
0250/--/-- The Classical period of the Maya begins in Mesoamerica. 7045
0250/--/-- The Kingdom of Aksum gains control of the Red Sea trade. 1760
0254/--/-- Plotinus the founder of neoplatonism begins writing his discourses. 1761
0257/--/-- The Franks invade Spain. 1763
0257/--/-- The Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade the Black Sea region. 1762
0260/--/-- Persians under Shapur I defeat the Roman army and capture Emperor Valerian. 1764
0265/--/-- The reign of the first Chin dynasty begins in China. 1765
0265/--/-- The reign of the first Chin dynasty begins in China. 7754
0268/--/-- The Goths attack Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. 1766
0269/--/-- Egypt is occupied by Zenobia, queen of Palmyra; the library at Alexandria is burnt. 1767
0270/--/-- The first compass is used in China about this time. 1768
0270/--/-- The first compass is used in China about this time. 7755
0276/--/-- Mani, founder of Manichean sect, is crucified in Persia. 1769
0284/--/-- Emperor Diocletian bans alchemical books. 1770
0285/--/-- Confucianism is introduced into Japan. 1771
0285/--/-- Confucianism is introduced into Japan. 7946
0286/--/-- Diocletian rules the eastern Roman Empire; Maximian rules the western empire. 1773
0286/--/-- Saint Maurice and the Theban legion are massacred by Emperor Maximian. 1772
0295/--/-- Diocletian's Palace is built on the Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia. 1774
0297/--/-- Rome recaptures Armenia and Mesopotamia. 1775
0300/--/-- St. Anthony forms Christian hermit communities in the Egyptian desert. 1776
0305/--/-- Roman emperor Diocletian abdicates in the East; Maximian abdicates in the West 1777
0306/--/-- Constantine becomes Emperor of the West. 1778
0311/--/-- The final persecution of the Christians begins in Rome. 1779
0312/--/-- Emperor Constantine is converted to Christianity. 1780
0312/--/-- The Edict of Toleration at Milan legalizes Christianity. 1781
0313/--/-- The Koguryo Kingdom expels the Chinese from Korea. 1782
0313/--/-- The Koguryo Kingdom expels the Chinese from Korea. 7756
0316/--/-- The Huns (Hsuiung-nu) invade northern China. 1783
0316/--/-- The Huns (Hsuiung-nu) invade northern China. 7757
0320/--/-- Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India. 1784
0324/--/-- Constantine defeats Licinius, the former Emperor of the East, at Adrianople (now Edirne). 1785
0325/--/-- The council of bishops at Nicaea decide that God and Christ are one. 1786
0330/--/-- St. Peter's Church in Rome is designed for Christian worship. 1788
0330/--/-- The Roman capital moves to Constantinople (now Instanbul); the Byzantine Empire begins. 1787
0350/--/-- A school of church song (Schola Cantorum) is founded in Rome. 1791
0350/--/-- Aksum destroys the kingdom of Meroe. 1792
0350/--/-- The Huns invade Persia and India. 1790
0350/--/-- The Persians regain Armenia from Rome. 1789
0360/--/-- The Japanese invade Korea. 1793
0360/--/-- The Japanese invade Korea. 7947
0360/--/-- The Picts and Scots cross Hadrian's Wall and attack Roman Britain. 1794
0360/--/-- Vellum books begin to replace scrolls. 1795
0364/--/-- Valentinian becomes Emperor of the West; Valens becomes Emperor of the East. 1796
0370/--/-- The Huns appear in Europe for the first time. 1797
0370/--/-- Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Britain. 1798
0372/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Korea. 1799
0376/--/-- The Huns invade Russia. 1800
0378/--/-- Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne). 1406
0378/--/-- Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne). 1801
0378/--/-- St. Ursus builds a cathedral at Ravenna. 1802
0380/--/-- Chandragupta II heads the Gupta Empire. 1803
0383/--/-- The Roman army begins the evacuation of Britain. 1804
0386/--/-- Hymn singing is introduced by Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. 1805
0386/--/-- St. Augustine converts to Christianity. 1806
0395/--/-- Theodosius dies; the Roman Empire is permanently divided into East and West. 1407
0395/--/-- Theodosius dies; the Roman Empire is permanently divided into East and West. 1807
0396/--/-- Alaric king of the Visigoths plunders Athens 1808
0401/--/-- Pope Innocent I claims universal power over the Roman church. 1809
0401/--/-- The Visigoths invade Italy. 1810
0406/--/-- The Vandals invade Gaul; Roman legions are withdrawn from Britain. 1811
0407/--/-- The first Mongol empire is founded by the Avars. 1812
0409/--/-- The Vandals invade Spain. 1813
0410/--/-- Alchemists begin to search for the Philosopher's Stone. 1815
0410/--/-- The Visigoths under Alaric destroy Rome. 1814
0411/--/-- St. Augustine writes The City of God. 1816
0425/--/-- Constantinople University is founded. 1818
0425/--/-- Vandals, Ostrogoths and Visigoths settle in former Roman provinces. 1817
0429/--/-- Vandals under Gaiseric establish a kingdom in North Africa. 1819
0429/--/-- Vandals under Gaiseric establish a kingdom in North Africa. 7853
0432/--/-- St. Patrick's Christian mission reaches Ireland. 1820
0433/--/-- Attila becomes the ruler of the Huns. 1821
0439/--/-- The Vandals capture Carthage. 1822
0449/--/-- Jutes, Angles, and Saxons begin the conquest of Britain. 1823
0450/--/-- The Basket Maker III period of the Anasazi culture begins in North America. 1824
0450/--/-- The Basket Maker III period of the Anasazi culture begins in North America. 7046
0451/--/-- Attila the Hun invades Gaul but is repulsed at the Battle of Chalons. 1825
0452/--/-- Attila the Hun invades Italy. 1826
0452/--/-- Venice is founded by refugees from the Huns. 1827
0455/--/-- Skandagupta defeats a Hun invasion and becomes emperor of India. 1829
0455/--/-- The Vandals under Gaiseric sack Rome. 1828
0470/--/-- Mayan urban civilization flourishes in southern Mexico. 1831
0470/--/-- The Huns withdraw from Europe. 1830
0471/--/-- Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths. 1832
0476/--/-- Germanic king Odoacer occupies Rome, ending the Roman Empire of the West. 1833
0478/--/-- The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. 1834
0478/--/-- The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. 7948
0480/--/-- The Gupta Empire begins to decline after an invasion by White Huns. 1835
0486/--/-- Frankish king Clovis defeats the Romans in Gaul and founds the Merovingian dynasty. 1836
0493/--/-- Frankish king Clovis becomes the first barbarian ruler to be baptized. 1838
0493/--/-- Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths becomes ruler of all Italy 1837
0500/--/-- Modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China about this time. 1841
0500/--/-- Modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China about this time. 7758
0500/--/-- The colonial period of the Hohokam culture begins in North America about this time. 1839
0500/--/-- The colonial period of the Hohokam culture begins in North America about this time. 7047
0500/--/-- The Lex Salica Germanic law is composed. 1840
0501/--/-- Gundobad king of the Burgundians establishes judicial duel or trial by combat. 1842
0507/--/-- The Franks conquer the Visigoths; Alaric II is killed by Clovis. 1408
0507/--/-- The Franks conquer the Visigoths; Alaric II is killed by Clovis. 1843
0511/--/-- Clovis king of the Franks dies; his kingdom is divided among his four sons. 1409
0511/--/-- Clovis king of the Franks dies; his kingdom is divided among his four sons. 1844
0520/--/-- King Arthur is said to have organized the Celtic defence against Saxon invaders. 1845
0523/--/-- Hilderic becomes the Vandal king of North Africa. 1846
0523/--/-- Hilderic becomes the Vandal king of North Africa. 7854
0523/--/-- Roman scholar Boethius writes On the Consolation of Philosophy. 1847
0525/--/-- Theodora marries Justinian, the future Byzantine Emperor. 1848
0526/--/-- Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, dies. 1410
0526/--/-- Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, dies. 1849
0527/--/-- Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium. 1850
0529/--/-- St. Benedict founds the Benedictine order and builds an abbey at Monte Cassino, Italy. 1851
0531/--/-- Khosru I becomes king of Persia; the Sassanian Empire is at its greatest extent. 1852
0534/--/-- Byzantine general Belisarius reconquers North Africa. 1853
0534/--/-- Byzantine general Belisarius reconquers North Africa. 7855
0534/--/-- Roman Law is codified under Justinian as the Body of Civil Law. 1854
0535/--/-- A 12-story pagoda is built in China. 1855
0535/--/-- A 12-story pagoda is built in China. 7759
0537/--/-- The church of Hagia Sophia is completed in Constantinople (Istanbul). 1856
0538/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Japan from Korea. 1857
0538/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Japan from Korea. 7949
0541/--/-- A Bubonic Plague ravages Europe. 1858
0547/--/-- The Byzantine church of San Vitale is built at Ravenna in Italy. 1859
0550/--/-- The crucifix develops as an ornament about this time. 1860
0552/--/-- Persian monks smuggle Chinese silkworms into Constantinople (Istanbul). 1861
0552/--/-- Persian monks smuggle Chinese silkworms into Constantinople (Istanbul). 7760
0553/--/-- Justinian reconquers Italy from the Ostrogoths. 1862
0560/--/-- The Mediterranean seaboard falls under Byzantine control. 1863
0562/--/-- The Silla kingdom expels the Japanese from Korea. 1864
0562/--/-- The Silla kingdom expels the Japanese from Korea. 7950
0563/--/-- St. Columba establishes an Irish monastery on the island of Iona. 1865
0565/--/-- The first recorded sighting of the legendary Loch Ness monster is made in Scotland. 1866
0568/--/-- The Lombards invade northern Italy. 1867
0570/--/-- The prophet Muhammad is born at Mecca. 1868
0572/--/-- War begins between Persia and Byzantium. 1869
0581/--/-- Wen Ti founds the Sui dynasty and reunites China. 1870
0581/--/-- Wen Ti founds the Sui dynasty and reunites China. 7761
0586/--/-- The earliest known depiction of Christ on the cross is made. 1871
0589/--/-- The Visigoths in Spain are converted to Christianity. 1872
0590/--/-- Gregory I becomes the first monk to be elected as Pope. 1873
0594/--/-- The plague that began in 541 ends, after halving the population of Europe. 1874
0597/--/-- St. Augustine begins his Christian mission to England at Canterbury. 931
0597/--/-- St. Augustine begins his Christian mission to England at Canterbury. 1875
0600/--/-- A Mayan center is established at Bonampak in Mexico about this time. 1877
0600/--/-- Irish missionaries work in Scotland and Germany. 1879
0600/--/-- Pope Gregory I supervises the compiling of plainsong (Gregorian chants). 1883
0600/--/-- Smallpox spreads from India to Europe. 1882
0600/--/-- The Anglo-Saxons are dominant in Britain; romanized Britons survive in the west. 1876
0600/--/-- The city of Huari is established in central Peru about this time. 1878
0600/--/-- The game of chess is invented in India about this time. 1881
0600/--/-- The game of chess is invented in India about this time. 7431
0600/--/-- The kettledrum originates in the Near East about this time. 1884
0600/--/-- Windmills are in use in Persia for irrigation. 1880
0607/--/-- The first Buddhist temple is built at Nara in Japan. 1885
0607/--/-- The first Buddhist temple is built at Nara in Japan. 7951
0610/--/-- Muhammad, the founder of Islam, receives his first prophetic message. 1886
0614/--/-- Persian armies overrun Asia Minor and capture Jerusalem. 1887
0618/--/-- The T'ang dynasty in China establishes an imperial bureaucracy. 1888
0618/--/-- The T'ang dynasty in China establishes an imperial bureaucracy. 7762
0619/--/-- The Persians conquer Egypt 1889
0620/--/-- Lyric poetry of the T'ang dynasty promotes the use of the Chinese language. 1890
0620/--/-- Lyric poetry of the T'ang dynasty promotes the use of the Chinese language. 7763
0622/--/-- The Muslim era begins with the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. 1891
0627/--/-- The Byzantines under Heraclius defeat the Persians at Nineveh. 1892
0629/--/-- The Visigoths drive the Byzantines from Spain. 1893
0630/--/-- A holy war (jihad) by Muslims leads to the conquest of Mecca. 1389
0630/--/-- A holy war (jihad) by Muslims leads to the conquest of Mecca. 1894
0630/--/-- The Sutton Hoo treasure is buried in a grave of an Anglo-Saxon king in England. 932
0630/--/-- The Sutton Hoo treasure is buried in a grave of an Anglo-Saxon king in England. 1895
0632/--/-- Muhammad dies; he is succeeded by the first caliph (successor) Abu Bakr. 1411
0632/--/-- Muhammad dies; he is succeeded by the first caliph (successor) Abu Bakr. 1896
0637/--/-- Arab armies destroy the Sassanian Empire. 1897
0642/--/-- The Arabs conquer Syria, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. 1898
0645/--/-- Buddhism reaches Tibet from India. 1900
0645/--/-- T'ang dynasty artist Yen Li-Pen is active about this time. 1899
0645/--/-- T'ang dynasty artist Yen Li-Pen is active about this time. 7484
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 1901
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 7764
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 7952
0650/--/-- Coptic art in Egypt incorporates Christian and Arab influences. 1903
0650/--/-- Teotihuacan falls into decline in central Mexico; the city is looted and burned. 1902
0651/--/-- The Koran, sacred book of Islam, reaches its final form. 1904
0658/--/-- Chinese power in Central Asia reaches its maximum extent. 1905
0658/--/-- Chinese power in Central Asia reaches its maximum extent. 7765
0661/--/-- Classical Arab music evolves under the Umayyad caliphs (leaders). 1906
0661/--/-- Classical Arab music evolves under the Umayyad caliphs (leaders). 7485
0661/--/-- The schism of Islam into Shiite and Sunnite factions begins. 1907
0664/--/-- The Arabs conquer the city of Kabul in present day Afghanistan. 1908
0668/--/-- Korea is unified under the kingdom of Silla. 1909
0670/--/-- The first English poet Caedmon writes Christian verse. 933
0670/--/-- The first English poet Caedmon writes Christian verse. 1910
0673/--/-- Greek fire is used against the Muslims during the siege of Constantinople (Istanbul). 1911
0674/--/-- The Arab eastward conquest reaches the Indus River. 1912
0678/--/-- A Muslim blockade of Constantinople fails; the Byzantines and Arabs establish a truce. 1913
0680/--/-- The Bulgars invade the Balkans 1914
0688/--/-- Construction begins of the Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem. 1915
0695/--/-- The Jews are persecuted in Spain. 1916
0697/--/-- The Arabs begin the permanent destruction of Carthage. 1917
0698/--/-- The Lindisfarne Gospels are produced in England. 934
0698/--/-- The Lindisfarne Gospels are produced in England. 1918
0700/--/-- Arabic becomes the official language of Egypt. 1927
0700/--/-- Chichen Itza becomes an important Mayan center in the Yucatan (Mexico). 1924
0700/--/-- First Pueblo period begins in North America; above-ground adobe dwellings are built. 1928
0700/--/-- First Pueblo period begins in North America; above-ground adobe dwellings are built. 7049
0700/--/-- The Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf is composed. 1926
0700/--/-- The Arabs capture Tunis, exterminating Christianity in North Africa. 1919
0700/--/-- The Arabs capture Tunis, exterminating Christianity in North Africa. 7856
0700/--/-- The Mississippian culture is founded in North America; the Cahokia Mounds are begun. 1921
0700/--/-- The Mississippian culture is founded in North America; the Cahokia Mounds are begun. 7048
0700/--/-- The Mochica culture declines about this time in Peru. 1925
0700/--/-- The rise of the empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 1920
0700/--/-- The rise of the empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 7857
0700/--/-- The Zapotec center at Monte Alban in Mexico is abandoned about this time. 1922
0700/--/-- Waterwheels are in use throughout Europe. 1923
0706/--/-- The city of Nara is founded as the first capital of Japan. 1929
0706/--/-- The city of Nara is founded as the first capital of Japan. 7953
0711/--/-- The Moors (Arabs and Berbers) invade Spain. 1930
0712/--/-- The Arabs establish a state in Sind in present day Pakistan. 1931
0712/--/-- The earliest Japanese history the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) is written. 1932
0712/--/-- The earliest Japanese history the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) is written. 7954
0718/--/-- Emperor Leo III defeats the Arab siege of Constantinople (Istanbul). 1933
0725/--/-- The Arabs introduce the lute into Spain. 1934
0726/--/-- Byzantine ruler Leo III forbids the worship of icons. 1935
0730/--/-- Printing begins in China. 1936
0730/--/-- Printing begins in China. 7766
0731/--/-- The Venerable Bede writes a history of the English church. 935
0731/--/-- The Venerable Bede writes a history of the English church. 1937
0732/--/-- The Franks defeat the Moors at Tours and halt Arab expansion into Europe. 1938
0743/--/-- Buddhism becomes a state cult in Japan. 1939
0743/--/-- Buddhism becomes a state cult in Japan. 7955
0744/--/-- The Uighurs seize Mongolia. 1940
0748/--/-- The first printed newspaper appears in China. 1941
0748/--/-- The first printed newspaper appears in China. 7767
0749/--/-- The Abbasid caliphate deposes the Umayyads. 1942
0750/--/-- The Buddhist Pala dynasty is founded in Bengal (India) about this time. 1944
0750/--/-- The city of Granada is founded in Spain. 1943
0750/--/-- The Hindu temple complex at Bhubaneswar is begun about this time in India. 1390
0750/--/-- The Hindu temple complex at Bhubaneswar is begun about this time in India. 1945
0751/--/-- An Arab paper mill is established in Samarkand using Chinese paper-makers. 1947
0751/--/-- An Arab paper mill is established in Samarkand using Chinese paper-makers. 7768
0751/--/-- The Lombards capture Ravenna, the last Byzantine stronghold in northern Italy. 1948
0751/--/-- The Merovingian dynasty ends; Pepin begins the Carolingian dynasty. 1946
0755/--/-- The formation of the Papal States begins in Italy. 1949
0770/--/-- Block printing develops in Japan; 1 million copies of a prayer paper are produced. 1950
0770/--/-- Block printing develops in Japan; 1 million copies of a prayer paper are produced. 7956
0771/--/-- Charlemagne becomes the sole king of the Franks. 1951
0774/--/-- Charlemagne expels the Lombards from Italy. 1952
0780/--/-- Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea, the first handbook on tea, is published in China. 1953
0780/--/-- Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea, the first handbook on tea, is published in China. 7769
0782/--/-- Charlemagne invites Alcuin of York to lead a cultural revival in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). 1954
0785/--/-- The Arabs begin the construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in Spain. 1955
0786/--/-- The golden age of Arab music begins under caliph Harun al-Rashid. 1956
0786/--/-- The golden age of Arab music begins under caliph Harun al-Rashid. 7486
0787/--/-- Byzantine empress Irene convenes the Second Council of Nicaea to rule on iconoclasm. 1957
0787/--/-- The city of Bremen is founded in Germany. 1958
0789/--/-- Vikings begin their attacks on England. 936
0789/--/-- Vikings begin their attacks on England. 1959
0790/--/-- The city of Fez is founded in Morocco. 1960
0792/--/-- Charlemagne begins building his Chapel at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). 1961
0794/--/-- The Japanese capital moves from Nara to Kyoto. 1962
0794/--/-- The Japanese capital moves from Nara to Kyoto. 7957
0799/--/-- The Book of Kells is completed about this time. 1963
0800/--/-- Irish monks reach Iceland. 1968
0800/--/-- Mayan murals are completed at Bonampak in Mexico. 1971
0800/--/-- Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as the first European emperor since the Romans. 1964
0800/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu Empire is founded about this time in West Africa. 1967
0800/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu Empire is founded about this time in West Africa. 7858
0800/--/-- The Mayan center of Palenque begins to decline in Mexico. 1965
0800/--/-- The Oseberg Viking longship is buried about this time 1969
0800/--/-- The Srivijaya Empire is dominant in the Straits of Malacca. 1966
0800/--/-- The temple of Borobudur is constructed in Java. 1970
0802/--/-- Egbert acknowledged King of England. Egbert was King of Wessex, Kent, Surrey, S 8039
0812/--/-- The Chinese government issues paper bank drafts as money. 1972
0812/--/-- The Chinese government issues paper bank drafts as money. 7770
0814/--/-- Construction of the Doge's Palace begins in Venice. 1973
0814/--/-- The Arabs adopt Indian numerals (1-9). 1974
0838/--/-- The Arabs sack Marseille and settle in southern Italy. 1975
0839/--/-- Aethelwulf crowned King of England. Aethelwulf resigned Wessex to his son Aethe 8040
0840/--/-- Viking settlers found the city of Dublin in Ireland. 1976
0843/--/-- The Carolingian Empire is partitioned by the Treaty of Verdun. 1977
0844/--/-- A Viking raid on Seville is repulsed. 1978
0845/--/-- The Vikings sack Paris. 1979
0846/--/-- The Arabs sack Rome and destroy the Venetian fleet. 1980
0849/--/-- The city of Pagan is founded in Burma. 1981
0850/--/-- Sian, capital of the T'ang Empire, has a population of over 1 million inhabitants. 1982
0850/--/-- The Acropolis of Zimbabwe is built in Africa. 1983
0850/--/-- The Acropolis of Zimbabwe is built in Africa. 7859
0851/--/-- An earthquake devastates Rome. 1984
0855/--/-- Interregnum. No King of All England. 8046
0858/--/-- Aethelbald crowned King of England. Aethelbald succeded as King of Wessex in 85 8041
0860/--/-- Aethelbert crowned King of England. Sub-King in Kent, Essex, and Surrey 858-860 8042
0860/--/-- Rus Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul). 1986
0860/--/-- The Cyrillic alphabet is developed in eastern Europe about this time. 1985
0862/--/-- Novgorod in Russia is founded by the Rus Viking, Ulrich. 1987
0866/--/-- Aethelred I crowned King of England. 8043
0866/--/-- Danish Vikings establish a kingdom in York, England. 937
0866/--/-- Danish Vikings establish a kingdom in York, England. 1988
0867/--/-- Byzantine mosaics are created in the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. 1990
0867/--/-- Photius, the patriarch of Constantinople, initiates a schism with the church of Rome. 1989
0868/--/-- The earliest known woodcut illustration is made in China. 1991
0868/--/-- The earliest known woodcut illustration is made in China. 7771
0870/--/-- The Vikings found settlements on Iceland about this time. 1992
0871/--/-- Alfred 'The Great' crowned King of England. 8044
0871/--/-- Alfred the Great becomes king of Wessex; the Danish advance is halted in England. 938
0871/--/-- Alfred the Great becomes king of Wessex; the Danish advance is halted in England. 1993
0872/--/-- Harold I gains control of Norway. 1994
0879/--/-- Rurik establishes Kiev as the center of the Kievan Rus' domains. 1995
0880/--/-- Angkor is founded as the capital city of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 1996
0880/--/-- Byzantine emperor Basil I drives the Arabs from Italy. 1997
0884/--/-- Charles III becomes king of France and reunites the Frankish Empire. 1998
0886/--/-- Alfred divides England with the Danes under the Danelaw pact. 939
0886/--/-- Alfred divides England with the Danes under the Danelaw pact. 1999
0887/--/-- Arnulf deposes Charles III to become the last Carolingian Frankish emperor. 2000
0895/--/-- The Fujiwaras become rulers of Japan. 2001
0895/--/-- The Fujiwaras become rulers of Japan. 7958
0896/--/-- The Magyars migrate to the Danube region. 2002
0900/--/-- Cordoba in Spain becomes the center of Islamic science. 2005
0900/--/-- Edward I 'The Elder' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8045
0900/--/-- The Second Pueblo period begins in North America. 2003
0900/--/-- The Second Pueblo period begins in North America. 7050
0900/--/-- The Vikings raid along the Mediterranean coast. 2004
0900/--/-- The windmill arrives in Muslim Spain from Persia. 2006
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 1391
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 2007
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 7772
0909/--/-- A Benedictine abbey is founded at Cluny in France. 2008
0910/--/-- The mystical Islamic religion Sufism flourishes. 2009
0911/--/-- The Viking chief Rollo is granted land by the Franks and founds Normandy in France. 2010
0915/--/-- Fatimid armies invade Egypt. 2011
0918/--/-- The state of Koryo is founded in Korea. 2012
0920/--/-- The golden age of the Empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 2013
0920/--/-- The golden age of the Empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 7860
0922/--/-- The Fatimid dynasty conquers Morocco. 2014
0925/--/-- Athelstan crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Wulfhelm, Archbisho 8047
0936/--/-- Otto I becomes king of Germany. 2015
0939/--/-- Edmund I 'The Magnificent' crowned King of England. 8048
0939/--/-- The Annamese drive the Chinese out of Vietnam. 2017
0939/--/-- The Annamese drive the Chinese out of Vietnam. 7773
0939/--/-- The Kingdom of Leon captures Madrid from the Arabs. 2016
0941/--/-- Rus Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul). 2018
0946/--/-- Edred crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Oda, Archbishop of Cant 8049
0947/--/-- The Liao dynasty is established in China with its capital at Peking. 2019
0947/--/-- The Liao dynasty is established in China with its capital at Peking. 7774
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 1412
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 2024
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 7487
0950/--/-- Organs are installed in European abbeys and cathedrals. 2021
0950/--/-- The Arabs import drums and trumpets into Europe. 2020
0950/--/-- The building of the temple complex at Khajuraho begins in India. 2025
0950/--/-- The Classical Mayan period ends about this time. 2022
0950/--/-- The Ottonian art period begins. 2026
0950/--/-- Tula is established as the capital of Toltec power in Mexico. 2023
0955/--/-- Edwy 'The Fair' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Oda, Archbish 8050
0955/--/-- Otto I defeats the Magyars at Lechfeld. 2027
0959/--/-- Edgar 'The Peaceful' crowned King of England at Bath by Dunstan, Archbishop of C 8051
0960/--/-- The Piasts found the first Polish dynasty. 2029
0960/--/-- The Sung dynasty begins in China. 2028
0960/--/-- The Sung dynasty begins in China. 7775
0962/--/-- Pope John XII crowns Otto I as Holy Roman Emperor. 2030
0966/--/-- Fujiwara domination of Japan is at its height. 2032
0966/--/-- Fujiwara domination of Japan is at its height. 7959
0966/--/-- The Poles convert to Christianity 2031
0969/--/-- The Fatimids conquer Egypt and found Cairo. 2033
0975/--/-- Edward II 'The Martyr' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8052
0975/--/-- The Arabs introduce arithmetical notation into Europe. 2034
0979/--/-- Aethelred II 'The Unready' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8053
0979/--/-- The Sung dynasty reunites China. 2035
0979/--/-- The Sung dynasty reunites China. 7776
0980/--/-- Arabs settle along the east coast of Africa. 2036
0980/--/-- Arabs settle along the east coast of Africa. 7861
0980/--/-- Danish raids on England are renewed. 940
0980/--/-- Danish raids on England are renewed. 2037
0981/--/-- Viking leader Eric the Red discovers Greenland. 2038
0982/--/-- Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in southern Italy. 2039
0985/--/-- Venice and Genoa trade between Asia and western Europe. 2040
0986/--/-- Viking ships sail in Newfoundland waters. 2041
0987/--/-- The Carolingian dynasty ends; the Capetians rule France. 2042
0987/--/-- The Toltecs capture Chichen Itza from the Mayas in Mexico. 2043
0988/--/-- Vladimir I of Kiev introduces Eastern Christianity to Russia. 2044
0991/--/-- AEthelred II pays the first Danegeld ransom to stop Danish attacks on England. 941
0991/--/-- AEthelred II pays the first Danegeld ransom to stop Danish attacks on England. 2045
0991/--/-- Japanese poet Sei Shonagon begins her diary The Pillow Book. 2046
0991/--/-- Japanese poet Sei Shonagon begins her diary The Pillow Book. 7960
0995/--/-- Olaf I conquers Norway and proclaims it a Christian kingdom. 2047
0996/--/-- Cane sugar arrives in Venice from Egypt. 2048
0999/--/-- Baguda becomes the first king of Kano in Nigeria. 2049
1000/--/-- Christianity reaches Greenland and Iceland. 2051
1000/--/-- Eilmer of Malmesbury makes a glider flight from Malmesbury Abbey in England. 942
1000/--/-- Eilmer of Malmesbury makes a glider flight from Malmesbury Abbey in England. 2055
1000/--/-- Leif Eriksson, son of Eric the Red, explores the coast of North America. 2054
1000/--/-- Leif Eriksson, son of Eric the Red, explores the coast of North America. 7051
1000/--/-- Olaf I dies; Norway is ruled by the Danes. 1413
1000/--/-- Olaf I dies; Norway is ruled by the Danes. 2052
1000/--/-- Sancho III rules all of Christian Spain. 2056
1000/--/-- Stephen I is crowned as the first king of Hungary. 2050
1000/--/-- The canonization of saints is formalized by the Christian church. 2058
1000/--/-- The frame harp is in use in Ireland about this time. 2059
1000/--/-- Venice has domain over the Dalmatian coast and the Adriatic Sea. 2053
1000/--/-- Zanzibar is settled about this time in Africa. 2057
1000/--/-- Zanzibar is settled about this time in Africa. 7862
1001/--/-- Mahmud of Ghazni begins a holy war to conquer India for Islam. 1258
1001/--/-- Mahmud of Ghazni begins a holy war to conquer India for Islam. 2060
1002/--/-- Brian Boru defeats the Norse and becomes the king of Ireland. 2061
1004/--/-- Henry II of Germany is crowned king of Lombardy. 2062
1010/--/-- Persian poet Firdawsi completes the Shah Namah (Book of Kings). 2064
1010/--/-- Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America. 2063
1010/--/-- Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America. 7052
1013/--/-- Sweyn 'Forkbeard' acknowledged King of England by right of conquest. He was also 8054
1013/--/-- The Danes conquer England; AEthelred flees to Normandy. 943
1013/--/-- The Danes conquer England; AEthelred flees to Normandy. 2065
1014/--/-- Aethelred II restored as King of England. 8055
1014/--/-- Henry II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2066
1015/--/-- Vikings abandon the Vinland settlement on the coast of North America. 2067
1015/--/-- Vikings abandon the Vinland settlement on the coast of North America. 7053
1016/--/-- Olaf II regains Norway from the Danes. 2069
1016/--/-- The Danes under Canute rule England. 944
1016/--/-- The Danes under Canute rule England. 2068
1016/04/-- Edmund II 'Ironside' crowned King of England. 8056
1016/11/-- Canute 'The Great' crowned King of England. Canute was also King of Denmark fro 8059
1017/--/-- Fatimid caliph al-Hakim founds the Druze religion. 2070
1018/--/-- The Byzantine Empire annexes Bulgaria. 2071
1020/--/-- Female Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu completes The Tale of Genji. 2072
1020/--/-- Female Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu completes The Tale of Genji. 7961
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 2075
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 7432
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 7488
1025/--/-- Poland is divided after the death of Boleslaw I. 1414
1025/--/-- Poland is divided after the death of Boleslaw I. 2074
1025/--/-- The Cholas invade Bengal, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Java. 2073
1027/--/-- Conrad II becomes Holy Roman Emperor, founding the Franconian dynasty. 2076
1028/--/-- Canute, king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway. 945
1028/--/-- Canute, king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway. 2077
1030/--/-- The Cumans begin their conquest of southern Russia. 2078
1031/--/-- The caliphate of Cordoba collapses in Spain. 2079
1035/--/-- Aragon and Castile become separate kingdoms in Spain. 2080
1035/--/-- Harold I 'Harefoot' and Hardicanute crowned Joint-Kings of England. 8060
1037/--/-- Avicenna, Muslim philosopher and physician, dies. 1415
1037/--/-- Avicenna, Muslim philosopher and physician, dies. 2081
1037/--/-- Harold I 'Harefoot' acknowledged as Sole King of England. 8061
1039/--/-- The camera obscure is described for the first time. 2082
1040/--/-- Hardicanute Sole King of England. He was also King of Denmark from 1035-1042. 8062
1040/--/-- Macbeth kills Duncan I and becomes king of Scotland. 1416
1040/--/-- Macbeth kills Duncan I and becomes king of Scotland. 2083
1042/--/-- Edward the Confessor rules England with the support of the Danes. 946
1042/--/-- Edward the Confessor rules England with the support of the Danes. 2084
1042/06/-- Edward III succeeded as King of England. 8058
1043/04/-- Edward III 'The Confessor' crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral by Ea 8057
1044/--/-- The first Burmese state is established by Anawratha at Pagan. 2085
1046/--/-- Henry III is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. 2086
1050/--/-- Chinese books are printed with movable wooden type. 2089
1050/--/-- Chinese books are printed with movable wooden type. 7777
1050/--/-- Edward the Confessor begins the construction of Westminster Abbey. 2091
1050/--/-- Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chants. 2090
1050/--/-- The city of Oslo is founded in Norway. 2087
1050/--/-- Timbuktu is founded in North Africa by the Tuaregs. 2088
1050/--/-- Timbuktu is founded in North Africa by the Tuaregs. 7863
1051/--/-- Isfahan becomes the capital of the Seljuk Empire. 2092
1054/--/-- A supernova or guest star (the Crab Nebula) is reported by the Chinese. 2094
1054/--/-- A supernova or guest star (the Crab Nebula) is reported by the Chinese. 7778
1054/--/-- The Great Schism begins between the Orthodox church and the Roman Church. 2093
1055/--/-- The Seljuk Turks occupy Baghdad. 2095
1056/--/-- The Almoravids conquer North Africa 2096
1056/--/-- The Almoravids conquer North Africa 7864
1057/--/-- Malcolm III kills Macbeth and becomes king of Scotland. 1417
1057/--/-- Malcolm III kills Macbeth and becomes king of Scotland. 2097
1059/--/-- The Florence Baptistery is consecrated. 2098
1062/--/-- The city of Marrakech is founded in Morocco. 2099
1063/--/-- The building of Pisa Cathedral is begun. 2100
1064/--/-- The Hungarians seize Belgrade from the Byzantines. 2102
1064/--/-- The Seljuks under Alp-Arslan conquer Armenia. 2101
1066/--/-- William duke of Normandy defeats the Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings. 2103
1066/01/-- Harold II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Ealdred, Archbishop of 8063
1066/10/14 Battle of Hastings. William II, Duke of Normandy defeated and killed Harold II, 8065
1066/12/25 William I 'The Conqueror' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Ealdre 8064
1071/--/-- The Seljuks under Alp-Arslan defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert. 2104
1072/--/-- Alfonso VI becomes king of Leon and Castile. 2106
1072/--/-- The Normans under Robert Guiscard conquer much of Byzantine Italy. 2105
1073/--/-- Pope Gregory VII removes the power of investiture from the state. 2107
1075/--/-- Persian poet Omar Khayyam writes the Rubaiyat. 2108
1076/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV tries to depose Pope Gregory VII. 2109
1077/--/-- The Almoravids are dominant in Ghana, Africa. 2110
1077/--/-- The Almoravids are dominant in Ghana, Africa. 7865
1078/--/-- The Building of the Tower of London begins in England. 947
1078/--/-- The Building of the Tower of London begins in England. 2111
1079/--/-- The Building of Winchester Cathedral begins in England. 948
1079/--/-- The Building of Winchester Cathedral begins in England. 2112
1080/--/-- The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings. 2114
1080/--/-- The city of Newcastle is founded in England. 949
1080/--/-- The city of Newcastle is founded in England. 2113
1083/--/-- Emperor Henry IV storms Rome and installs the antipope Clement III. 2115
1085/--/-- Alfonso VI captures Toledo from the Moors. 2116
1086/--/-- Over 5,000 waterwheels are in use in England according to the Domesday Book. 950
1086/--/-- Over 5,000 waterwheels are in use in England according to the Domesday Book. 2119
1086/--/-- The Almoravids cross into Spain and defeat the Christian army of reconquest. 2117
1086/--/-- The Domesday Book records land use and tenure in England. 951
1086/--/-- The Domesday Book records land use and tenure in England. 2118
1087/09/06 William II 'Rufus' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Lanfranc, Arc 8066
1091/--/-- Byzantine emperor Alexius I defeats the Normans and the Pechnegs. 2121
1091/--/-- Ladislas I unites Hungary and Croatia. 2120
1093/--/-- Saint Mark's Basilica is completed in Venice. 2122
1094/--/-- Spanish leader El Cid takes Valencia from the Moors. 2123
1094/--/-- The sect of the Assassins is established. 1418
1094/--/-- The sect of the Assassins is established. 2124
1096/--/-- The Almoravids rule Muslim Spain. 2125
1096/--/-- The First Christian Crusade begins against the Muslims. 2126
1098/--/-- St. Anselm writes Why God Became Man. 2128
1098/--/-- The first Cistercian monastery is founded by St. Robert. 2127
1099/--/-- The Crusaders capture Jerusalem and establish the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 2129
1100/--/-- Kano becomes an important Hausa city state in Nigeria about this time. 2131
1100/--/-- The epic poem Chanson de Roland celebrates the Age of Charlemagne. 2133
1100/--/-- The Temne probably inhabit present-day Sierra Leone by this date. 2132
1100/--/-- The Third Pueblo period begins in southwest North America. 2130
1100/--/-- The Third Pueblo period begins in southwest North America. 7054
1100/08/-- Henry I 'Beauclerc' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Maurice, 8067
1105/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is captured and forced to abdicate by his son Henry V. 2134
1108/--/-- Louis VI succeeds his father Philip I as king of France. 2135
1114/--/-- Chichester Cathedral is founded in England. 952
1114/--/-- Chichester Cathedral is founded in England. 2136
1117/--/-- The first reference of a compass used for navigation at sea is made in China. 2137
1117/--/-- The first reference of a compass used for navigation at sea is made in China. 7779
1118/--/-- The Knights Templar military and religious order is founded. 2138
1119/--/-- French theologian Peter Abelard becomes a monk after his love affair with Heloise. 2139
1120/--/-- Ibn Tumart declares himself the mahdi and founds the Almohad dynasty. 2140
1121/--/-- Peter Abelard's teachings on the Trinity are condemned by the Council of Soissons. 2141
1122/--/-- The Concordat of Worms ends the investiture controversy over church and state powers. 2142
1130/--/-- Stained glass is used to decorate church windows for the first time. 2144
1130/--/-- The Almohad dynasty is established in Morocco. 2143
1135/--/-- Geoffrey of Monmouth begins his History of Britain. 2146
1135/--/-- The Almohads are dominant in northwestern Africa and Muslim Spain. 2145
1135/--/-- The Almohads are dominant in northwestern Africa and Muslim Spain. 7866
1135/12/26 Stephen of Blois crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by William de Corb 8068
1137/--/-- Louis VII becomes king of France. 2147
1137/--/-- The building of Saint-Denis Church in Paris marks the beginning of the Gothic art period. 2149
1137/--/-- Wena (Vienna) is chartered as a city. 2148
1138/--/-- The Hohenstaufen dynasty begins its domain over the Holy Roman Empire. 2150
1139/--/-- Roger II, the Norman ruler of Sicily, founds the Kingdom of Naples. 2151
1145/--/-- The legendary Christian king Prester John is mentioned for the first time. 2152
1147/--/-- The Almohads kill the last Almoravid ruler in Marrakech. 1419
1147/--/-- The Almohads kill the last Almoravid ruler in Marrakech. 2155
1147/--/-- The first reference is made to the city of Moscow. 2154
1147/--/-- The Moors are expelled from Lisbon by the Christian Portuguese. 2153
1150/--/-- A medical school is established at Bologna University. 2160
1150/--/-- Europe's first paper mill is established at Jativa, Spain. 2158
1150/--/-- Oxford University is founded in England about this time. 953
1150/--/-- Oxford University is founded in England about this time. 2162
1150/--/-- The Chinese develop the first rockets. 2159
1150/--/-- The Chinese develop the first rockets. 7780
1150/--/-- The destruction of Tula marks the end of the Toltec empire. 2156
1150/--/-- The temple of Angkor Wat is built in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2161
1150/--/-- The Yoruba city states begin to flourish in Nigeria. 2157
1152/--/-- Eleanor of Aquitane marries Henry of Anjou. 2164
1152/--/-- Louis VII the king of France annuls his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane. 2163
1153/--/-- Parakrama Bahu I begins his reign at Plonnaruwa, capital of Lanka (Sri Lanka). 2165
1154/--/-- Henry of Anjou is crowned Henry II of England -- the first Plantagenet king. 954
1154/--/-- Henry of Anjou is crowned Henry II of England -- the first Plantagenet king. 2166
1154/--/-- Muslim ruler Nur al-Din captures Damascus from the Seljuk Turks. 2167
1154/12/19 Henry II 'Curtmantle' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Theobald, 8069
1155/--/-- Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa) is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. 2168
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 1259
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 2169
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 7962
1160/--/-- French court poet Chretien de Troyes is active about this time. 2172
1160/--/-- The Almohads drive the Almoravid Muslims from Spain and North Africa. 2170
1160/--/-- The Almohads drive the Almoravid Muslims from Spain and North Africa. 7867
1160/--/-- The Rolls of Oleron (maritime laws) are proclaimed in France. 2171
1163/--/-- Notre Dame Cathedral is begun; flying buttresses are used for the first time. 2173
1168/--/-- The Jewish philosopher Maimonides completes the Mishnah Torah. 2174
1170/--/-- A military faction seizes control in Korea and suppresses Buddhism. 2175
1170/--/-- Archbishop Thomas Becket is murdered after a quarrel with King Henry II. 1420
1170/--/-- Archbishop Thomas Becket is murdered after a quarrel with King Henry II. 2176
1170/--/-- The University of Paris is founded. 2177
1171/--/-- King Henry II of England annexes Ireland. 955
1171/--/-- King Henry II of England annexes Ireland. 2179
1171/--/-- Saladin defeats the Fatimids and conquers Egypt. 2178
1174/--/-- The building of the Leaning Tower of Pisa begins in Italy. 2180
1174/--/-- The first public horse race course is constructed in London. 2181
1175/--/-- The building of Strasbourg Cathedral begins in Germany. 2182
1175/--/-- The first version of the French fable Reynard the Fox is written. 2183
1176/--/-- The building of Old London Bridge is begun. 2185
1176/--/-- The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I at Legnano. 2184
1177/--/-- The city of Belfast is founded in Ireland. 2186
1180/--/-- Japanese warrior Minamoto no Yoritomo begins the 5-year Gempei War. 2188
1180/--/-- Japanese warrior Minamoto no Yoritomo begins the 5-year Gempei War. 7963
1180/--/-- Spanish Arab philosopher Averroes writes The Incoherence of the Incoherence. 2189
1180/--/-- The Khmer Empire is at its greatest extent in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2187
1185/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo establishes the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. 2190
1185/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo establishes the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. 7964
1186/--/-- Bulgaria reestablishes its independence from the Byzantine Empire. 2191
1187/--/-- Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the Crusaders. 2192
1187/--/-- The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza in Mexico. 2193
1188/--/-- The Third Crusade begins. 2194
1189/09/-- Richard I 'the Lionhearted' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Bald 8070
1190/--/-- Frederick I drowns enroute to the Crusades; Henry VI becomes Holy Roman Emperor (1191). 2195
1190/--/-- King Philip Augustus grants a charter to the perfumers of Paris. 2199
1190/--/-- The Mongol empire begins to expand in eastern Asia. 2196
1190/--/-- The order of the Teutonic Knights is founded during the Third Crusade. 2197
1190/--/-- Zen Buddhism is introduced into Japan. 2198
1190/--/-- Zen Buddhism is introduced into Japan. 7965
1191/--/-- King Richard I of England captures Cyprus. 956
1191/--/-- King Richard I of England captures Cyprus. 2200
1192/--/-- King Richard I of England is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. 957
1192/--/-- King Richard I of England is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. 2202
1192/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo rules as the shogun of Japan. 2201
1192/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo rules as the shogun of Japan. 7966
1194/--/-- A Gothic cathedral is begun at Chartres, replacing an earlier structure. 2205
1194/--/-- King Richard I is released from imprisonment after a ransom is paid. 2204
1194/--/-- The Kingdom of Naples and Sicily become part of the Holy Roman Empire under Henry VI. 2203
1197/--/-- Henry VI is succeeded by Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor. 2206
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 958
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 1421
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 2207
1199/05/07 John 'Lackland' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Hubert Walter, A 8071
1200/--/-- Cambridge University is founded in England. 959
1200/--/-- Cambridge University is founded in England. 2209
1200/--/-- The empire of Mali begins to flourish in west Africa. 2208
1200/--/-- The empire of Mali begins to flourish in west Africa. 7868
1200/--/-- The German epic Nibelungenlied is composed. 2211
1200/--/-- The Jewish kabbalistic philosophy develops. 2210
1200/--/-- Troubadour performances are at their height in Europe. 2212
1202/--/-- Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano uses 0 (zero) for the first time in Europe. 2214
1202/--/-- The Fourth Crusade begins. 2213
1204/--/-- The city of Amsterdam is founded in Holland. 2216
1204/--/-- The Crusaders capture Constantinoplem (Istanbul) and found the Latin Empire. 2215
1206/--/-- Mongol tribal chief Temujin is proclaimed as Genghis Khan (universal ruler). 2217
1206/--/-- The Delhi Sultanate is established in India. 2218
1207/--/-- The city of Liverpool is settled in England. 960
1207/--/-- The city of Liverpool is settled in England. 2219
1209/--/-- Pope Innocent III instigates a crusade against the Albigenses in southern France. 2220
1210/--/-- St. Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan order. 2222
1210/--/-- The Mongols begin to invade China. 2221
1210/--/-- The Mongols begin to invade China. 7781
1211/--/-- The building of St. James' Cathedral is begun in Santiago, Spain. 2223
1212/--/-- Castile defeats the Muslim Almohads in Spain. 2225
1212/--/-- The Children's Crusade begins. 2224
1214/--/-- Philip II defeats Emperor Otto IV and King John of England at the Battle of Bouvines. 961
1214/--/-- Philip II defeats Emperor Otto IV and King John of England at the Battle of Bouvines. 2226
1215/--/-- King John of England signs the Magna Carta. 962
1215/--/-- King John of England signs the Magna Carta. 2227
1215/--/-- The Mongols defeat the Chin empire and occupy Peking. 2228
1216/10/28 Henry III crowned King of England at Gloucester Cathedral by Peter des Roches, B 8072
1217/--/-- The Fifth Crusade begins with an attack on Egypt. 2229
1217/--/-- The Kingdom of Serbia is founded. 2230
1219/--/-- Denmark institutes a national flag, the oldest in Europe. 2231
1219/--/-- The city of Samarkand is conquered by Ghengis Khan. 2232
1220/--/-- The building of Salisbury Cathedral is begun in England. 963
1220/--/-- The building of Salisbury Cathedral is begun in England. 2233
1220/05/07 Henry III recrowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Stephen Langton, Arc 8073
1222/--/-- The University of Padua is founded in Italy. 2234
1223/--/-- The Khanate of the Golden Horde is established in Russia by the Mongols. 2235
1225/--/-- French poet Guillaume de Lorris writes the Romance of the Rose. 2236
1227/--/-- Ghengis Khan dies; the Mongol empire is divided among his 4 sons. 1422
1227/--/-- Ghengis Khan dies; the Mongol empire is divided among his 4 sons. 2237
1227/--/-- The building of Toledo Cathedral is begun in Spain. 2238
1229/--/-- James I of Aragon captures Majorca from the Moors. 2239
1230/--/-- The Qutb Minar minaret is built near present-day New Delhi, India 2240
1231/--/-- Jalal al-Din al-Rumi founds the Sufi order known as Whirling Dervishes. 2241
1231/--/-- Pope Gregory IX institutes the papal Inquisition. 2242
1234/--/-- The printing of Buddhist texts using movable wooden type begins in Korea. 2243
1240/--/-- Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Neva. 2244
1240/--/-- The Mongol Golden Horde conquers Kievan Russia. 2245
1241/--/-- The Mongols invade Hungary. 2246
1242/--/-- English monk Roger Bacon describes a formula for making gunpowder. 964
1242/--/-- English monk Roger Bacon describes a formula for making gunpowder. 2247
1244/--/-- The city of Berlin is mentioned for the first time. 2248
1245/--/-- Pope Innocent IV sends the Franciscan friar Carpini to the Mongols as a missionary. 2249
1248/--/-- The building of Cologne Cathedral is begun in Germany. 2251
1248/--/-- The Christian reconquest of Spain is almost complete; the Muslims still hold Granada. 2250
1249/--/-- Alfonso III drives the Moors from Portugal. 2252
1250/--/-- Albertus Magnus describes a method for manufacturing arsenic. 2256
1250/--/-- Egyptian Mamelukes overthrow the Ayyubid dynasty. 2254
1250/--/-- Frederick II's death leads to an Interregnum in Germany and a struggle for the crown. 1423
1250/--/-- Frederick II's death leads to an Interregnum in Germany and a struggle for the crown. 2255
1250/--/-- Louis IX of France is captured by the Muslims during the Seventh Crusade. 2253
1250/--/-- Naval warfare in the Mediterranean is dominated by galleys. 2257
1250/--/-- Vincent of Beauvais publishes the Greater Mirror, a contemporary encyclopedia. 2258
1252/--/-- The city of Stockholm is founded in Sweden. 2259
1256/--/-- The Order of Augustinian Hermits is founded. 2260
1257/--/-- The Sorbonne theological college is founded at the University of Paris. 2261
1258/--/-- The Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate. 2262
1260/--/-- Kublai Khan is proclaimed as the Mongol emperor. 2263
1260/--/-- Paris becomes the center of tapestry weaving. 2266
1260/--/-- The first flagellant movements appear in Italy. 2265
1260/--/-- Venetian merchants Nicolo and Maffeo Polo begin their journey to China. 2264
1260/--/-- Venetian merchants Nicolo and Maffeo Polo begin their journey to China. 7782
1261/--/-- Michael VIII regains Constantinople (Istanbul) and refounds the Byzantine Empire. 2267
1263/--/-- Norway gains control of Iceland. 2268
1264/--/-- Simon de Montfort and the English barons defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes. 965
1264/--/-- Simon de Montfort and the English barons defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes. 2269
1265/--/-- Simon de Montfort is killed at the Battle of Evesham. 1424
1265/--/-- Simon de Montfort is killed at the Battle of Evesham. 2270
1266/--/-- Charles I of Anjou becomes king of Naples and Sicily. 2272
1266/--/-- Norway surrenders the Hebrides to Scotland. 2271
1268/--/-- The Angevins and Guelphs defeat the Ghibellines at Tagliacozzo in Italy. 2273
1269/--/-- The Mamelukes seize Mecca. 2274
1271/--/-- Venetian merchant Marco Polo begins his journey to the court of Kublai Khan in China. 2275
1271/--/-- Venetian merchant Marco Polo begins his journey to the court of Kublai Khan in China. 7783
1273/--/-- Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas completes his Summa Theologiae. 2277
1273/--/-- Rudolf I becomes king of Germany, establishing the Habsburg dynasty. 2276
1274/--/-- The Mongols invade Japan. 2278
1274/--/-- The Mongols invade Japan. 7967
1274/08/09 Edward I 'Longshanks' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Robert Kil 8074
1277/--/-- Ottone Visconti rules Milan and founds the Visconti dynasty. 2279
1279/--/-- Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. 2280
1279/--/-- Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. 7784
1280/--/-- Syrian scholar al-Hassan-al-Rammah describes "Chinese Arrows" (rockets). 2281
1280/--/-- Syrian scholar al-Hassan-al-Rammah describes "Chinese Arrows" (rockets). 7785
1282/--/-- Sicilians revolt against the French during the Sicilian Vespers. 2282
1282/--/-- Sicily splits from the Kingdom of Naples; Peter III of Aragon is elected to the throne. 2283
1284/--/-- The Genoese fleet defeats Pisa to become dominant in the Mediterranean. 2284
1284/--/-- The Pied Piper of Hamelin is alleged to have appeared about this time. 2285
1285/--/-- Sienese artist Duccio paints the Rucellai Madonna in Florence. 2286
1287/--/-- Pagan is conquered by the Mongols in Burma. 2287
1290/--/-- Edward I expels the Jews from England. 966
1290/--/-- Edward I expels the Jews from England. 2288
1290/--/-- Florentine artist Cimabue paints the Crucifix. 2290
1290/--/-- Florentine artist Cimabue paints the Crucifix. 7489
1290/--/-- Moses de Leon composes the Kabbalistic work Zohar. 2291
1290/--/-- Osman I founds the dynasty of the Ottoman Turks. 2289
1291/--/-- The Mamelukes capture Acre, ending the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 2292
1291/--/-- The Swiss Confederation (Switzerland) is formed. 2293
1293/--/-- Italian poet Dante writes his first book La vita nuova (The New Life). 2294
1293/--/-- The Majapahit Empire is founded in Java. 2295
1294/--/-- Philip IV of France institutes sumptuary laws against extravagant costumes. 2296
1294/--/-- The building of Florence Cathedral is begun in Italy. 2297
1295/--/-- Marco Polo brings a pasta recipe to Italy from Asia. 2298
1297/--/-- The Genoese defeat the Venetian fleet at Curzola. 2300
1297/--/-- William Wallace expels the English from Scotland. 967
1297/--/-- William Wallace expels the English from Scotland. 2299
1298/--/-- English king Edward I defeats William Wallace and reconquers Scotland. 968
1298/--/-- English king Edward I defeats William Wallace and reconquers Scotland. 2301
1298/--/-- Marco Polo dictates the memoirs of his Travels from a prison in Genoa. 2302
1300/--/-- Apothecaries become popular in Germany. 2305
1300/--/-- The city of Cholula regains prominence under the Mixtecs in Mexico. 2303
1300/--/-- The first mechanical clocks appear in Europe. 2306
1300/--/-- The Forbidden City is built in Peking about this time. 2304
1300/--/-- The spinning wheel is in use in Europe. 2308
1300/--/-- The use of eyeglasses (spectacles) becomes common. 2307
1303/--/-- Philip IV of France tries to abduct Pope Boniface VIII. 2309
1305/--/-- Florentine painter Giotto begins his frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. 2310
1305/--/-- Florentine painter Giotto begins his frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. 7490
1306/--/-- Philip IV expels the Jews from France. 2312
1306/--/-- Robert the Bruce leads the Scots in a rebellion against English rule. 969
1306/--/-- Robert the Bruce leads the Scots in a rebellion against English rule. 2311
1307/--/-- Italian poet Dante begins his masterwork The Divine Comedy. 2313
1307/07/-- Edward II de-facto King of England. 8076
1308/--/-- Charles I becomes the first Angevin king of Hungary. 2314
1308/02/04 Edward II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Henry Merewell (alias 8075
1309/--/-- Pope Clement V moves the papal court from Rome to Avignon in France. 2315
1312/--/-- Henry VII is crowned Holy Roman Emperor but dies one year later. 1425
1312/--/-- Henry VII is crowned Holy Roman Emperor but dies one year later. 2316
1312/--/-- Mansa Musa becomes emperor of Mali in West Africa. 2317
1312/--/-- Mansa Musa becomes emperor of Mali in West Africa. 7869
1314/--/-- Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria contest the rule of the Holy Roman Empire. 2318
1314/--/-- The Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. 970
1314/--/-- The Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. 2319
1320/--/-- Poland is reunited under King Wladyslaw I. 2320
1322/--/-- English folk hero Robin Hood is first mentioned. 971
1322/--/-- English folk hero Robin Hood is first mentioned. 2322
1322/--/-- Louis IV defeats Frederick of Austria at the Battle of Muhldorf. 2321
1325/--/-- Arab geographer Ibn Battuta begins his explorations. 2323
1326/--/-- Edward II of England is deposed by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. 972
1326/--/-- Edward II of England is deposed by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. 2324
1327/--/-- Louis IV king of Germany invades Italy. 2325
1327/--/-- The city of Munich is destroyed by fire. 2326
1327/02/-- Edward III crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Walter Reynolds, Arch 8077
1328/--/-- Louis IV crowns himself as Holy Roman Emperor and installs an antipope. 2327
1328/--/-- Sienese artist Simone Martini portrays the warlord Guidoriccio da Fogliano. 2328
1328/--/-- Sienese artist Simone Martini portrays the warlord Guidoriccio da Fogliano. 7491
1331/--/-- The Moscow Kremlin (fortress) is mentioned for the first time. 2329
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 1260
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 2330
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 7968
1337/--/-- The Hundred Years' War begins between England and France. 973
1337/--/-- The Hundred Years' War begins between England and France. 2331
1338/--/-- The Ashikaga shogunate begins in Japan. 2332
1338/--/-- The Ashikaga shogunate begins in Japan. 7969
1340/--/-- A British fleet defeats the French at Sluys. 2333
1341/--/-- The Muslims rule Kashmir in India. 2334
1342/--/-- Italian poet Petrarch writes his Canzoniere love lyrics. 2335
1345/--/-- The Aztecs found Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). 2336
1345/--/-- The building of the present Doge's Palace begins in Venice. 2337
1346/--/-- English archers defeat the French at Crecy; cannons (bombards) are used in the battle. 974
1346/--/-- English archers defeat the French at Crecy; cannons (bombards) are used in the battle. 2339
1346/--/-- Louis IV is deposed by Charles IV as king of Germany. 2338
1346/--/-- Stephen Dusan crowns himself emperor of Serbia and the Greeks. 2340
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 1426
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 1427
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 2342
1347/--/-- The English capture the French port of Calais. 975
1347/--/-- The English capture the French port of Calais. 2341
1348/--/-- Italian writer Boccaccio begins the Decameron. 2343
1348/--/-- Prague University is founded in Czechoslovakia. 2344
1350/--/-- No drama develops in Japan about this time. 2345
1350/--/-- No drama develops in Japan about this time. 7970
1351/--/-- Zurich joins the Swiss Confederation. 2346
1352/--/-- Arab geographer Ibn Battuta explores Nigeria. 2347
1354/--/-- The Shroud of Turin is mentioned for the first time. 2348
1355/--/-- Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2349
1356/--/-- Charles IV establishes the Golden Bull constitution for the Holy Roman Empire. 2351
1356/--/-- Edward the Black Prince defeats the French at Poitiers and captures King John II. 2350
1358/--/-- Lubeck becomes headquarters of the Hanseatic League. 2352
1360/--/-- Sir John Hawkwood leads his White Company of mercenaries into Italy. 2354
1360/--/-- The Treaty of Bretigny ends the first phase of The Hundred Years' War. 2353
1362/--/-- According to the Kensington Rune Stone, the Vikings reach Minnesota in America. 2355
1362/--/-- According to the Kensington Rune Stone, the Vikings reach Minnesota in America. 7055
1362/--/-- English poet William Langland writes Piers Plowman. 976
1362/--/-- English poet William Langland writes Piers Plowman. 2356
1364/--/-- Polish king Casimir III founds Krakow University. 2357
1368/--/-- The Ming dynasty begins in China. 2358
1368/--/-- The Ming dynasty begins in China. 7786
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 977
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 1261
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 2359
1370/--/-- Mongol leader Timur (Tamerlane) begins his wars of conquest in Asia. 2360
1370/--/-- The building of the Bastille fortress begins in Paris. 2362
1370/--/-- The death of Casimir III ends the Piast dynasty in Poland. 1428
1370/--/-- The death of Casimir III ends the Piast dynasty in Poland. 2361
1370/--/-- The first modern perfume Hungary Water is made for Queen Elizabeth of Hungary. 2363
1377/--/-- Playing cards are described for the first time. 2365
1377/--/-- Pope Gregory XI returns the papacy to Rome. 2364
1377/07/06 Richard II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Simon Sudbury, Archbi 8078
1378/--/-- The Great Schism begins; 2 Popes reign from Rome and Avignon. 2366
1379/--/-- Italian historian Muraroti describes the use of rockets during the siege of Chiozzia, Italy. 2367
1380/--/-- Russian Prince Dimitry Donskoi defeats the Mongols at Kulikovo. 2368
1380/--/-- Venice defeats Genoa and maintains sovereignty over the eastern Mediterranean. 2369
1381/--/-- The Peasants' Revolt begins in England. 978
1381/--/-- The Peasants' Revolt begins in England. 2370
1382/--/-- John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English. 979
1382/--/-- John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English. 2371
1384/--/-- The Lollard movement grows after the death of John Wycliffe. 1429
1384/--/-- The Lollard movement grows after the death of John Wycliffe. 2372
1386/--/-- English poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins The Canterbury Tales. 980
1386/--/-- English poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins The Canterbury Tales. 2375
1386/--/-- Heidelberg University is founded in Germany. 2374
1386/--/-- Poland and Lithuania are united by marriage; the Jagello dynasty is founded. 2373
1387/--/-- The Viscontis win the city-states of Verona and Vicenza from the Scala family. 2376
1387/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) conquers the city of Isfahan in Persia (Iran). 2377
1389/--/-- The Ottoman Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Kosovo. 2378
1392/--/-- The Yi dynasty usurps power from the Koryos in Korea. 2379
1394/--/-- The Thais invade Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2380
1395/--/-- Claus Sluter begins the Well of Moses sculpture at Chartreuse in France. 2381
1395/--/-- Claus Sluter begins the Well of Moses sculpture at Chartreuse in France. 7492
1396/--/-- A Christian army is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at Nicopolis, Bulgaria. 2382
1397/--/-- The Kalmar Union unites Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. 2383
1398/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) invades India and sacks the Kingdom of Delhi. 2384
1399/--/-- Bolingbroke (Henry IV) deposes Richard II and founds the House of Lancaster. 2385
1399/10/13 Henry IV crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Arundel, Archbis 8079
1400/--/-- Bedlam, England's first hospital for the mentally ill, is founded in London. 981
1400/--/-- Bedlam, England's first hospital for the mentally ill, is founded in London. 2389
1400/--/-- French historian Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles. 2391
1400/--/-- Norse settlers die out in Greenland. 2387
1400/--/-- Owen Glendower leads a Welsh revolt against English rule. 982
1400/--/-- Owen Glendower leads a Welsh revolt against English rule. 2386
1400/--/-- The first reported discovery is made of a frozen mammoth in Siberia. 2390
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 1430
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 2388
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 7056
1402/--/-- The building of Seville Cathedral begins in Spain. 2393
1402/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) defeats the Ottomans at Ankara and captures Sultan Bayezid I. 2392
1403/--/-- Henry IV, King of England, defeats the Percy family at the Battle of Shrewsbury. 983
1403/--/-- Henry IV, King of England, defeats the Percy family at the Battle of Shrewsbury. 2394
1403/--/-- Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti begins the bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. 2395
1403/--/-- Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti begins the bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. 7493
1406/--/-- The city-state of Pisa is defeated by Florence. 2396
1407/--/-- The Chinese reoccupy Vietnam. 2398
1407/--/-- The Chinese reoccupy Vietnam. 7787
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 1262
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 1431
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 2397
1409/--/-- Czech religious reformer John Huss (Jan Hus) lectures at Prague University. 2399
1410/--/-- Flemish illuminators the Limbourg brothers begin the Belle Heures du Duc de Berry. 2401
1410/--/-- The Poles and the Lithuanians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Tannenberg. 2400
1411/--/-- Open conflict breaks out between the Armagnacs and Burgundians in France. 2402
1413/04/-- Henry V crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Arundel, Archbish 8080
1415/--/-- Henry V invades France and defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt. 2403
1415/--/-- John Huss (Jan Hus) is burned at the stake for heresy. 2406
1415/--/-- The Council of Constance is convened to end the Schism caused by 2 competing popes. 2405
1415/--/-- The Portuguese capture Ceuta, laying the foundations for Portugal's African Empire. 2404
1415/--/-- The Portuguese capture Ceuta, laying the foundations for Portugal's African Empire. 7870
1418/--/-- German author Thomas a Kempis writes The Imitation of Christ. 2409
1418/--/-- Prince Henry the Navigator dispatches the first Portuguese voyages of exploration. 2407
1418/--/-- The earliest known European woodcut illustration is made. 2408
1420/--/-- Henry V of England is acknowledged as heir to the French throne. 984
1420/--/-- Henry V of England is acknowledged as heir to the French throne. 2410
1421/--/-- The first known patent is issued in Florence. 2411
1425/--/-- Florentine sculptor Donatello begins his bronze statue of David around this time. 2412
1425/--/-- Florentine sculptor Donatello begins his bronze statue of David around this time. 7494
1427/--/-- Masaccio completes the Expulsion of Adam and Eve fresco in the Brancacci Chapel. 2415
1427/--/-- The first major witch hunt takes place in Switzerland. 2414
1427/--/-- The Portuguese discover the Azores. 2413
1428/--/-- Copenhagen becomes the residence of the Danish monarchs. 2416
1428/--/-- Le Loi defeats the Chinese and founds the Le dynasty in Vietnam. 2417
1428/--/-- Le Loi defeats the Chinese and founds the Le dynasty in Vietnam. 7788
1429/--/-- The French under Joan of Arc raise the siege of Orleans and defeat the English. 985
1429/--/-- The French under Joan of Arc raise the siege of Orleans and defeat the English. 2418
1431/--/-- Joan of Arc is burned as a witch by the English at Rouen in France. 986
1431/--/-- Joan of Arc is burned as a witch by the English at Rouen in France. 2419
1431/--/-- Luca della Robbia sculpts the Cantoria (Singing Gallery) for Florence Cathedral. 2422
1431/--/-- Luca della Robbia sculpts the Cantoria (Singing Gallery) for Florence Cathedral. 7495
1431/--/-- Tenochtitlan emerges as a dominant city-state in central Mexico under Aztec rule. 2420
1431/--/-- Thai forces destroy the Khmer capital of Angkor. 2421
1433/--/-- Sigismund king of Germany is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2423
1434/--/-- Cosimo de'Medici gains control of Florence. 2425
1434/--/-- Flemish artist Jan van Eyck paints the wedding portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini. 2427
1434/--/-- Flemish artist Jan van Eyck paints the wedding portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini. 7496
1434/--/-- Phnom Penh is established as the new Khmer capital. 2424
1434/--/-- The Portuguese explore the African coast south of Cape Bojador. 2426
1434/--/-- The Portuguese explore the African coast south of Cape Bojador. 7871
1435/--/-- Italian artist Leon Battista Alberti writes on the laws of perspective. 2428
1435/--/-- Italian artist Leon Battista Alberti writes on the laws of perspective. 7497
1436/--/-- The French end the English occupation of Paris. 987
1436/--/-- The French end the English occupation of Paris. 2429
1438/--/-- The Inca empire is established in Peru. 2430
1440/--/-- Hungary and Poland are united under Wladyslaw III to oppose the Turks. 2431
1440/--/-- King Henry VI founds Eton College in England. 988
1440/--/-- King Henry VI founds Eton College in England. 2433
1440/--/-- The Mayan city of Mayapan is destroyed in Mexico. 2432
1442/--/-- Florentine architect Filippo Brunelleschi begins work on the Pazzi Chapel. 2435
1442/--/-- The Kingdom of Naples comes under Aragonnese rule. 2434
1443/--/-- Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden paints the Descent From the Cross. 2436
1443/--/-- Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden paints the Descent From the Cross. 7498
1444/--/-- Wladyslaw III is killed by the Turks under Murad II at the Battle of Varna. 1432
1444/--/-- Wladyslaw III is killed by the Turks under Murad II at the Battle of Varna. 2437
1445/05/-- Henry VI crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by John Stafford, Archbish 8081
1446/--/-- The building of the Chapel at King's College is begun in Cambridge, England. 989
1446/--/-- The building of the Chapel at King's College is begun in Cambridge, England. 2438
1448/--/-- The Hungarians are defeated by the Turks at the second battle of Kosovo. 2439
1450/--/-- German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg perfects printing by movable metal type. 2443
1450/--/-- The Arabian Nights are written about this time. 2444
1450/--/-- The Portuguese begin the West African slave trade about this time. 2441
1450/--/-- The Portuguese begin the West African slave trade about this time. 7872
1450/--/-- The Sforza family conquer the city-state of Milan. 2440
1450/--/-- The Thurn and Taxis families establish a postal service for the Holy Roman Empire. 2442
1452/--/-- Florentine painter Fra Filippo Lippi begins his frescoes for the Prato Cathedral. 2446
1452/--/-- Florentine painter Fra Filippo Lippi begins his frescoes for the Prato Cathedral. 7499
1452/--/-- Frederick III is crowned as the first Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor. 2445
1453/--/-- Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (Istanbul), marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. 2448
1453/--/-- The French capture Bordeaux from the English, ending the Hundred Years' War. 990
1453/--/-- The French capture Bordeaux from the English, ending the Hundred Years' War. 2447
1454/--/-- The building of the Topkapi Palace begins in Constantinople (Istanbul). 2449
1455/--/-- Florentine artist Paolo Uccello begins painting The Battle of San Romano. 2452
1455/--/-- Florentine artist Paolo Uccello begins painting The Battle of San Romano. 7500
1455/--/-- The Gutenberg Bible becomes the first book to be printed with movable metal type. 2451
1455/--/-- The Wars of the Roses begin in England. 991
1455/--/-- The Wars of the Roses begin in England. 2450
1456/--/-- Hungarians under Janos Hunyadi defeat the Turks at Belgrade. 2454
1456/--/-- The Turks capture Athens. 2453
1456/--/-- Vlad the Impaler becomes Prince of Walachia. 2455
1457/--/-- The first printed almanac is published. 2456
1458/--/-- Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary. 2457
1458/--/-- The building of the Pitti Palace begins in Florence. 2458
1459/--/-- The Turks conquer Serbia. 2459
1460/--/-- Italian artist Mantegna begins painting The Agony in the Garden. 2462
1460/--/-- Italian artist Mantegna begins painting The Agony in the Garden. 7501
1460/--/-- Richard of York defeats the royalist forces at Northampton, but is killed at Wakefield. 1433
1460/--/-- Richard of York defeats the royalist forces at Northampton, but is killed at Wakefield. 2460
1460/--/-- Woodcuts are in use for illustrating books. 2461
1461/--/-- Richard of York's son Edward IV is crowned king of England. 992
1461/--/-- Richard of York's son Edward IV is crowned king of England. 2463
1461/03/-- Edward IV deposes Henry VI. 8085
1461/06/09 Edward IV crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, Ar 8082
1462/--/-- Spain captures Gibraltar from the Muslims. 2464
1464/--/-- Sunni Ali founds the Songhai empire in West Africa. 2465
1464/--/-- Sunni Ali founds the Songhai empire in West Africa. 7873
1466/--/-- West Prussia is ceded to Poland by the Treaty of Torun. 2466
1467/--/-- Charles the Bold becomes the Duke of Burgundy. 2467
1467/--/-- The 10-year Onin War begins in Japan. 2468
1467/--/-- The 10-year Onin War begins in Japan. 7971
1469/--/-- Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile. 2470
1469/--/-- Henry VI and the Earl of Warwick depose Edward IV of England. 993
1469/--/-- Henry VI and the Earl of Warwick depose Edward IV of England. 2469
1470/--/-- Sir Thomas Malory completes the Morte D'arthur. 2471
1470/--/-- The first ballad appears about the Swiss hero William Tell. 2472
1470/10/03 Henry VI deposes Edward IV and regains crown. 8083
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 994
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 1434
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 2474
1471/--/-- The Portuguese capture Tangier from the Muslims. 2473
1471/04/01 Edward IV deposes Henry VI and regains crown. 8084
1473/--/-- The building of the Sistine Chapel begins in Rome. 2475
1475/--/-- Burgundy is at the height of power under Charles the Bold. 2479
1475/--/-- Stephen the Great defeats the Turks at the Battle of Vaslui. 2478
1475/--/-- The English under Edward IV invade France. 995
1475/--/-- The English under Edward IV invade France. 2476
1475/--/-- The Turks conquer the Crimea. 2477
1476/--/-- Copperplate (intaglio) engravings are developed. 2480
1477/--/-- Louis XI establishes a royal postal service in France. 2482
1477/--/-- William Caxton prints the first book in England. 996
1477/--/-- William Caxton prints the first book in England. 2481
1478/--/-- Lorenzo de'Medici rules Florence. 2483
1479/--/-- Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon, which unites with his wife's kingdom of Castile. 2484
1480/--/-- Brussels becomes the center of the European tapestry industry about this time. 2488
1480/--/-- Flemish artist Hans Memling is active about this time. 2489
1480/--/-- Flemish artist Hans Memling is active about this time. 7502
1480/--/-- Ivan III defeats the Tartars and begins the unification of Russia. 2485
1480/--/-- Ludovico Sforza becomes the Duke of Milan. 2486
1480/--/-- The Spanish Inquisition is established to interrogate heretics and converted Jews. 2487
1481/--/-- Edward IV establishes a postal service in England. 997
1481/--/-- Edward IV establishes a postal service in England. 2491
1481/--/-- Mehmed II dies; Bayezid II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. 1435
1481/--/-- Mehmed II dies; Bayezid II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. 2490
1482/--/-- The Portuguese explore the Congo River and encounter the Kingdom of Kongo. 2493
1482/--/-- The Portuguese settle on the African Gold Coast (Ghana). 2492
1482/--/-- The Portuguese settle on the African Gold Coast (Ghana). 7874
1483/--/-- Artist Giovanni Bellini is appointed as painter to the Venetian Republic. 2498
1483/--/-- Artist Giovanni Bellini is appointed as painter to the Venetian Republic. 7503
1483/--/-- Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci sketches an early helicopter design. 2497
1483/--/-- Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci sketches an early helicopter design. 7504
1483/--/-- Italian reformer Girolamo Savonarola is executed for heresy. 2495
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 998
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 1436
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 2494
1483/--/-- Torquemada becomes the grand inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. 2496
1483/04/-- Edward V succeeds Edward IV but is never crowned. 8086
1483/07/-- Richard III crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, 8087
1485/--/-- English land owners begin enclosing their fields with hedges. 999
1485/--/-- English land owners begin enclosing their fields with hedges. 2501
1485/--/-- German playing card symbols (hearts, leaves, bells and acorns) are established. 2502
1485/--/-- Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. 2499
1485/--/-- Portuguese explorers discover the Kingdom of Benin. 2500
1485/--/-- Sandro Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus in Florence. 2503
1485/--/-- Sandro Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus in Florence. 7505
1485/08/02 Henry VII becomes de-facto King of England. 8089
1485/10/30 Henry VII crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, Ar 8088
1486/--/-- Henry VII of England unites the warring houses of York and Lancaster. 1000
1486/--/-- Henry VII of England unites the warring houses of York and Lancaster. 2504
1486/--/-- The Aztecs found the city of Oaxaca in Mexico. 2505
1486/--/-- The first major book on witchcraft Hammer of Sorceresses is published in Germany. 2506
1487/--/-- Quito becomes the northern capital of the Inca empire. 2507
1488/--/-- Bartolomeu Dias becomes the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope. 2508
1488/--/-- Italian philosopher Pico della Mirandola is imprisoned for heresy. 2509
1489/--/-- Venice gains control of the island of Cyprus. 2510
1490/--/-- Ballet originates in Italy about this time. 2512
1490/--/-- Italian printer Aldus Manutius establishes the Aldine Press in Venice. 2511
1490/--/-- Papal singer and composer Josquin des Prez is active during this period. 2513
1492/--/-- Christopher Columbus sails from Spain to the New World. 2515
1492/--/-- Ferdinand II conquers Granada, ending the Muslim influence in Spain. 2514
1492/--/-- German geographer Martin Benhaim makes the first terrestrial globe. 2517
1492/--/-- Spanish Jews are given 3 months to become Christians or to leave the country. 2516
1493/--/-- Maximilian I succeeds Frederick III as Holy Roman Emperor. 2518
1494/--/-- Charles VIII of France invades Italy, beginning the Italian Wars. 2519
1494/--/-- German artist Albrecht Durer travels from Nuremberg to Italy. 2521
1494/--/-- German artist Albrecht Durer travels from Nuremberg to Italy. 7506
1494/--/-- German satirist Sebastian Brant writes the Ship of Fools. 2522
1494/--/-- The Treaty of Tordesillas establishes a boundary between New World discoveries. 2520
1495/--/-- French king Charles VIII is crowned at Naples. 2523
1495/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting The Last Supper in Milan. 2525
1495/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting The Last Supper in Milan. 7507
1495/--/-- Printed editions of the Greek classics becomes available in Europe. 2526
1495/--/-- The Jews are expelled from Portugal. 2524
1496/--/-- The first description of the tobacco plant appears in Europe. 2527
1497/--/-- Italian explorer John Cabot discovers Newfoundland for England. 1001
1497/--/-- Italian explorer John Cabot discovers Newfoundland for England. 2528
1498/--/-- Columbus lands on the coast of South America during his third voyage. 2531
1498/--/-- Columbus lands on the coast of South America during his third voyage. 7057
1498/--/-- Louis XII succeeds Charles VIII as king of France. 2530
1498/--/-- Michelangelo begins sculpting the Pieta for St. Peter's Church in Rome. 2533
1498/--/-- Michelangelo begins sculpting the Pieta for St. Peter's Church in Rome. 7508
1498/--/-- Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches India. 2529
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 2532
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 7433
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 7789
1499/--/-- French forces under Louis XII capture Milan. 2534
1499/--/-- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, is executed by Henry VII. 1002
1499/--/-- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, is executed by Henry VII. 2535
1499/--/-- Venetian artist Giorgione paints Portrait of a Young Man. 2536
1499/--/-- Venetian artist Giorgione paints Portrait of a Young Man. 7509
1500/--/-- Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch paints The Garden of Earthly Delights. 2538
1500/--/-- Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch paints The Garden of Earthly Delights. 7510
1500/--/-- Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral lays claim to Brazil for Portugal. 2537
1501/--/-- France and Spain divide the Kingdom of Naples. 2539
1501/--/-- Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci explores Brazil. 2540
1502/--/-- A peace treaty is established between Venice and the Ottoman Turks. 2541
1502/--/-- A Portuguese trading post is established at Cochin in India. 2543
1502/--/-- Columbus sails on his fourth voyage of discovery. 2544
1502/--/-- Shah Ismail founds the Safavid dynasty; Shiism becomes the religion of Persia (Iran). 2542
1503/--/-- Arquebuses (handguns) help the Spanish defeat the French in Italy. 2547
1503/--/-- Juan Bermudez lands on the island of Bermuda, which is named for him. 2546
1503/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa. 2549
1503/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa. 7511
1503/--/-- Spanish general Fernandez de Cordoba forces the French to abandon Naples. 2545
1503/--/-- The Spanish crown approves encomienda (enforced slavery) in the American colonies. 2548
1503/--/-- The Spanish crown approves encomienda (enforced slavery) in the American colonies. 7058
1504/--/-- Babur occupies Kabul and establishes a kingdom in Afghanistan. 2550
1504/--/-- Italian artist Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin. 2551
1504/--/-- Italian artist Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin. 7512
1505/--/-- Christian king Alfonso I (Nzinga Mbemba) rules the Kingdom of Kongo. 2553
1505/--/-- The Portuguese colonize Mozambique and arrive at Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 2552
1506/--/-- Christopher Columbus dies in poverty. 1437
1506/--/-- Christopher Columbus dies in poverty. 2554
1506/--/-- Italian architect Bramante begins the plans for St. Peters in Rome. 2555
1507/--/-- Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller uses the word America on a map for the first time. 2556
1507/--/-- Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller uses the word America on a map for the first time. 7059
1508/--/-- Michelangelo begins painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 2558
1508/--/-- Michelangelo begins painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 7513
1508/--/-- The League of Cambrai is formed to oppose Venice. 2557
1509/--/-- Dutch scholar Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly. 2562
1509/--/-- Henry VIII succeeds his father Henry VII as king of England. 1003
1509/--/-- Henry VIII succeeds his father Henry VII as king of England. 2560
1509/--/-- The first sugar cane mill is established in the Americas. 2561
1509/--/-- The first sugar cane mill is established in the Americas. 7060
1509/--/-- Venice is defeated by the League of Cambrai at Agnadello. 2559
1509/06/04 Henry VIII crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by William Warham, Archb 8090
1510/--/-- Spain conquers Tripoli in North Africa. 2563
1510/--/-- Spain conquers Tripoli in North Africa. 7875
1510/--/-- The English morality play Everyman is adapted from an earlier Dutch work. 1004
1510/--/-- The English morality play Everyman is adapted from an earlier Dutch work. 2566
1510/--/-- The Polygraphia, the first printed work on cryptology, is published in Germany. 2565
1510/--/-- The Portuguese colony of Goa is founded on the coast of India. 2564
1511/--/-- German artist Matthias Grunewald begins painting the Isenheim Altarpiece. 2570
1511/--/-- German artist Matthias Grunewald begins painting the Isenheim Altarpiece. 7514
1511/--/-- Pope Julius II organizes a Holy League against Louis XII of France. 2568
1511/--/-- The Portuguese become the first Europeans to reach Siam (Thailand). 2569
1511/--/-- The Portuguese capture Malacca (now Melaka) in Malaysia. 2567
1512/--/-- Albrecht Durer is appointed court painter to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. 2573
1512/--/-- Albrecht Durer is appointed court painter to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. 7515
1512/--/-- Selim I becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 2572
1512/--/-- The Habsburgs reinstate the Medicis as the rulers of Florence. 2571
1513/--/-- Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince. 2577
1513/--/-- Louis XII is defeated by the Holy League; French forces are expelled from Italy. 2574
1513/--/-- Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon lands on the coast of Florida. 2576
1513/--/-- Vasco Nunez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean. 2575
1514/--/-- Bartolome de Las Casas tries to improve the treatment of South American Indians. 2579
1514/--/-- Bartolome de Las Casas tries to improve the treatment of South American Indians. 7061
1514/--/-- Italian artist Raphael becomes the chief architect of St. Peter's in Rome. 2580
1514/--/-- Italian artist Raphael becomes the chief architect of St. Peter's in Rome. 7516
1514/--/-- Spanish conquistadors under Diego Velazquez de Cuellar conquer Cuba. 2581
1514/--/-- The Turks defeat the Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran. 2578
1515/--/-- Italian artist Michelangelo sculpts his monumental statue of Moses. 2585
1515/--/-- Italian artist Michelangelo sculpts his monumental statue of Moses. 7517
1515/--/-- The building of Hampton Court is begun in England. 1005
1515/--/-- The building of Hampton Court is begun in England. 2584
1515/--/-- The French defeat the Habsburgs and their allies at the Battle of Marignano. 2582
1515/--/-- Thomas Wolsey is appointed Lord Chancellor of England. 1006
1515/--/-- Thomas Wolsey is appointed Lord Chancellor of England. 2583
1516/--/-- Charles I succeeds Ferdinand II as king of Spain. 2587
1516/--/-- English intellectual and statesman Sir Thomas More writes Utopia. 1007
1516/--/-- English intellectual and statesman Sir Thomas More writes Utopia. 2589
1516/--/-- Milan is ceded to France by the Treaty of Noyon. 2586
1516/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Algiers in North Africa. 2588
1516/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Algiers in North Africa. 7876
1517/--/-- Andrea del Sarto paints the Madonna of the Harpies. 2592
1517/--/-- Andrea del Sarto paints the Madonna of the Harpies. 7518
1517/--/-- The Turks defeat the Mamelukes for possession of Syria and Egypt. 2590
1517/--/-- Theologian Martin Luther displays his 95 theses at Wittenberg in Germany. 2591
1518/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado explores the Yucatan Peninsula. 2593
1519/--/-- Charles I of Spain succeeds Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. 2594
1519/--/-- Chocolate is introduced into Spain as a beverage. 2598
1519/--/-- Panama City is founded by the Spanish in Central America. 2596
1519/--/-- Panama City is founded by the Spanish in Central America. 7062
1519/--/-- Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes meets the Aztec leader Montezuma in Mexico. 2595
1519/--/-- Ulrich Zwingli leads the Reformation in Switzerland. 2597
1520/--/-- Corn (Zea mays) is imported into Spain from the West Indies. 1438
1520/--/-- Corn (Zea mays) is imported into Spain from the West Indies. 2604
1520/--/-- Francis I meets Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in Calais, France. 2601
1520/--/-- King Christian II of Denmark conquers Sweden. 2600
1520/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan discovers the Strait of Magellan. 2602
1520/--/-- Suleiman I (the Magnificent) succeeds Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 2599
1520/--/-- The earliest state lottery is organized in France. 2603
1521/--/-- Martin Luther is excommunicated as a heretic at the Diet of Worms. 2607
1521/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. 1439
1521/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. 2606
1521/--/-- Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. 2605
1522/--/-- Jean Clouet becomes the court painter to Francis I of France. 2609
1522/--/-- Jean Clouet becomes the court painter to Francis I of France. 7519
1522/--/-- Magellan's crew aboard the Victoria complete the first global circumnavigation. 2608
1523/--/-- Gustav I drives out the Danes to become King of Sweden. 2610
1523/--/-- Spanish settlements are established in Venezuela. 2611
1523/--/-- Venetian artist Titian paints Bacchus and Ariadne. 2612
1523/--/-- Venetian artist Titian paints Bacchus and Ariadne. 7520
1524/--/-- Giovanni da Verrazano discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River. 2614
1524/--/-- The Peasants' War breaks out in central Europe. 2613
1525/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V defeats and captures Francis I at the Battle of Pavia. 2615
1526/--/-- Babur founds the Mogul dynasty in India, ending the Delhi Sultanate. 2619
1526/--/-- Correggio paints the Assumption of the Virgin in Parma Cathedral. 2618
1526/--/-- Correggio paints the Assumption of the Virgin in Parma Cathedral. 7521
1526/--/-- The domains of Hungary and Bohemia are inherited by the Habsburgs. 2617
1526/--/-- The Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs; King Louis II is killed. 1440
1526/--/-- The Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs; King Louis II is killed. 2616
1527/--/-- German physician Paracelsus lectures on medicine at Basel in Switzerland. 2621
1527/--/-- Italian courtier Baldassare Castiglione writes The Book of the Courtier. 2622
1527/--/-- Rome is sacked by the Spanish and Habsburg armies. 2620
1528/--/-- The building of the Chateau de Fontainebleau is begun in France. 2623
1529/--/-- Henry VIII dismisses Cardinal Wolsey for failing to secure his divorce. 2624
1529/--/-- The Ottoman Turks besiege Vienna. 2625
1530/--/-- Humayun succeeds Babur as Mogul emperor. 2627
1530/--/-- The Hospitalers (Knights of St. John) are granted Malta by Charles V. 2626
1530/--/-- The Lutheran confession of faith is issued at the Diet of Augsburg. 2628
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 1263
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 1441
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 2629
1531/--/-- The League of Schmalkald is formed as an alliance of Protestant German rulers. 2630
1532/--/-- French scholar Francois Rabelais begins the publication of Gargantua and Pantagruel. 2632
1532/--/-- Thomas Cromwell becomes chief minister to Henry VIII of England. 1008
1532/--/-- Thomas Cromwell becomes chief minister to Henry VIII of England. 2631
1533/--/-- Catherine de Medicis introduces the Italian balleto into France as the ballet. 2637
1533/--/-- Catherine de Medicis marries Henry II, the future king of France. 2633
1533/--/-- Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru; the Inca leader Atahulpa is executed. 2636
1533/--/-- German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints The Ambassadors. 2638
1533/--/-- German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints The Ambassadors. 7522
1533/--/-- Henry VIII divorces Catherine of Aragon and marries Anne Boleyn. 2635
1533/--/-- The Church of England breaks with Rome. 1009
1533/--/-- The Church of England breaks with Rome. 2634
1534/--/-- Anabaptists seize the city of Munster in Germany. 2639
1534/--/-- Martin Luther completes his translation of the Bible into German. 2640
1535/--/-- English humanist and statesman Thomas More is executed. 1010
1535/--/-- English humanist and statesman Thomas More is executed. 2646
1535/--/-- French explorer Jacques Cartier navigates the St. Lawrence River in Canada. 2643
1535/--/-- Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro discovers Chile. 2642
1535/--/-- Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro founds the city of Lima in Peru. 2644
1535/--/-- Suleiman I completes the conquest of the last Arab domains in Mesopotamia. 2641
1535/--/-- The Spanish discover the Galapagos Islands. 2645
1536/--/-- Christian III establishes the state Lutheran church of Denmark and Norway. 2647
1536/--/-- Dissolution of the monasteries and nunneries begins in England. 1011
1536/--/-- Dissolution of the monasteries and nunneries begins in England. 2650
1536/--/-- English reformer William Tyndale is burned at the stake for heresy. 1012
1536/--/-- English reformer William Tyndale is burned at the stake for heresy. 2651
1536/--/-- French theologian John Calvin publishes his Institutes of the Christian Religion. 2652
1536/--/-- Henry VIII executes Anne Boleyn and marries Jane Seymour. 2649
1536/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aries in Argentina. 2648
1537/--/-- Kempe Gowda founds the city of Bangalore in India. 2653
1537/--/-- Niccolo Tartaglia publishes his work on ballistics The New Science. 2654
1538/--/-- Italian artist Benvenuto Cellini begins his Autobiography. 2656
1538/--/-- Italian artist Benvenuto Cellini begins his Autobiography. 7523
1538/--/-- The Spanish found the city of Bogota in Columbia. 2655
1539/--/-- Afghan ruler Sher Shah defeats the Mogul emperor Humayun. 2657
1540/--/-- Coronado explores the American southwest in search of the fabled cities of Cibola. 2661
1540/--/-- Coronado explores the American southwest in search of the fabled cities of Cibola. 7063
1540/--/-- Henry VIII executes his principal minister Thomas Cromwell. 2659
1540/--/-- Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; he is divorced and marries Catherine Howard. 2658
1540/--/-- Hernando de Soto defeats the Choctaw Indians under Chief Tuscaloosa. 2660
1540/--/-- The Grand Canyon is discovered by Garcia Lopez de Cardenas. 2662
1540/--/-- The Order of Jesuits is inaugurated under Ignatius Loyola. 2663
1541/--/-- Geneva becomes the center of Calvinism. 2664
1541/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of Santiago in Chile. 2665
1541/--/-- Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi River. 2666
1542/--/-- Catherine Howard is executed by Henry VIII. 2669
1542/--/-- Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana discovers the Amazon River. 2668
1542/--/-- The infant Mary Stuart succeeds James V as queen of Scotland. 2667
1543/--/-- Anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes On the Structure of the Human Body. 2674
1543/--/-- Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth wife. 2671
1543/--/-- Nicolaus Copernicus' On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is published. 2673
1543/--/-- Portuguese explorers land in Japan. 2670
1543/--/-- Portuguese explorers land in Japan. 7972
1543/--/-- The first botanical garden is founded in Pisa. 2672
1543/--/-- The first single-cast cannon is made in England. 1013
1543/--/-- The first single-cast cannon is made in England. 2675
1544/--/-- French surgeon Ambroise Pare publishes his book on surgical treatments. 2676
1545/--/-- Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose sinks near Portsmouth in England. 1014
1545/--/-- Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose sinks near Portsmouth in England. 2680
1545/--/-- Mathematician Gerolamo Cardano publishes his treatise The Great Art. 2679
1545/--/-- Pope Paul III opens the Council of Trent to reform the Catholic Church. 2678
1545/--/-- Silver mines are discovered in Bolivia; the city of Potosi is founded. 2677
1546/--/-- Francis I commissions Pierre Lescot to begin the design of the Louvre art museum. 2682
1546/--/-- German physician Georgius Agricola publishes On the Nature of Fossils. 2684
1546/--/-- Physician Girolamo Fracastoro describes the transmission of disease by living germs. 2683
1546/--/-- Turkish pirate leader Barbarossa dies. 1442
1546/--/-- Turkish pirate leader Barbarossa dies. 2681
1547/--/-- Antonio Torquemada publishes the first book on the game of checkers. 2688
1547/--/-- Henry II succeeds Francis I as king of France. 2687
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 1015
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 1443
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 2685
1547/--/-- Ivan IV (the Terrible) is crowned tsar of Russia. 2686
1547/02/-- Edward VI crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Cramner, Archbi 8091
1548/--/-- Francis Xavier founds the Jesuit mission in Japan. 2690
1548/--/-- Francis Xavier founds the Jesuit mission in Japan. 7973
1548/--/-- Sigismund II is crowned King of Poland. 2689
1548/--/-- The Spanish found the city of La Paz in Bolivia. 2691
1548/--/-- Venetian artist Tintoretto paints the Miracle of the Slave. 2692
1548/--/-- Venetian artist Tintoretto paints the Miracle of the Slave. 7524
1549/--/-- English theologian Thomas Cranmer promotes the Book of Common Prayer. 1016
1549/--/-- English theologian Thomas Cranmer promotes the Book of Common Prayer. 2693
1550/--/-- Commedia dell'arte performances evolve in Italy about this time. 2699
1550/--/-- King Gustav I founds the city of Helsinki in Finland. 2696
1550/--/-- Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of Concepcion in Chile. 2695
1550/--/-- The sport of curling becomes popular in Scotland about his time. 2700
1550/--/-- The violin evolves about this time from the medieval fiddle. 2698
1550/--/-- Tobacco smoking is introduced into Spain and Portugal. 2697
1550/--/-- Vasari writes the Lives of Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. 2701
1550/--/-- Vasari writes the Lives of Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. 7525
1550/--/-- Virtually all of Italy comes under the rule of Habsburg emperor Charles V. 2694
1551/--/-- Italian architect Andrea Palladio completes the design of the Villa Rotunda. 2703
1551/--/-- The University of Mexico is founded. 2702
1552/--/-- Ivan IV conquers the Tatar khanate of Kazan. 2704
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 1017
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 1444
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 2705
1553/--/-- Mary I (Bloody Mary) becomes queen of England. 1018
1553/--/-- Mary I (Bloody Mary) becomes queen of England. 2706
1553/--/-- The Araucanian Indian Lautaro kills Pedro de Valdivia during an uprising in Chile. 1445
1553/--/-- The Araucanian Indian Lautaro kills Pedro de Valdivia during an uprising in Chile. 2707
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 1019
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 1446
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 2708
1553/--/-- Venetian artist Paolo Veronese paints the ceiling panels of the Doge's Palace. 2709
1553/--/-- Venetian artist Paolo Veronese paints the ceiling panels of the Doge's Palace. 7526
1553/07/-- Jane Dudley proclaimed Queen of England. 8092
1553/07/09 Mary I dethroned Jane and assumed title of Queen of England. 8093
1553/10/01 Mary I crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop 8094
1554/--/-- Italian composer Palestrina dedicates his Masses to Pope Julius III. 2713
1554/--/-- Mary I, Queen of England, marries Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. 1020
1554/--/-- Mary I, Queen of England, marries Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. 2711
1554/--/-- The Catholic restoration begins in England under Mary I. 1021
1554/--/-- The Catholic restoration begins in England under Mary I. 2712
1554/--/-- The Turks conquer the Barbary States along the North African coast. 2710
1554/--/-- The Turks conquer the Barbary States along the North African coast. 7877
1554/--/-- Tomatoes from South America are cultivated in Europe. 2714
1554/--/-- Tomatoes from South America are cultivated in Europe. 7064
1555/--/-- 300 English Protestants are burned at the stake. 1022
1555/--/-- 300 English Protestants are burned at the stake. 2715
1555/--/-- French astrologer Nostradamus publishes the Centuries, a book of predictions. 2717
1555/--/-- The building of St. Basil's Cathedral is begun in Moscow. 2718
1555/--/-- The Peace of Augsburg gives German princes a right to chose Catholicism or Lutheranism. 2716
1556/--/-- Agricola's treatise on mining and metallurgy De re mettalica is published. 2723
1556/--/-- Akbar succeeds Humayun as Mogul emperor. 2719
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 1447
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 2722
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 7790
1556/--/-- Charles V abdicates; the Holy Roman Empire is divided between Philip II and Ferdinand I. 2720
1556/--/-- Protestant theologian Thomas Cranmer is executed by Mary I. 2721
1556/--/-- Turkish architect Sinan builds the Suleimaniye Mosque in Constantinople (Istanbul). 2724
1557/--/-- Philip II of Spain defeats the French at Saint Quentin. 2725
1557/--/-- The equals symbol (=) is first used. 2727
1557/--/-- The Portuguese establish a settlement at Macao in China. 2726
1557/--/-- The Portuguese establish a settlement at Macao in China. 7791
1558/--/-- Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I as queen of England. 1023
1558/--/-- Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I as queen of England. 2731
1558/--/-- Ferdinand I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2732
1558/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the French dauphin Francis II. 2730
1558/--/-- The English lose Calais, their last French possession. 1024
1558/--/-- The English lose Calais, their last French possession. 2729
1558/--/-- The Trinh and Nguyen divide the Kingdom of Vietnam. 2728
1558/01/05 Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, Bi 8095
1559/--/-- Calvinist preacher John Knox returns to Scotland to lead the Protestant struggle. 2733
1559/--/-- Pope Paul IV issues the first index of forbidden books. 2735
1559/--/-- The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ends the Italian Wars between France and Spain. 2734
1560/--/-- Puritanism begins in England about this time. 1025
1560/--/-- Puritanism begins in England about this time. 2736
1560/--/-- The building of the Uffizi Palace is begun in Florence. 2738
1560/--/-- Tulips are imported into Europe from Turkey about this time. 2737
1561/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, returns from France to Scotland. 2740
1561/--/-- Philip II makes Madrid the capital of Spain. 2739
1561/--/-- Ruy Lopez de Segura analyzes chess movements. 2741
1561/--/-- The building of the tomb of Humayun begins in Dehli. 2742
1562/--/-- French Huguenots attempt to colonize Florida. 2746
1562/--/-- Giuseppe Arcimboldo becomes court painter to Maximilian II. 2743
1562/--/-- Giuseppe Arcimboldo becomes court painter to Maximilian II. 7527
1562/--/-- Religious wars break out in France between Protestant Huguenots and Catholics. 2744
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 1448
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 2745
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 7878
1563/--/-- Vientiane becomes the capital of the Lao kingdom (Laos). 2747
1564/--/-- Ivan IV begins a reign of terror in Russia. 2751
1564/--/-- Maximilian II succeeds Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor. 2748
1564/--/-- Spain founds the first European settlement in the U.S. at Saint Augustine in Florida. 2749
1564/--/-- The first horse-drawn coaches come to England from Holland. 1026
1564/--/-- The first horse-drawn coaches come to England from Holland. 2753
1564/--/-- The manufacture of lead (graphite) pencils begins in England. 1027
1564/--/-- The manufacture of lead (graphite) pencils begins in England. 2752
1564/--/-- The Spanish found their first colony in the Philippines at Cebu. 2750
1565/--/-- Muslims destroy the Hindu capital of Vijayanagar in southern India. 2755
1565/--/-- The Spanish massacre French Huguenot settlers in Florida. 2754
1566/--/-- A revolt begins in the Netherlands against Spanish rule. 2756
1567/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate in favor of her son James VI. 2757
1567/--/-- The Duque de Alba is sent to the Netherlands to quell the Dutch Revolt. 2759
1567/--/-- The Portuguese oust Huguenot settlers and found the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 2758
1568/--/-- Flemish painter Bruegel the Elder paints The Blind Leading the Blind. 2762
1568/--/-- Flemish painter Bruegel the Elder paints The Blind Leading the Blind. 7528
1568/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned in England for 19 years by Elizabeth I. 1028
1568/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned in England for 19 years by Elizabeth I. 2760
1568/--/-- Nobunaga seizes Kyoto and begins the reunification of Japan. 2761
1568/--/-- Nobunaga seizes Kyoto and begins the reunification of Japan. 7974
1569/--/-- Cartographer Gerardus Mercator uses the first cylindrical projection for a world map. 2766
1569/--/-- Jacques Besson develops the first screw-cutting lathe. 2765
1569/--/-- Mogul emperor Akbar establishes a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri in India. 2764
1569/--/-- The Union of Lublin unites the Polish states under Sigismund II. 2763
1570/--/-- Italian architect Andrea Palladio publishes The Four Books of Architecture. 2768
1570/--/-- Nicholas Hilliard paints a miniature portrait of Elizabeth I. 2769
1570/--/-- Nicholas Hilliard paints a miniature portrait of Elizabeth I. 7529
1570/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu empire flourishes in West Africa. 2767
1570/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu empire flourishes in West Africa. 7879
1571/--/-- A calligraphy manual The Useful Writer is published in Italy. 2773
1571/--/-- The allied fleet of Spain, Venice, and the papacy destroys the Turks at Lepanto. 2771
1571/--/-- The Spanish found the city of Manila in the Philippines. 2772
1571/--/-- The Turks conquer the island of Cyprus. 2770
1572/--/-- Bogota University is founded in Columbia. 2778
1572/--/-- Francisco de Toledo executes Tupac Amaru, ending Inca resistance in Peru. 2777
1572/--/-- Huguenots are massacred in France on St. Bartholomew's Day. 2774
1572/--/-- Sigismund II dies, ending the Jagello dynasty in Poland. 1449
1572/--/-- Sigismund II dies, ending the Jagello dynasty in Poland. 2775
1572/--/-- The Gujarat state is annexed by the Moguls in India. 2776
1573/--/-- An era of castle building begins in Japan during the Momoyama period. 2779
1573/--/-- An era of castle building begins in Japan during the Momoyama period. 7975
1573/--/-- The potato is brought back from the Americas and cultivated in Spain. 2780
1573/--/-- The potato is brought back from the Americas and cultivated in Spain. 7065
1574/--/-- Henry III is crowned king of France. 2782
1574/--/-- The Turks regain Tunis in North Africa from Spain. 2781
1574/--/-- The Turks regain Tunis in North Africa from Spain. 7880
1575/--/-- Indian leader Hiawatha allegedly founds the Iroquois League. 2784
1575/--/-- Stephen Bathory is elected king of Poland. 2783
1576/--/-- Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds an observatory on the island of Ven. 2789
1576/--/-- Henry III outlaws Protestantism in France. 2788
1576/--/-- Martin Frobisher commands an expedition to search for a Northwest Passage. 2787
1576/--/-- Rudolf II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor; the imperial court moves to Prague. 2786
1576/--/-- The Dutch provinces unite to drive out the Spanish. 2785
1576/--/-- The first playhouse, the Theater, is erected by actor James Burbage in London. 2790
1577/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake begins his voyage of circumnavigation. 1029
1577/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake begins his voyage of circumnavigation. 2791
1577/--/-- Ram Das founds the city of Amritsar, a Sikh religious center. 2792
1578/--/-- English dramatist John Lyly writes Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. 1030
1578/--/-- English dramatist John Lyly writes Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. 2795
1578/--/-- King Sebastian of Portugal is killed by Muslims at Alcazrquivir in Morocco. 1450
1578/--/-- King Sebastian of Portugal is killed by Muslims at Alcazrquivir in Morocco. 2793
1578/--/-- The Christian catacombs are rediscovered in Rome. 2794
1579/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake discovers San Francisco Bay. 1031
1579/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake discovers San Francisco Bay. 2796
1580/--/-- French writer Michel de Montaigne publishes his Essays. 2799
1580/--/-- Philip II of Spain invades Portugal. 2797
1580/--/-- Witches are persecuted throughout western Europe. 2798
1581/--/-- Beaujoyeux's Ballet Comique de la Reigne is performed in Paris. 2802
1581/--/-- The Dutch Republic is founded after the Union of Utrecht. 2800
1581/--/-- The Russian conquest of Siberia begins with the expedition of Yermak Timofeyevich. 2801
1582/--/-- Geographer Richard Hakluyt publishes an account of the discovery of America. 2804
1582/--/-- Geographer Richard Hakluyt publishes an account of the discovery of America. 7066
1582/--/-- The Gregorian calendar is introduced into Catholic countries by Pope Gregory XIII. 2803
1583/--/-- Edinburgh University is founded in Scotland. 2806
1583/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi builds Osaka castle. 2807
1583/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi builds Osaka castle. 7976
1583/--/-- Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for England. 1032
1583/--/-- Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for England. 2805
1584/--/-- Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible dies. 1452
1584/--/-- Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible dies. 2808
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 1033
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 2810
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 7067
1584/--/-- William I, leader of the Dutch Revolt, is assassinated. 1451
1584/--/-- William I, leader of the Dutch Revolt, is assassinated. 2809
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 1034
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 1264
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 2811
1585/--/-- John Davis discovers Davis Strait between Greenland and North America. 2813
1585/--/-- John Davis discovers Davis Strait between Greenland and North America. 7068
1585/--/-- Roanoke Island in North Carolina is settled as the first English colony in Virginia. 1035
1585/--/-- Roanoke Island in North Carolina is settled as the first English colony in Virginia. 2812
1586/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is found guilty of treason and executed (1587). 2814
1586/--/-- Pipe smoking is introduced into England. 1036
1586/--/-- Pipe smoking is introduced into England. 2815
1587/--/-- Francis Drake attacks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbor. 2816
1587/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi bans Christian missionaries. 2817
1587/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi bans Christian missionaries. 7977
1588/--/-- Christian IV succeeds Frederick II as king of Denmark. 2819
1588/--/-- The Catholic League expels Henry III from Paris. 2820
1588/--/-- The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English navy. 1037
1588/--/-- The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English navy. 2818
1588/--/-- Timothy Bright composes the first manual of shorthand. 2821
1589/--/-- Galileo Galilei is made professor of mathematics at Pisa. 2823
1589/--/-- Henry III is assassinated; he is succeeded by Henry IV as king of France. 1453
1589/--/-- Henry III is assassinated; he is succeeded by Henry IV as king of France. 2822
1590/--/-- Christopher Marlowe's drama Tamburlaine the Great is published in London. 2827
1590/--/-- English poet Edmund Spenser begins The Faerie Queene. 1038
1590/--/-- English poet Edmund Spenser begins The Faerie Queene. 2826
1590/--/-- Hideyoshi completes the unification of Japan. 2824
1590/--/-- Hideyoshi completes the unification of Japan. 7978
1590/--/-- Viete, inventor of symbolic algebra, writes his Introduction to the Analytic Art. 2825
1590/--/-- Viete, inventor of symbolic algebra, writes his Introduction to the Analytic Art. 7434
1590/--/-- William Shakespeare begins writing plays about this time. 2828
1591/--/-- The Roanoke colony dies out in North Carolina. 1454
1591/--/-- The Roanoke colony dies out in North Carolina. 2830
1591/--/-- The Songhai Empire is destroyed by the Moroccan army. 2829
1592/--/-- Elizabeth I founds Trinity College in Dublin. 2831
1592/--/-- Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno is imprisoned for heresy. 2832
1592/--/-- London theaters are closed because of the plague. 2835
1592/--/-- Playwright Christopher Marlowe writes Doctor Faustus. 2834
1592/--/-- Thomas Kyd writes his revenge play The Spanish Tragedy. 2833
1593/--/-- English theologian Richard Hooker publishes his Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. 1039
1593/--/-- English theologian Richard Hooker publishes his Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. 2837
1593/--/-- Henry IV of France converts to Catholicism. 2836
1594/--/-- Henry IV of France captures Paris. 2838
1594/--/-- Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the first opera, is performed in Italy about this time. 2839
1594/--/-- Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the first opera, is performed in Italy about this time. 7530
1595/--/-- Hugh O'Neill leads a rebellion against the English in Ireland. 1040
1595/--/-- Hugh O'Neill leads a rebellion against the English in Ireland. 2840
1596/--/-- Warsaw is established as the capital of Poland. 2841
1597/--/-- English composer John Dowland publishes his First Booke of Songes. 1041
1597/--/-- English composer John Dowland publishes his First Booke of Songes. 2843
1597/--/-- Spanish artist El Greco paints The Agony in the Garden. 2842
1597/--/-- Spanish artist El Greco paints The Agony in the Garden. 7531
1598/--/-- Abbas I of Persia (Iran) defeats the Uzbeks at Herat. 2845
1598/--/-- Boris Godunov becomes tsar of Russia; the Time of Troubles begin. 2847
1598/--/-- English playwright Ben Jonson writes Every Man in His Humour. 1042
1598/--/-- English playwright Ben Jonson writes Every Man in His Humour. 2849
1598/--/-- John Florio produces an Italian-English dictionary. 1043
1598/--/-- John Florio produces an Italian-English dictionary. 2848
1598/--/-- Philip III succeeds Philip II as king of Spain. 2846
1598/--/-- The Edict of Nantes grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. 2844
1599/--/-- The Earl of Essex is imprisoned for negotiating a truce with the Irish rebels. 2850
1599/--/-- The Globe theater is built in London. 2851
1600/--/-- A charter is granted to the East India Company by Queen Elizabeth I. 2854
1600/--/-- Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake in Rome for heretical writing. 2853
1600/--/-- Hans and Zacharias Jannsen construct the first microscope about this time. 2856
1600/--/-- Maurice of Nassau defeats the Austrian army at Nieuport. 2852
1600/--/-- The Baroque period in art and architecture begins in Italy about this time. 2858
1600/--/-- Wigs become fashionable at European courts about this time. 2855
1600/--/-- William Gilbert publishes his treatise on magnetism. 2857
1601/--/-- Italian artist Caravaggio paints the Conversion of St. Paul. 2863
1601/--/-- Italian artist Caravaggio paints the Conversion of St. Paul. 7532
1601/--/-- Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci arrives in Peking. 2861
1601/--/-- Manchurian leader Nurhachi unites the Manchu tribes under the banner system. 2860
1601/--/-- The Earl of Essex is executed by Elizabeth I after his rebellion fails. 2859
1601/--/-- The Gobelins tapestry factory is established in Paris. 2862
1602/--/-- Abbas I leads Persia (Iran) in a holy war against the Ottoman Turks. 1265
1602/--/-- Abbas I leads Persia (Iran) in a holy war against the Ottoman Turks. 2865
1602/--/-- Bartholomew Gosnold explores the New England coast and names Cape Cod. 1044
1602/--/-- Bartholomew Gosnold explores the New England coast and names Cape Cod. 2866
1602/--/-- The Bodleian Library, the first public library in Europe, opens in Oxford, England 1045
1602/--/-- The Bodleian Library, the first public library in Europe, opens in Oxford, England 2864
1602/--/-- The Dutch East India Company is founded. 2867
1603/--/-- Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. 2868
1603/--/-- Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. 7979
1603/--/-- Queen Elizabeth I dies; she is succeeded by James I (James IV of Scotland). 1455
1603/--/-- Queen Elizabeth I dies; she is succeeded by James I (James IV of Scotland). 2869
1603/--/-- The first Kabuki performance is given in Japan. 2871
1603/--/-- The first Kabuki performance is given in Japan. 7980
1603/--/-- William Shakespeare's play Hamlet is performed for the first time. 2870
1603/07/05 James I crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by John Whitgift, Archbisho 8096
1604/--/-- A false Dmitry lays claim to the Russian throne during the "Time of Troubles." 2873
1604/--/-- Charles IX is crowned king of Sweden. 2874
1604/--/-- England and Spain are at peace after 19 years of war. 1046
1604/--/-- England and Spain are at peace after 19 years of war. 2872
1604/--/-- Flemish artist Carel van Mander publishes a handbook for painters Het Schilderboeck. 2878
1604/--/-- Flemish artist Carel van Mander publishes a handbook for painters Het Schilderboeck. 7533
1604/--/-- Hieronymus Fabricius writes De formata foctu, a study of human embryology. 2877
1604/--/-- The French East India Company is founded. 2876
1604/--/-- The Spanish capture the Dutch city of Ostend after a 3-year siege. 2875
1605/--/-- English philosopher Francis Bacon publishes The Advancement of Learning. 1047
1605/--/-- English philosopher Francis Bacon publishes The Advancement of Learning. 2883
1605/--/-- Jahangir succeeds Akbar as Mogul emperor of India. 2880
1605/--/-- Spanish writer Cervantes publishes part one of Don Quixote. 2884
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 1048
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 1456
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 2882
1605/--/-- The first French settlement in North America is founded at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. 2881
1605/--/-- The first French settlement in North America is founded at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. 7069
1605/--/-- The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the English Parliament is discovered. 1049
1605/--/-- The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the English Parliament is discovered. 2879
1606/--/-- Ben Jonson's play Volpone is performed for the first time. 2885
1607/--/-- Claudio Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo is performed. 2887
1607/--/-- Claudio Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo is performed. 7534
1607/--/-- John Smith founds the first English colony at Jamestown in Virginia. 1050
1607/--/-- John Smith founds the first English colony at Jamestown in Virginia. 2886
1608/--/-- Emperor Rudolf II cedes Hungary to his brother Matthias. 2888
1608/--/-- Girolamo Frescobaldi is appointed as organist at St. Peter's in Rome. 2892
1608/--/-- Italian scientist Galileo Galilei assembles an astronomical telescope. 2891
1608/--/-- Samuel de Champlain founds a French settlement in Quebec. 2889
1608/--/-- The first telescope is invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey. 2890
1608/--/-- The first telescope is invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey. 7435
1609/--/-- A truce with Spain gives the United Provinces (the Netherlands) virtual independence. 2893
1609/--/-- Johannes Kepler publishes his first law of planetary motion in New Astronomy. 2896
1609/--/-- Spanish playwright Lope de Vega publishes The New Art of Writing Plays. 2897
1609/--/-- The English colonize Bermuda. 1051
1609/--/-- The English colonize Bermuda. 2895
1609/--/-- The Spanish found Santa Fe in New Mexico. 2894
1610/--/-- Ben Jonson's play The Alchemist is performed for the first time. 2903
1610/--/-- English navigator Henry Hudson becomes the first European to explore Hudson Bay. 1052
1610/--/-- English navigator Henry Hudson becomes the first European to explore Hudson Bay. 2902
1610/--/-- Galileo Galilei publishes his first stellar observations in The Starry Messenger. 2901
1610/--/-- Henry IV of France is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Louis XIII. 1457
1610/--/-- Henry IV of France is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Louis XIII. 2898
1610/--/-- Maximilian of Bavaria forms the Catholic League to oppose the Protestant Union. 2899
1610/--/-- The Polish army of Sigismund III invades Russia and captures Moscow. 2900
1611/--/-- An edition of the Bible authorized by King James I is completed in England. 1053
1611/--/-- An edition of the Bible authorized by King James I is completed in England. 2907
1611/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark declares war on Sweden. 1266
1611/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark declares war on Sweden. 2905
1611/--/-- English and Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland under the Ulster Plantation. 1054
1611/--/-- English and Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland under the Ulster Plantation. 2904
1611/--/-- Gustav II Adolf succeeds Charles IX as king of Sweden. 2906
1612/--/-- John Webster's tragedy The White Devil is produced. 2909
1612/--/-- Matthias succeeds his brother Rudolf II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2908
1613/--/-- Gabor Bethlen becomes Prince of Transylvania. 2912
1613/--/-- Gustav II Adolf ends the War of Kalmar with Denmark and attacks Russia. 2913
1613/--/-- Michael becomes tsar of Russia, founding the Romanov dynasty. 2910
1613/--/-- Virginia colonists destroy French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia. 2911
1614/--/-- James I dissolves the Addled Parliament in England. 1055
1614/--/-- James I dissolves the Addled Parliament in England. 2914
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 1056
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 2915
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 7070
1614/--/-- Scottish mathematician John Napier publishes Marvelous Canon of Logarithms. 2917
1614/--/-- Sir Walter Raleigh writes his History of the World. 2916
1615/--/-- Coffee is introduced into Italy from Turkey. 2921
1615/--/-- Manchu tribes in China expand to eight banners (military regions) under Nurhachi. 2918
1615/--/-- Manchu tribes in China expand to eight banners (military regions) under Nurhachi. 7792
1615/--/-- The Dutch seize the Spice Islands (the Moluccas) from the Portuguese. 2919
1615/--/-- The first English language reference is made to tea. 1057
1615/--/-- The first English language reference is made to tea. 2920
1616/--/-- A smallpox epidemic decimates the Indian population in New England. 1058
1616/--/-- A smallpox epidemic decimates the Indian population in New England. 2925
1616/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu becomes Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in France. 2922
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 1458
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 2923
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 7981
1616/--/-- The Catholic church issues an edict against Copernicanism. 2926
1616/--/-- William Baffin searches for the Northwest Passage and discovers Baffin Bay. 2924
1617/--/-- The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the war between Russia and Sweden. 1267
1617/--/-- The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the war between Russia and Sweden. 2927
1617/--/-- Tobacco is established as the major industry in North America. 2928
1617/--/-- Tobacco is established as the major industry in North America. 7071
1618/--/-- Conflict between Catholic and Protestant states begins the Thirty Years' War. 2929
1618/--/-- James I orders the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. 2930
1619/--/-- Dutch ships bring the first Negro slaves to the colony of Virginia. 2932
1619/--/-- Ferdinand II is elected Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia. 2933
1619/--/-- Inigo Jones designs the Banqueting House at Whitehall, London. 2935
1619/--/-- Louis XIII of France defeats the supporters of his mother Maria de Medicis. 2931
1619/--/-- Spanish artist Diego Velazquez paints The Water Seller of Seville. 2936
1619/--/-- Spanish artist Diego Velazquez paints The Water Seller of Seville. 7535
1619/--/-- The Bohemians depose Ferdinand and elect Frederick V (Elector Palatine) as king. 2934
1620/--/-- Catholic League forces under Graf von Tilly defeat the Bohemians under Frederick V. 2938
1620/--/-- Cornelis Drebbel demonstrates a submarine on the River Thames. 2941
1620/--/-- Ferdinand II is restored to the throne of Bohemia. 2939
1620/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf begins a war with Poland and captures Livonia. 1268
1620/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf begins a war with Poland and captures Livonia. 2940
1620/--/-- The Pilgrim Fathers arrive at Cape Cod and found the Plymouth Colony. 2937
1621/--/-- A Huguenot (Protestant) revolt begins against Louis XIII in France. 2942
1621/--/-- English scholar Robert Burton publishes Anatomy of Melancholy. 1059
1621/--/-- English scholar Robert Burton publishes Anatomy of Melancholy. 2946
1621/--/-- Philip IV becomes king of Spain and Portugal. 2943
1621/--/-- The Dutch West India Company is founded. 2945
1621/--/-- War is renewed between Spain and the United Provinces (the Netherlands). 2944
1622/--/-- Indian Massacres begin, VA 1269
1622/--/-- Indians massacre 347 settlers in Virginia. 2947
1623/--/-- Abbas I, shah of Persia (Iran), captures Bagdhad from the Turks. 2948
1623/--/-- Catholic League and Imperial forces overrun the Palatinate in Germany. 2949
1623/--/-- Diego Velazquez is made court painter to Philip IV of Spain. 2952
1623/--/-- Diego Velazquez is made court painter to Philip IV of Spain. 7536
1623/--/-- Philosopher Francis Bacon publishes On the Dignity and Growth of Sciences. 2951
1623/--/-- The first English settlement is founded in New Hampshire. 1060
1623/--/-- The first English settlement is founded in New Hampshire. 2950
1624/--/-- Dutch artist Frans Hals paints the Laughing Cavalier. 2954
1624/--/-- Dutch artist Frans Hals paints the Laughing Cavalier. 7537
1624/--/-- English poet John Donne publishes Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. 1061
1624/--/-- English poet John Donne publishes Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. 2955
1624/--/-- Flemish chemist Johannes Baptista van Helmont names compressible fluid gas. 2953
1625/--/-- Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein is made general of Ferdinand II's Imperial armies. 2958
1625/--/-- Charles I succeeds James I as king of England. 1062
1625/--/-- Charles I succeeds James I as king of England. 2956
1625/--/-- Flemish baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Judgement of Paris. 2960
1625/--/-- Flemish baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Judgement of Paris. 7538
1625/--/-- Peter Minuit founds the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (now New York). 2959
1625/--/-- The Spanish capture Breda from the Dutch. 2957
1626/--/-- Graf von Tilly's Catholic army routs the Danes under Christian IV. 2963
1626/--/-- Imperial forces under Wallenstein defeat Graf von Mansfield at Dessau. 2962
1626/--/-- The Dutch purchase Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of $24. 2961
1626/02/-- Charles I crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by Georg Abb 8097
1627/--/-- Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir as Mogul emperor of India. 2965
1627/--/-- The Huguenots (Protestants) revolt against Cardinal Richelieu at La Rochelle. 2964
1627/--/-- The Manchus (Ch'ing) begin their conquest of Korea. 2966
1628/--/-- English physician William Harvey publishes On the Motions of the Heart and Blood. 1063
1628/--/-- English physician William Harvey publishes On the Motions of the Heart and Blood. 2972
1628/--/-- French philosopher Rene Descartes begins Rules For the Direction of the Mind. 2970
1628/--/-- King Charles I is forced to accept Parliament's Petition of Right. 2967
1628/--/-- Puritans under John Endecott settle at Salem in Massachusetts. 2971
1628/--/-- The Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the French Huguenots, is assassinated. 1459
1628/--/-- The Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the French Huguenots, is assassinated. 2968
1628/--/-- The Huguenots surrender La Rochelle after a 14-month siege. 2969
1629/--/-- Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules England directly. 1064
1629/--/-- Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules England directly. 2973
1629/--/-- Ferdinand II's Edict of Restitution restores Catholic properties taken by Protestants. 2974
1630/--/-- Bhutan becomes independent from Tibet about this time. 2979
1630/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Salomon van Ruisdael paints River Landscape. 2980
1630/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Salomon van Ruisdael paints River Landscape. 7539
1630/--/-- Gustav II Adolf invades Germany in support of the Protestant cause. 2976
1630/--/-- John Winthrop founds a Puritan settlement at Boston in Massachusetts. 2978
1630/--/-- Spanish artist Francisco de Zubaran paints the Holy House of Nazareth. 2977
1630/--/-- Spanish artist Francisco de Zubaran paints the Holy House of Nazareth. 7540
1630/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Hamadan in Persia (Iran). 2975
1631/--/-- Baldassarre Longhena begins building the church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice. 2981
1631/--/-- Gustav II Adolf defeats Graf von Tilly's Imperial forces at Breitenfeld. 2983
1631/--/-- Marie de Medicis goes into exile after a plot to remove Cardinal Richelieu fails. 2982
1631/--/-- Navigation Act affecting Colonies 1270
1631/--/-- The building of the Taj Mahal begins at Agra in India. 2984
1631/--/-- The first newspaper, the Gazette de France, is published in Paris. 2985
1632/--/-- Antony Van Dyck settles in London and becomes court painter to King Charles I. 2990
1632/--/-- Antony Van Dyck settles in London and becomes court painter to King Charles I. 7541
1632/--/-- Bernal Diaz del Castillo's True Story of the Conquest of Mexico is published. 2992
1632/--/-- Charles I grants a charter for the English colony of Maryland. 1065
1632/--/-- Charles I grants a charter for the English colony of Maryland. 2986
1632/--/-- Christina becomes queen of Sweden at age 6; Count Oxenstierna rules as regent. 2989
1632/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson. 2991
1632/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson. 7542
1632/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf defeats Wallenstein at Lutzen but is killed during the battle. 1460
1632/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf defeats Wallenstein at Lutzen but is killed during the battle. 2988
1632/--/-- Imperial general Graf von Tilly is mortally wounded at the Battle of Lech. 2987
1633/--/-- An English colony is established in Connecticut. 1066
1633/--/-- An English colony is established in Connecticut. 2993
1633/--/-- French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Adoration of the Golden Calf. 2994
1633/--/-- French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Adoration of the Golden Calf. 7543
1633/--/-- Galileo Galilei is imprisoned for "vehement suspicion of heresy." 2995
1634/--/-- Ferdinand II declares General Wallenstein a traitor; Wallenstein is assassinated. 1461
1634/--/-- Ferdinand II declares General Wallenstein a traitor; Wallenstein is assassinated. 2996
1634/--/-- French fur trader Jean Nicolet explores Wisconsin. 2998
1634/--/-- Hackney carriages are in use in London for public transport. 2999
1634/--/-- Imperial forces under Ferdinand III defeat the Swedes at Nordlingen. 2997
1635/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu founds the Academie Francaise in Paris. 3003
1635/--/-- Claybourne's Rebellion begins, MD 1271
1635/--/-- France forms an alliance with Sweden and enters the Thirty Years' War. 3002
1635/--/-- Spanish playwright Pedro Calderon de la Barca writes Life Is a Dream. 3004
1635/--/-- The Dutch occupy parts of Formosa (Taiwan). 3000
1635/--/-- The Peace of Prague is signed between Ferdinand II and Protestant German princes. 3001
1636/--/-- Harvard University is founded in Boston. 3007
1636/--/-- Pequot Indian War, MASS, CONN, RI 1272
1636/--/-- Radical Puritan Roger Williams establishes the town of Providence, Rhode Island. 3006
1636/--/-- The Dutch settle in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 3005
1637/--/-- French dramatist Pierre Corneille writes le Cid. 3013
1637/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dies; he is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III. 1462
1637/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dies; he is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III. 3009
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 1067
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 1273
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 3008
1637/--/-- Religious radical Anne Hutchinson is tried for heresy in Massachusetts. 3011
1637/--/-- Rene Descartes publishes his concepts of analytic geometry Discourse on Method. 3010
1637/--/-- The first opera house Teatro San Cassiano opens in Venice. 3012
1637/--/-- The first opera house Teatro San Cassiano opens in Venice. 7544
1638/--/-- John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton found New Haven, Connecticut. 3015
1638/--/-- Swedish and Protestant forces defeat the Imperial army at Breisach. 3017
1638/--/-- Swedish settlers found Fort Christina (now Wilmington) on the Delaware River. 3016
1638/--/-- The Turks under Murad IV conquer Baghdad. 3014
1639/--/-- Charles I concedes to Scottish demands after the First Bishops' War. 3020
1639/--/-- Persia (Iran) and the Ottoman Empire sign a peace treaty. 3019
1639/--/-- Spanish artist Jusepe de Ribera paints The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew. 3022
1639/--/-- Spanish artist Jusepe de Ribera paints The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew. 7545
1639/--/-- The first North American printing press is established in Cambridge, Mass.. 3021
1639/--/-- The first North American printing press is established in Cambridge, Mass.. 7072
1639/--/-- Tokugawa begins a period of isolation in Japan; only Nagasaki is open to foreigners. 3018
1639/--/-- Tokugawa begins a period of isolation in Japan; only Nagasaki is open to foreigners. 7982
1640/--/-- Coke is made from coal for the first time. 3026
1640/--/-- Dutch Indian Troubles, NY 1274
1640/--/-- Russian explorers cross Siberia and arrive at the Pacific Ocean. 3025
1640/--/-- Scots invade England during the Second Bishops' War; Charles I sues for peace. 1068
1640/--/-- Scots invade England during the Second Bishops' War; Charles I sues for peace. 3023
1640/--/-- The Portuguese rebel against Spanish rule; John IV is crowned king. 3024
1641/--/-- Irish Catholics revolt against the Protestants in Ulster. 3028
1641/--/-- The Dutch seize Melaka and deny the British access to the Moluccas. 3027
1642/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu dies; he is succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin as first minister of France. 1463
1642/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu dies; he is succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin as first minister of France. 3033
1642/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt paints the Night Watch. 3035
1642/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt paints the Night Watch. 7546
1642/--/-- Dutch navigator Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand. 3031
1642/--/-- English Parliamentarians close the London theaters. 1069
1642/--/-- English Parliamentarians close the London theaters. 3034
1642/--/-- Montreal is founded by the French nobleman Sieur de Maisonneuve. 3032
1642/--/-- The English Civil War begins between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. 1070
1642/--/-- The English Civil War begins between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. 3029
1642/--/-- The Swedes under Torstenson defeat the Imperial forces at Breitenfeld. 3030
1643/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark renews the war against Sweden. 1275
1643/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark renews the war against Sweden. 3038
1643/--/-- Italian physicist Torricelli demonstrates the principles of the barometer. 3040
1643/--/-- Louis XIV ascends to the French throne at age 5; Anne of Austria rules as regent. 3037
1643/--/-- Roger Williams publishes A Key into the Language of America. 3042
1643/--/-- Roger Williams publishes A Key into the Language of America. 7073
1643/--/-- The building of the Potala palace, residence of the Dalai Lama, is begun in Lhasa, Tibet. 3041
1643/--/-- The first French settlement is founded on Madagascar. 3039
1643/--/-- The New England Confederation is formed against the Indians, Dutch and French. 1071
1643/--/-- The New England Confederation is formed against the Indians, Dutch and French. 3036
1644/--/-- End of Indian Massacres, VA 1276
1644/--/-- French landscape artist Claude Lorrain paints the Embarkation of Saint Ursula. 3043
1644/--/-- French landscape artist Claude Lorrain paints the Embarkation of Saint Ursula. 7547
1644/--/-- French philosopher Descartes proclaims Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). 3047
1644/--/-- Italian artist Giovanni Bernini sculpts the Ecstasy of St. Teresa. 3048
1644/--/-- Italian artist Giovanni Bernini sculpts the Ecstasy of St. Teresa. 7548
1644/--/-- Oliver Cromwell's Model Army defeats a Royalist army at Marston Moor. 3046
1644/--/-- Queen Christina begins her reign in Sweden. 3045
1644/--/-- The Manchus seize Peking and establish the Ch'ing dynasty. 3044
1645/--/-- Alexis succeeds Michael as the Romanov tsar of Russia. 3053
1645/--/-- Claybourne's Rebellion ends, MD 1277
1645/--/-- French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal invents the first adding machine. 3052
1645/--/-- French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal invents the first adding machine. 7436
1645/--/-- Oliver Cromwell defeats Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. 3049
1645/--/-- The Swedes defeat Denmark and later defeat the Imperial forces at Jankau. 3050
1645/--/-- William Laud archbishop of Canterbury is executed. 3051
1646/--/-- Flemish painter Teniers the Younger paints the Village Fete. 3056
1646/--/-- Flemish painter Teniers the Younger paints the Village Fete. 7549
1646/--/-- Spanish artist Bartolome Esteban Murillo paints Holy Family With a Bird. 3057
1646/--/-- Spanish artist Bartolome Esteban Murillo paints Holy Family With a Bird. 7550
1646/--/-- The English Civil War ends when Charles I surrenders to the Parliamentarians. 1072
1646/--/-- The English Civil War ends when Charles I surrenders to the Parliamentarians. 3054
1646/--/-- The Swedes capture Prague and invade Bavaria with their French allies. 3055
1647/--/-- Charles I escapes from England and concludes a treaty with the Scots. 1073
1647/--/-- Charles I escapes from England and concludes a treaty with the Scots. 3058
1647/--/-- Peter Stuyvesant becomes governor of the Dutch colony of the New Netherlands. 3059
1648/--/-- Dutch architect Jacob van Campen designs the Amsterdam City Hall. 3070
1648/--/-- Frederick III succeeds Christian IV as king of Denmark. 3066
1648/--/-- George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers) about this time. 3068
1648/--/-- Margaret Jones becomes the first person executed as a witch in North America. 3069
1648/--/-- Margaret Jones becomes the first person executed as a witch in North America. 7074
1648/--/-- Naples is restored to Spanish rule after a brief uprising. 3065
1648/--/-- Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev discovers the Bering Strait. 3067
1648/--/-- The Dutch and Swiss republics achieve independence. 3062
1648/--/-- The English settle in the Bahamas. 1074
1648/--/-- The English settle in the Bahamas. 3060
1648/--/-- The Fronde revolt begins in France against Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin. 3064
1648/--/-- The Scots renew the Civil War but are defeated at Preston; Charles I is captured. 3063
1648/--/-- The Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. 3061
1649/--/-- Charles I is executed; the English Commonwealth (republic) begins. 1075
1649/--/-- Charles I is executed; the English Commonwealth (republic) begins. 3071
1649/--/-- French artist Georges de La Tour paints Saint Irene Mourning Saint Sebastian. 3072
1649/--/-- French artist Georges de La Tour paints Saint Irene Mourning Saint Sebastian. 7551
1649/--/-- Oliver Cromwell suppresses a Catholic rebellion in Ireland. 3073
1649/01/-- Cromwellian interregnum begins. 8098
1650/--/-- Charles II lands in Scotland to renew the English Civil War. 1076
1650/--/-- Charles II lands in Scotland to renew the English Civil War. 3075
1650/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Aelbert Cuyp paints the View of Dordrecht. 3080
1650/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Aelbert Cuyp paints the View of Dordrecht. 7552
1650/--/-- Irish Bishop James Ussher establishes the date of creation at 4004 BC. 3076
1650/--/-- Oratorios become a popular form of musical performance in Italy. 3079
1650/--/-- Oratorios become a popular form of musical performance in Italy. 7553
1650/--/-- The first coffeehouses are opened in London about this time. 3078
1650/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden sign the Treaty of Nuremberg. 3074
1650/--/-- The Ukiyo-e school of art begins to flourish in Japan about this time. 3081
1650/--/-- The Ukiyo-e school of art begins to flourish in Japan about this time. 7983
1650/--/-- Whaling becomes an important industry in New England about this time. 1077
1650/--/-- Whaling becomes an important industry in New England about this time. 3077
1651/--/-- Charles II is crowned by the Scots; defeated at Worcester, he escapes to France. 3082
1651/--/-- Navigation Acts affecting Colonies 1278
1651/--/-- Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan, a defense of absolute monarchy. 3083
1652/--/-- Cape Town is founded by the Dutch in South Africa. 3084
1652/--/-- Cape Town is founded by the Dutch in South Africa. 7881
1652/--/-- The English Navigation Acts (1651) lead to the first Anglo-Dutch War. 1078
1652/--/-- The English Navigation Acts (1651) lead to the first Anglo-Dutch War. 3085
1653/--/-- English writer Izaak Walton publishes The Compleat Angler. 1079
1653/--/-- English writer Izaak Walton publishes The Compleat Angler. 3089
1653/--/-- French composer Jean Baptiste Lully writes the first minuet. 3088
1653/--/-- Louis XIV becomes known as the Sun King after his role in the Ballet de la Nuit. 3087
1653/--/-- Oliver Cromwell becomes the lord protector of England. 1080
1653/--/-- Oliver Cromwell becomes the lord protector of England. 3086
1654/--/-- Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat collaborate on theories of probability. 3095
1654/--/-- French philosopher Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenist sect at Port-Royal. 3094
1654/--/-- Poland and Russia are at war over possession of the Ukraine. 1279
1654/--/-- Poland and Russia are at war over possession of the Ukraine. 3092
1654/--/-- Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates and becomes a Roman Catholic. 3093
1654/--/-- The Portuguese drive the Dutch from Brazil. 3090
1654/--/-- The Treaty of Westminster ends the first Anglo-Dutch War. 3091
1655/--/-- Civil War, MD (Catholic & Protestant) 1280
1655/--/-- Conquest of New Sweden, DL 1281
1655/--/-- Dutch colonists under Peter Stuyvesant seize Swedish settlements in Delaware. 3097
1655/--/-- The English capture Jamaica from Spain. 1081
1655/--/-- The English capture Jamaica from Spain. 3096
1655/--/-- The Little Northern War begins with Sweden invading Poland and capturing Warsaw. 3098
1656/--/-- Diego Velazquez paints The Maids of Honor at the court of Spain. 3102
1656/--/-- Diego Velazquez paints The Maids of Honor at the court of Spain. 7554
1656/--/-- Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza is expelled from the synagogue at Amsterdam. 3101
1656/--/-- Dutch philosopher Christiaan Huygens patents the first pendulum clock. 3104
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 1082
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 1282
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 3100
1656/--/-- Italian artist and architect Giovanni Bernini designs the Piazza of St. Peter's, Rome. 3103
1656/--/-- Italian artist and architect Giovanni Bernini designs the Piazza of St. Peter's, Rome. 7555
1656/--/-- Quaker Persecution, MASS, VA, CONN 1284
1656/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire, Russia and Denmark declare war on Sweden. 1283
1656/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire, Russia and Denmark declare war on Sweden. 3099
1657/--/-- Otto von Guericke demonstrates that it is possible for a vacuum to exist. 3105
1657/--/-- The Swedes attack Denmark and besiege Copenhagen. 3106
1658/--/-- Aurangzeb deposes his father Shah Jahan as Mogul emperor of India. 3109
1658/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Vermeer paints The Milkmaid. 3112
1658/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Vermeer paints The Milkmaid. 7556
1658/--/-- Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam describes red blood cells. 3111
1658/--/-- French colonists found the city of Saint-Louis on the Senegal River in Africa. 3110
1658/--/-- French colonists found the city of Saint-Louis on the Senegal River in Africa. 7882
1658/--/-- Leopold I succeeds Ferdinand III as Holy Roman Emperor. 3107
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 1083
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 1464
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 3108
1659/--/-- French explorers Radisson and Groseilliers explore Minnesota. 3115
1659/--/-- Richard Cromwell resigns as lord protector of England. 1084
1659/--/-- Richard Cromwell resigns as lord protector of England. 3113
1659/--/-- The Peace of the Pyrenees ends a 24-year war between France and Spain. 1285
1659/--/-- The Peace of the Pyrenees ends a 24-year war between France and Spain. 3114
1660/--/-- Charles II is restored to the English throne by Parliament. 1085
1660/--/-- Charles II is restored to the English throne by Parliament. 3116
1660/--/-- Dutch farmers (Boers) settle in South Africa. 3119
1660/--/-- Dutch farmers (Boers) settle in South Africa. 7883
1660/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gabriel Metsu paints The Sick Child. 3124
1660/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gabriel Metsu paints The Sick Child. 7557
1660/--/-- English public servant Samuel Pepys begins his Diary. 1086
1660/--/-- English public servant Samuel Pepys begins his Diary. 3126
1660/--/-- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, gains control of Prussia from Poland. 3121
1660/--/-- Louis XIV of France marries Marie Therese of Spain. 3118
1660/--/-- Peter Stuyvesant founds the first permanent settlement in New Jersey at Bergen (Jersey City). 3125
1660/--/-- The Bambara kingdom begins to flourish on the upper Niger about this time. 3117
1660/--/-- The Peace of Copenhagen ends the war between Sweden and Denmark. 1286
1660/--/-- The Peace of Copenhagen ends the war between Sweden and Denmark. 3122
1660/--/-- The Peace of Oliva ends the war between Sweden, Poland, Austria and Brandenburg. 3120
1660/--/-- The Peace of Oliva ends the war between Sweden, Poland, Austria and Brandenburg. 1287
1660/--/-- Theaters are reopened in England; the period of Restoration drama begins. 1087
1660/--/-- Theaters are reopened in England; the period of Restoration drama begins. 3123
1660/05/09 Charles Stuart restored to throne of England as Charles II. 8099
1661/--/-- Charles II orders that Cromwell's corpse be disinterred, hanged and beheaded. 3127
1661/--/-- Chinese pirate Koxinga drives the Dutch from Formosa (Taiwan). 3129
1661/--/-- Chinese pirate Koxinga drives the Dutch from Formosa (Taiwan). 7793
1661/--/-- Dutch-born artist Peter Lely is made court painter to Charles II. 3132
1661/--/-- Dutch-born artist Peter Lely is made court painter to Charles II. 7558
1661/--/-- Emperor K'ang-hsi succeeds to the throne in China. 3130
1661/--/-- Emperor K'ang-hsi succeeds to the throne in China. 7794
1661/--/-- The English acquire Bombay from Portugal. 1088
1661/--/-- The English acquire Bombay from Portugal. 3128
1661/--/-- The first Bible printed in North America is John Elliot's translation into Algonquian. 3131
1661/--/-- The first Bible printed in North America is John Elliot's translation into Algonquian. 7075
1661/04/03 Charles II crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by William 8100
1662/--/-- Charles II grants a charter to the Royal Society of London for Natural Knowledge. 3135
1662/--/-- France purchases Dunkerque from England. 1089
1662/--/-- France purchases Dunkerque from England. 3134
1662/--/-- French architect Andre Le Notre designs the gardens for the Palace of Versailles. 3137
1662/--/-- Robert Boyle develops his theory of gases (now known as Boyle's Law). 3136
1662/--/-- The Portuguese surrender Tangier to England. 1090
1662/--/-- The Portuguese surrender Tangier to England. 3133
1662/--/-- The Theatre Royal is built in Drury Lane, London. 3138
1663/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Steen paints the Woman Undressing. 3141
1663/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Steen paints the Woman Undressing. 7559
1663/--/-- The first turnpike (toll) roads are established in England. 1091
1663/--/-- The first turnpike (toll) roads are established in England. 3140
1663/--/-- The Ottoman Turks invade Hungary. 3139
1664/--/-- England seizes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, renaming it New York. 1092
1664/--/-- England seizes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, renaming it New York. 3142
1664/--/-- The Austrians defeat the Turks at Saint Gotthard and conclude a 20-year truce. 3143
1664/--/-- The French East India Company is founded. 3144
1664/--/-- The Trappists order of monks is founded at La Trappe in France. 3145
1665/--/-- An outbreak of the Great Plague begins in London. 3151
1665/--/-- Charles II succeeds Philip IV as king of Spain. 3149
1665/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gerard Ter Borch paints the Flea Hunt. 3154
1665/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gerard Ter Borch paints the Flea Hunt. 7560
1665/--/-- England and Portugal defeat Spain and establish Portuguese independence. 1093
1665/--/-- England and Portugal defeat Spain and establish Portuguese independence. 3148
1665/--/-- Jean Baptiste Colbert becomes minister of finance for Louis XIV. 3146
1665/--/-- Robert Hooke publishes his microscope observations in Micrographia. 3152
1665/--/-- The first horse race track in North America is constructed on Long Island. 3153
1665/--/-- The first horse race track in North America is constructed on Long Island. 7076
1665/--/-- The Portuguese invade the Kingdom of Kongo and kill the monarch Antonio I. 1465
1665/--/-- The Portuguese invade the Kingdom of Kongo and kill the monarch Antonio I. 3150
1665/--/-- The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins. 3147
1666/--/-- British scientist Isaac Newton completes his theory of fluxional calculus. 3160
1666/--/-- Large sections of London are destroyed in the Great Fire. 3158
1666/--/-- Moliere's play The Misanthrope is performed for the first time. 3161
1666/--/-- Puritans from Connecticut settle in New Jersey. 3157
1666/--/-- Sabbatai Zevi claims to be the messiah and founds a Jewish sect. 3159
1666/--/-- The Alawite dynasty assumes power in Morocco. 3155
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 1094
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 1288
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 3156
1667/--/-- English poet John Milton writes Paradise Lost. 1095
1667/--/-- English poet John Milton writes Paradise Lost. 3171
1667/--/-- Japanese poet Basho begins to compose his haiku poetry. 3170
1667/--/-- Japanese poet Basho begins to compose his haiku poetry. 7984
1667/--/-- Louis XIV begins the War of Devolution and captures the Spanish Netherlands. 3164
1667/--/-- Louis XIV sponsors the first official Salon art exhibition at the Louvre. 3169
1667/--/-- Mexico City Cathedral is completed. 3168
1667/--/-- Suleiman succeeds Abbas II as shah of Persia (Iran). 3165
1667/--/-- The building of the Paris Observatory is begun. 3167
1667/--/-- The Dutch acquire Suriname from the British in exchange for Manhattan. 3166
1667/--/-- The Dutch destroy the English fleet at anchor in the Medway. 1096
1667/--/-- The Dutch destroy the English fleet at anchor in the Medway. 3162
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 1097
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 1289
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 3163
1668/--/-- A Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic is formed against France. 1098
1668/--/-- A Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic is formed against France. 3172
1668/--/-- By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France gives up its conquests but keeps Flanders. 3173
1668/--/-- By the Treaty of Lisbon Spain recognizes the independence of Portugal. 3174
1668/--/-- French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine begins publishing his Fables. 3177
1668/--/-- Jacques Marquette founds the first settlement in Michigan at Sault Saint Marie. 3176
1668/--/-- King John II of Poland abdicates; he is succeeded by Michael Wisniowiecki. 3175
1669/--/-- French courtesan Madame de Sevigne begins writing her Letters. 3182
1669/--/-- German Alchemist Hennig Brandt makes phosphorus for the first time. 3180
1669/--/-- Louis Le Vau begins the expansion of the Palace of Versailles for Louis XIV. 3181
1669/--/-- Mount Etna erupts in Italy, killing 20,000. 1466
1669/--/-- Mount Etna erupts in Italy, killing 20,000. 3179
1669/--/-- Venice surrenders Crete to the Ottoman Turks. 3178
1670/--/-- English architect Sir Christopher Wren begins rebuilding Saint Paul's Cathedral. 1099
1670/--/-- English architect Sir Christopher Wren begins rebuilding Saint Paul's Cathedral. 3186
1670/--/-- The Don Cossacks under Stenka Razin rebel against Russian rule. 3184
1670/--/-- The English establish a settlement at Charles Towne (Charleston), South Carolina. 1100
1670/--/-- The English establish a settlement at Charles Towne (Charleston), South Carolina. 3183
1670/--/-- The Hudson's Bay Company is founded. 3185
1671/--/-- Buccaneers under Sir Henry Morgan capture the city of Panama. 3187
1672/--/-- Astronomer Giovanni Cassini becomes the first director of the Paris Observatory. 3192
1672/--/-- Grenades become an important weapon; the French army forms grenadier companies. 3190
1672/--/-- Jean Baptiste Lully produces the first French operas. 3193
1672/--/-- Jean Baptiste Lully produces the first French operas. 7561
1672/--/-- Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban founds the French army engineering corps. 3191
1672/--/-- The French and British declare war on the Dutch. 1290
1672/--/-- The French and British declare war on the Dutch. 3189
1672/--/-- William III prince of Orange leads the defense of the Netherlands. 3188
1673/--/-- Leibniz begins to develop his theories of differential and integral calculus. 3198
1673/--/-- Marquette and Jolliet explore the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River. 3196
1673/--/-- The first mail service in North America is established between New York and Boston. 3197
1673/--/-- The first mail service in North America is established between New York and Boston. 7077
1673/--/-- The Polish army under John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Cochim (Khotin). 3194
1673/--/-- The Test Act excludes Catholics from public office in England. 1101
1673/--/-- The Test Act excludes Catholics from public office in England. 3195
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 3204
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 7078
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 7562
1674/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I declares war on France. 1291
1674/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I declares war on France. 3202
1674/--/-- John Sobieski is elected as King John III of Poland. 3201
1674/--/-- Maratha leader Sivaji establishes a kingdom in Maharashtra, India. 3200
1674/--/-- The Dutch under William III make peace with England. 1102
1674/--/-- The Dutch under William III make peace with England. 3203
1674/--/-- The Treaty of Westminster establishes New Yorkers as British subjects. 3199
1675/--/-- Conflict begins between the Indians under King Philip and New England settlers . 1103
1675/--/-- Conflict begins between the Indians under King Philip and New England settlers . 3205
1675/--/-- Dutch-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza finishes his Ethics. 3208
1675/--/-- English dramatist William Wycherley writes The Country Wife. 1104
1675/--/-- English dramatist William Wycherley writes The Country Wife. 3209
1675/--/-- King Philip's War (Indian) MASS, RI 1292
1675/--/-- The Prussians under Frederick William defeat the Swedes at Fehrbellin. 3206
1675/--/-- The Royal Observatory is established at Greenwich. 3207
1676/--/-- Bacon's Rebellion, VA 1293
1676/--/-- English playwright Sir George Etherege writes Man of Mode. 1105
1676/--/-- English playwright Sir George Etherege writes Man of Mode. 3214
1676/--/-- German astronomer Ole Romer discovers the velocity of light. 3213
1676/--/-- Indians in New England are subdued after the year-long King Philip's War. 1106
1676/--/-- Indians in New England are subdued after the year-long King Philip's War. 3211
1676/--/-- The Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh revolt against Mogul rule in India. 3210
1676/--/-- The Swedes defeat the Danes at the Battle of Lunden. 3212
1677/--/-- Charles II appoints Henry Purcell as court composer. 3216
1677/--/-- English author John Dryden writes the tragedy All for Love. 1107
1677/--/-- English author John Dryden writes the tragedy All for Love. 3217
1677/--/-- French dramatist Jean Racine writes the tragedy of Phedre. 3218
1677/--/-- William III prince of Orange marries Mary, daughter of the Duke of York. 3215
1678/--/-- Charles Le Brun designs the Hall of Mirrors for the Palace of Versailles. 3221
1678/--/-- Comtesse de La Fayette writes the novel La Princesse de Cleves. 3223
1678/--/-- French explorer Louis Hennepin discovers Niagara Falls. 3220
1678/--/-- John Bunyan publishes the first part of The Pilgrim's Progress. 3224
1678/--/-- The Hungarians rebel against Habsburg rule. 3222
1678/--/-- The Treaty of Nijmegen establishes peace between France, the Dutch and Spain. 3219
1679/--/-- The English Parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act. 1108
1679/--/-- The English Parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act. 3225
1680/--/-- Antonio Stradivari opens his violin workshop in Cremona, Italy. 3226
1680/--/-- Sadler's Wells theater opens in London. 3227
1680/--/-- The Comedie Francaise is founded in Paris. 3228
1681/--/-- Aurangzeb suppresses a Rajput revolt and campaigns against Hindu kingdoms in India. 3229
1681/--/-- English Quaker William Penn is granted the Providence of Pennsylvania. 1109
1681/--/-- English Quaker William Penn is granted the Providence of Pennsylvania. 3230
1681/--/-- John Dryden publishes his satirical poem Absalom and Achitophel. 3232
1681/--/-- The dodo, a large flightless bird, becomes extinct. 3231
1682/--/-- Edmund Halley observes the Great Comet, which is later named for him. 3237
1682/--/-- French explorer La Salle navigates the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. 3235
1682/--/-- Peter the Great succeeds Fyodor III as tsar of Russia. 3233
1682/--/-- The Palace of Versailles becomes the French royal residence. 3238
1682/--/-- The Spanish establish the first settlement in Texas at Yselta (near El Paso). 3236
1682/--/-- William Penn founds the city of Philadelphia. 3234
1683/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi conquers Formosa (Taiwan). 3241
1683/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi conquers Formosa (Taiwan). 7795
1683/--/-- Louis XIV secretly marries Madame de Maintenon . 3240
1683/--/-- The Turks lay siege to Vienna but are defeated by Imperial and Polish forces. 3239
1683/--/-- Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope drawings of Protozoa are published. 3243
1683/--/-- William Penn makes a peace treaty with the Delaware Indians. 3242
1684/--/-- England abandons Tangier to the Moroccans. 1110
1684/--/-- England abandons Tangier to the Moroccans. 3244
1684/--/-- La Salle claims Louisiana, a region from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, for France. 3245
1684/--/-- The Dutch whaling fleet at Spitsbergen (Svalbard) numbers 246 vessels. 3246
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 1111
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 1467
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 3247
1685/--/-- Increase Mather becomes president of Harvard College. 3252
1685/--/-- Japanese Bunraku (puppet theater) is performed in Osaka about this time. 3253
1685/--/-- Japanese Bunraku (puppet theater) is performed in Osaka about this time. 7985
1685/--/-- Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and exiles thousands of French Huguenots. 3249
1685/--/-- Rice cultivation begins in North America. 3251
1685/--/-- Rice cultivation begins in North America. 7080
1685/--/-- The Duke of Monmouth rebels against James II; he is captured and executed. 3248
1685/--/-- The Huguenots begin a silk industry in London and settle in the American colonies. 3250
1685/--/-- The Huguenots begin a silk industry in London and settle in the American colonies. 7079
1685/04/03 James II crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by William Sa 8101
1686/--/-- Henri de Tonty establishes the first European settlement in Arkansas. 3256
1686/--/-- The League of Augsburg is formed as a coalition of European states against France. 3255
1686/--/-- The Turks are expelled from Budapest by a Habsburg army. 3254
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 1112
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 1468
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 3259
1687/--/-- Isaac Newton publishes Principia, establishing his laws of motion and gravity. 3260
1687/--/-- James II issues a Declaration of Indulgence suspending the laws against Catholics. 3258
1687/--/-- The city of Lima, Peru, is virtually destroyed by an earthquake. 3257
1688/--/-- English Protestants demand a Glorious Revolution against Catholicism. 1113
1688/--/-- English Protestants demand a Glorious Revolution against Catholicism. 3261
1688/--/-- Insurance underwriters begin meeting at Lloyd's Coffee House in London. 3264
1688/--/-- Louis XIV declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and captures Heidelberg. 1294
1688/--/-- Louis XIV declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and captures Heidelberg. 3263
1688/--/-- William of Orange is invited to England as king; James II escapes to France. 1114
1688/--/-- William of Orange is invited to England as king; James II escapes to France. 3262
1689/--/-- British composer Henry Purcell writes the opera Dido and Aeneas. 3269
1689/--/-- British composer Henry Purcell writes the opera Dido and Aeneas. 7563
1689/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi establishes diplomatic relations with Russia. 3268
1689/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi establishes diplomatic relations with Russia. 7796
1689/--/-- England and the Netherlands join the Grand Alliance against France. 1115
1689/--/-- England and the Netherlands join the Grand Alliance against France. 3266
1689/--/-- French and Indian allies attack English colonists during King William's War. 1116
1689/--/-- French and Indian allies attack English colonists during King William's War. 3267
1689/--/-- William and Mary are proclaimed king and queen of England. 1117
1689/--/-- William and Mary are proclaimed king and queen of England. 3265
1689/01/08 James II declared to have abdicated by Parliament. 8102
1689/02/03 William III and Mary II proclaimed King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Irel 8103
1689/04/01 William III and Mary II crowned King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland 8104
1690/--/-- Benjamin Harris publishes the first American newspaper in Boston. 3276
1690/--/-- Benjamin Harris publishes the first American newspaper in Boston. 7081
1690/--/-- Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora publishes The Misadventures of Alfonso Ramirez. 3275
1690/--/-- Jose Churriguera becomes court architect to Philip V of Spain. 3274
1690/--/-- Philosopher John Locke publishes his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 3273
1690/--/-- Spain joins the War of Grand Alliance against France. 3272
1690/--/-- The French defeat the English fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head. 1118
1690/--/-- The French defeat the English fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head. 3271
1690/--/-- William III defeats James II at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. 3270
1691/--/-- Juana Ines de la Cruz writes a defense of women's rights Reply to Sister Philotea. 3278
1691/--/-- The Irish rebellion ends with the Treaty of Limerick. 3277
1692/--/-- Port Royal in Jamaica is destroyed by an earthquake; the city of Kingston is founded. 3280
1692/--/-- Salem Witchcraft Trials, MASS 1295
1692/--/-- The first English patent for a wallpaper design is issued. 1119
1692/--/-- The first English patent for a wallpaper design is issued. 3282
1692/--/-- The Macdonald clan are massacred by the Campbells at Glencoe in Scotland. 3279
1692/--/-- Witchcraft trials are held at Salem in New England. 1120
1692/--/-- Witchcraft trials are held at Salem in New England. 3281
1693/--/-- James Blair founds William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia. 3284
1693/--/-- John Ray publishes the first major classification of animals. 3283
1694/--/-- The Academie Francaise introduces the first French national dictionary. 3286
1694/--/-- The Bank of England is founded. 1121
1694/--/-- The Bank of England is founded. 3285
1694/12/28 William III rules as sole King. 8105
1696/--/-- Russia annexes the Kamchatka Peninsula. 3289
1696/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great captures Azov from the Turks. 3287
1696/--/-- The Chinese under K'ang-hsi defeat the Dzungar Mongol chieftain Galdan. 3290
1696/--/-- The Chinese under K'ang-hsi defeat the Dzungar Mongol chieftain Galdan. 7797
1696/--/-- William III campaigns in Holland against the French. 3288
1697/--/-- Augustus II elector of Saxony becomes king of Poland. 3292
1697/--/-- French poet Charles Perrault publishes the Tales From Mother Goose. 3295
1697/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great sets out to study the European way of life. 3294
1697/--/-- Sir John Vanbrugh's play The Relapse is produced in London. 3296
1697/--/-- The Habsburg army under Eugene of Savoy defeats the Turks at Zenta. 3291
1697/--/-- The Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance. 3293
1698/--/-- Calcutta is founded by the British East India Company. 3297
1698/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great imposes a tax on beards. 3298
1698/--/-- Thomas Savery invents a water pump -- the first practical application of steam power. 3299
1698/--/-- Thomas Savery invents a water pump -- the first practical application of steam power. 7437
1699/--/-- Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice sign the Peace of Karlowitz treaty with Turkey. 3300
1699/--/-- Francis Moore's Vox stellarum, known as Old Moore's Almanac, is published. 3304
1699/--/-- Japanese master ceramicist Ogata Kenzan opens his kiln at Narutaki. 3303
1699/--/-- Japanese master ceramicist Ogata Kenzan opens his kiln at Narutaki. 7986
1699/--/-- Peter the Great changes the Russian New Year from September 1 to January 1. 3301
1699/--/-- William Dampier explores the northwest coast of Australia. 3302
1700/--/-- Charles II of Spain dies, ending the Spanish Habsburg line. 1469
1700/--/-- Charles II of Spain dies, ending the Spanish Habsburg line. 3308
1700/--/-- Johann Denner invents the clarinet about this time. 3310
1700/--/-- Johann Denner invents the clarinet about this time. 7438
1700/--/-- Kabuki Theater develops in Japan about this time. 3312
1700/--/-- Kabuki Theater develops in Japan about this time. 7987
1700/--/-- Peter the Great's Russian army is defeated by the Swedes at the Battle of Narva. 3307
1700/--/-- Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, becomes the first Bourbon king of Spain. 3309
1700/--/-- The Great Northern War begins; Denmark, Poland and Russia attack Sweden. 3305
1700/--/-- The rococo style is introduced into French architecture about this time. 3311
1700/--/-- The Swedes under Charles XII defeat the Danes. 3306
1700/--/-- William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is produced in London. 3313
1701/--/-- Captain Kidd is hanged for piracy. 3317
1701/--/-- Frederick I Elector of Saxony proclaims himself the first king of Prussia. 3315
1701/--/-- French artist Hyacinthe Rigaud paints a portrait of Louis XIV. 3319
1701/--/-- French artist Hyacinthe Rigaud paints a portrait of Louis XIV. 7564
1701/--/-- The Act of Settlement in Britain establishes the Hanoverian succession to the throne. 3314
1701/--/-- The War of the Spanish Succession begins. 3316
1701/--/-- Yale University is founded in New Haven, Connecticut. 3318
1702/--/-- Anne succeeds William III as queen of England. 1122
1702/--/-- Anne succeeds William III as queen of England. 3320
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 1123
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 1296
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 3321
1702/--/-- French fur traders found Vincennes, the first permanent European settlement in Indiana. 3327
1702/--/-- Queen Anne's War begins in America; the British attack Saint Augustine in Florida. 3322
1702/--/-- Queen Anne's War begins in America; the British attack Saint Augustine in Florida. 7082
1702/--/-- The Camisards (French Huguenots) rebel in southern France. 3323
1702/--/-- The first daily newspaper The Daily Courant is published in London. 3326
1702/--/-- The French under the duc de Villars defeat the Grand Alliance at Friedlingen. 3324
1702/--/-- The royal colony of New Jersey is founded in America. 3325
1702/--/-- The royal colony of New Jersey is founded in America. 7083
1702/04/03 Anne crowned Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Tho 8106
1703/--/-- Archduke Charles of Austria claims the Spanish throne for the Habsburgs. 3328
1703/--/-- Buckingham Palace is rebuilt for the Duke of Buckingham in London. 3330
1703/--/-- Peter the Great lays the foundations of St. Petersburg (Leningrad). 3329
1704/--/-- Augustus II is deposed; Stanislaw I is crowned king of Poland. 3332
1704/--/-- Issac Newton publishes his theory of color and light in Opticks. 3335
1704/--/-- John Campbell founds the Boston News-Letter, the first successful American newspaper. 3336
1704/--/-- John Campbell founds the Boston News-Letter, the first successful American newspaper. 7084
1704/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy defeat the French at Blenheim. 3331
1704/--/-- The English capture Gibraltar from Spain. 1124
1704/--/-- The English capture Gibraltar from Spain. 3334
1704/--/-- The Indians and the French massacre British settlers in Deerfield, Mass. 3333
1705/--/-- Edmund Halley predicts that the comet of 1682 will return in 1758. 3338
1705/--/-- Nicolas Hawksmoor designs Blenheim Palace for the Duke of Marlborough. 3339
1705/--/-- The English Navy occupies Barcelona. 1125
1705/--/-- The English Navy occupies Barcelona. 3337
1706/--/-- Eugene of Savoy defeats the French at Turin and drives them from Italy. 3341
1706/--/-- George Farquhar's comedy The Recruiting Officer is produced. 3342
1706/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough conquers the Spanish Netherlands. 3340
1707/--/-- Emperor Aurangzeb dies; the Mogul empire begins to decline in India. 1470
1707/--/-- Emperor Aurangzeb dies; the Mogul empire begins to decline in India. 3346
1707/--/-- Great Britain is formed by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. 1126
1707/--/-- Great Britain is formed by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. 3345
1707/--/-- John V succeeds Peter II as king of Portugal. 3343
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 1471
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 3348
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 7988
1707/--/-- The British attack the French colony of Acadia (Nova Scotia). 3347
1707/--/-- The Duke of Berwick routs the allied forces at Almanza in Spain. 3344
1707/03/-- Act of Union combines England and Scotland as Kingdom of Great Britain. 8107
1708/--/-- French forces under Vendome are defeated by Marlborough at Oudenarde. 3350
1708/--/-- Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated; the Moguls persecute the Sikhs. 1472
1708/--/-- Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated; the Moguls persecute the Sikhs. 3351
1708/--/-- The British capture the island of Minorca from Spain. 3349
1709/--/-- Abraham Darby builds a blast furnace using coke for casting iron. 3356
1709/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden flees to the Ottoman Empire. 3353
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 3357
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 7439
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 7565
1709/--/-- Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Poltava. 3352
1709/--/-- Steele and Addison's periodical The Tatler is published in London. 3358
1709/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet. 3354
1709/--/-- The first Copyright Act becomes law in Britain. 3355
1710/--/-- Augustus II regains the Polish throne. 3359
1710/--/-- Charles XII persuades the Turks to attack Russia. 3361
1710/--/-- French forces under Vendome defeat the allies at Villaviciosa in Spain. 3360
1710/--/-- George Berkeley publishes a Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. 3364
1710/--/-- The British seize Acadia (Nova Scotia) from the French. 3362
1710/--/-- The Meissen porcelain factory is founded near Dresden in Germany. 3363
1711/--/-- Joseph I dies; Charles VI is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1473
1711/--/-- Joseph I dies; Charles VI is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 3365
1711/--/-- Publication of The Tatler ceases; Steele and Addison introduce The Spectator. 3369
1711/--/-- The building of the baroque Zwinger complex begins in Dresden, Germany. 3368
1711/--/-- The French found the first permanent settlement in Alabama at Mobile. 3367
1711/--/-- The Tuscarora War begins in North Carolina when Indians massacre 130 colonists. 3366
1712/--/-- Carolina is divided into north and south colonies. 3370
1712/--/-- English poet Alexander Pope publishes The Rape of the Lock. 1127
1712/--/-- English poet Alexander Pope publishes The Rape of the Lock. 3372
1712/--/-- The New England whaling industry expands rapidly with the hunting of sperm whales. 1128
1712/--/-- The New England whaling industry expands rapidly with the hunting of sperm whales. 3371
1713/--/-- Emperor Charles VI issues the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing for a female heir. 3378
1713/--/-- France cedes Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland to Britain. 3375
1713/--/-- Frederick William I succeeds Frederick I as king of Prussia. 3377
1713/--/-- Sicily is ceded to the House of Savoy; Victor Amadeus II is crowned as king. 3376
1713/--/-- Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. 3374
1713/--/-- The Asiento Treaty establishes British rights to the African slave trade. 3379
1713/--/-- The Asiento Treaty establishes British rights to the African slave trade. 7884
1713/--/-- The Peace of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession. 3373
1714/--/-- German composer George Frideric Handel makes London his permanent home. 3381
1714/--/-- Grinling Gibbons is appointed as master carver in wood to George I. 3382
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 1129
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 1474
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 3380
1714/10/20 George I crowned King of Great Britain at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Tenison, A 8108
1715/--/-- A Jacobite uprising supports James Edward as the Old Pretender to the British throne. 3383
1715/--/-- French author Alain Rene Lesage publishes the Adventures of Gil Blas. 3388
1715/--/-- French King Louis XIV dies; he is succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson Louis XV. 1475
1715/--/-- French King Louis XIV dies; he is succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson Louis XV. 3384
1715/--/-- Japan's leading playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon writes The Battles of Coxinga. 3387
1715/--/-- Japan's leading playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon writes The Battles of Coxinga. 7989
1715/--/-- Phillipe II Duc d'Orleans becomes regent of France. 3385
1715/--/-- The Yamasee Indians rebel against British settlers in South Carolina. 3386
1716/--/-- Emperor Charles VI declares war on the Ottoman Empire. 1297
1716/--/-- Emperor Charles VI declares war on the Ottoman Empire. 3389
1717/--/-- Eugene of Savoy captures Belgrade from the Turks. 3390
1717/--/-- French artist Antoine Watteau paints the Pilgrimage to Cythera. 3394
1717/--/-- French artist Antoine Watteau paints the Pilgrimage to Cythera. 7566
1717/--/-- John Law forms the Mississippi Company in France. 3392
1717/--/-- Spain seizes Sardinia and Sicily. 3391
1717/--/-- The first freemason lodge is formed in London. 3393
1718/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden is killed during a campaign against Norway. 1476
1718/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden is killed during a campaign against Norway. 3396
1718/--/-- Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America. 3398
1718/--/-- Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America. 7085
1718/--/-- Sultan Ahmed III concludes the Treaty of Passarowitz with the Holy Roman Empire. 3397
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 1130
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 1477
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 3399
1718/--/-- The French found New Orleans in Louisiana. 3400
1718/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance of Austria, Britain, France and the Dutch declare war on Spain. 1298
1718/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance of Austria, Britain, France and the Dutch declare war on Spain. 3395
1718/--/-- Voltaire writes the tragedy of Oedipe while imprisoned in the Bastille. 3401
1719/--/-- English writer Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. 1131
1719/--/-- English writer Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. 3405
1719/--/-- James Figg becomes the first heavyweight boxing champion of England. 1132
1719/--/-- James Figg becomes the first heavyweight boxing champion of England. 3403
1719/--/-- Liechtenstein becomes an independent principality of the Holy Roman Empire. 3402
1719/--/-- Teams from London and Kent play one of the first cricket matches. 3404
1720/--/-- The Mississippi Scheme speculation craze collapses in France. 3410
1720/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance defeats Spain; Spain renounces all claims to Sicily and Sardinia. 3406
1720/--/-- The South Sea Bubble speculation craze collapses in England. 1133
1720/--/-- The South Sea Bubble speculation craze collapses in England. 3409
1720/--/-- Tibet becomes a protectorate of China. 3408
1720/--/-- Tibet becomes a protectorate of China. 7798
1720/--/-- Victor Amadeus II surrenders Sicily to Austria in exchange for Sardinia. 3407
1721/--/-- German composer Johann Sebastian Bach writes the Brandenburg Concertos. 3415
1721/--/-- Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti writes his opera Griselda. 3414
1721/--/-- Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti writes his opera Griselda. 7567
1721/--/-- Prime minister Robert Walpole restores public confidence in Britain's finances. 3412
1721/--/-- The French settle on the island of Mauritius. 3413
1721/--/-- The Great Northern War ends; Sweden loses most of her overseas possessions. 3411
1722/--/-- Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen discovers Samoa and Easter Island. 3417
1722/--/-- English author Daniel Defoe publishes Moll Flanders. 1134
1722/--/-- English author Daniel Defoe publishes Moll Flanders. 3418
1722/--/-- The Afghans invade Persia (Iran) and overthrow the Safavid rulers. 3416
1724/--/-- The British build Fort Dummer, the first permanent European settlement in Vermont. 3419
1724/--/-- The Quakers make a statement opposing slavery. 3420
1725/--/-- Danish explorer Vitus Bering begins his voyage in search of a Northeast Passage. 3422
1725/--/-- Francisco Romero establishes the current style of Spanish bullfighting. 3423
1725/--/-- Peter the Great dies; his wife Catherine I succeeds him as Empress of Russia. 1478
1725/--/-- Peter the Great dies; his wife Catherine I succeeds him as Empress of Russia. 3421
1726/--/-- Alexander Pope completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey. 3426
1726/--/-- Cardinal Andre Fleury becomes chief advisor to Louis XV. 3424
1726/--/-- English satirist Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels. 1135
1726/--/-- English satirist Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels. 3427
1726/--/-- The Spanish found Montevideo in Uruguay. 3425
1727/--/-- Catherine I dies; Peter II succeeds her as Emperor of Russia. 1479
1727/--/-- Catherine I dies; Peter II succeeds her as Emperor of Russia. 3430
1727/--/-- George II succeeds his father George I as king of Great Britain and Ireland. 3429
1727/--/-- The Spanish lay siege to Gibraltar. 3428
1727/10/11 George II crowned King of Great Britain at Westminster Abbey by William Wake, Ar 8109
1728/--/-- Chambers's Cyclopedia; or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences is issued. 3435
1728/--/-- Danish navigator Vitus Bering explores Bering Strait. 3431
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 1136
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 3434
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 7568
1728/--/-- James Gibbs' Book of Architecture influences Colonial American designs. 3433
1728/--/-- James Gibbs' Book of Architecture influences Colonial American designs. 7086
1728/--/-- John Harrison begins his development of an accurate chronometer. 3432
1729/--/-- Corsica rebels against Genoese rule. 3437
1729/--/-- Denmark assumes control of Greenland. 3436
1729/--/-- English actress Kitty Clive establishes her reputation at the Drury Lane Theatre. 1137
1729/--/-- English actress Kitty Clive establishes her reputation at the Drury Lane Theatre. 3440
1729/--/-- The city of Baltimore is founded in Maryland. 3439
1729/--/-- The city of Karachi is founded in India (now in Pakistan). 3438
1730/--/-- Canaletto paints the Basin of San Marco, one of his many views of Venice. 3443
1730/--/-- Canaletto paints the Basin of San Marco, one of his many views of Venice. 7569
1730/--/-- Construction of the Province-hall (now Independence Hall) begins in Philadelphia. 3442
1730/--/-- Peter II dies; he is succeeded by Anna as Empress of Russia. 1480
1730/--/-- Peter II dies; he is succeeded by Anna as Empress of Russia. 3441
1731/--/-- French novelist Abbe Prevost writes Manon Lescaut. 3445
1731/--/-- John Hadley invents the quadrant for navigating at sea. 3444
1731/--/-- John Hadley invents the quadrant for navigating at sea. 7440
1731/--/-- The Gentleman's Magazine, the first magazine, is published in London. 3446
1732/--/-- Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack in Philadelphia. 3451
1732/--/-- Covent Garden Opera House opens in London. 3448
1732/--/-- Covent Garden Opera House opens in London. 7570
1732/--/-- Nadir Shah expels the Afghans from Persia (Iran) and reinstates Safavid rule. 3447
1732/--/-- Nicola Salvi designs the Trevi Fountain in Rome. 3449
1732/--/-- William Hogarth completes his series of engravings The Harlot's Progress. 3450
1733/--/-- James Oglethorpe founds the colony of Georgia and the city of Savannah. 3455
1733/--/-- John Kay invents the flying shuttle to increase the speed of weaving machines. 3456
1733/--/-- John Kay invents the flying shuttle to increase the speed of weaving machines. 7441
1733/--/-- Nadir Shah defeats the Turks and occupies Bagdhad. 3452
1733/--/-- Stanislaw I is elected king of Poland with the support of Louis XV of France. 3453
1733/--/-- The War of Polish Succession begins. 3454
1734/--/-- Stanislaw I is deposed; Augustus III is installed as king of Poland. 3457
1735/--/-- Antonio de Ulloa discovers the element platinum in South America. 3459
1735/--/-- Antonio de Ulloa discovers the element platinum in South America. 7087
1735/--/-- George Hadley proposes the Hadley cell, a circulation system for the atmosphere. 3458
1736/--/-- Ch'ien-lung becomes emperor of China. 3460
1736/--/-- Ch'ien-lung becomes emperor of China. 7799
1736/--/-- French artist Maurice Quentin de La Tour paints his Portrait of Voltaire. 3464
1736/--/-- French artist Maurice Quentin de La Tour paints his Portrait of Voltaire. 7571
1736/--/-- Nadir assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afshar dynasty. 3461
1736/--/-- Parliament passes the Gin Act to discourage public drunkenness in England. 1138
1736/--/-- Parliament passes the Gin Act to discourage public drunkenness in England. 3462
1736/--/-- Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler begins writing his Mechanica. 3463
1737/--/-- William Mayo founds the city of Richmond, Virginia. 3465
1738/--/-- A porcelain factory is established in France at Vincennes; it moves later to Sevres. 3470
1738/--/-- Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamica, stating his law of hydrodynamics. 3468
1738/--/-- George Whitefield precipitates the Great Awakening religious revival in America. 3467
1738/--/-- George Whitefield precipitates the Great Awakening religious revival in America. 7088
1738/--/-- The excavation of Herculaneum begins in Italy. 3469
1738/--/-- The Treaty of Vienna concludes the War of the Polish Succession; Stanislaw I abdicates. 3466
1739/--/-- John Wesley founds the Methodist religious movement. 3474
1739/--/-- Mutilation of an English sea captain by the Spanish leads to the War of Jenkins' Ear. 1139
1739/--/-- Mutilation of an English sea captain by the Spanish leads to the War of Jenkins' Ear. 3472
1739/--/-- The British under Admiral Vernon raid Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 1481
1739/--/-- The British under Admiral Vernon raid Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 3473
1739/--/-- The Persians under Nadir Shah defeat the Mogul army and destroy Delhi. 3471
1740/--/-- Anna Empress of Russia dies; she is succeeded by Elizabeth in 1741. 1482
1740/--/-- Anna Empress of Russia dies; she is succeeded by Elizabeth in 1741. 3480
1740/--/-- Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa succeeds to the Austrian Habsburg empire. 3477
1740/--/-- English novelist Samuel Richardson writes Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded. 1140
1740/--/-- English novelist Samuel Richardson writes Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded. 3482
1740/--/-- Frederick II (Frederick the Great) assumes the Prussian throne. 3475
1740/--/-- Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg province of Silesia. 3478
1740/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI dies; the War of the Austrian Succession begins. 1483
1740/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI dies; the War of the Austrian Succession begins. 3476
1740/--/-- Scottish philosopher David Hume writes his Treatise of Human Nature. 3481
1740/--/-- The British under James Oglethorpe attack Spanish possessions in Florida. 3479
1741/--/-- George Frideric Handel composes the Messiah. 3484
1741/--/-- Prussia forms an anti-Habsburg coalition with Bavaria, Spain and France. 3483
1742/--/-- A Spanish invasion of Georgia is defeated by British forces under James Oglethorpe. 3486
1742/--/-- Maria Theresa makes peace with Frederick II; Silesia is ceded to Prussia. 3487
1742/--/-- Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius invents the Celsius scale for temperature. 3488
1742/--/-- Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius invents the Celsius scale for temperature. 7442
1742/--/-- The Anti-Habsburg coalition elects Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor. 3485
1742/--/-- The cast iron Franklin stove is invented by Benjamin Franklin. 3489
1742/--/-- The cast iron Franklin stove is invented by Benjamin Franklin. 7443
1743/--/-- An English porcelain factory is established at Chelsea in London. 1141
1743/--/-- An English porcelain factory is established at Chelsea in London. 3490
1743/--/-- The first permanent bullring is built in Madrid. 3491
1744/--/-- King George's War begins in North America between Britain and France. 3492
1744/--/-- King George's War begins in North America between Britain and France. 7089
1744/--/-- Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab founds the Wahhabi Muslim sect about this time. 3493
1745/--/-- Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) leads a second Jacobite rebellion. 3495
1745/--/-- Giovanni Piranesi begins his etchings of Carceri d'Invenzione (Imaginary Prisons). 3500
1745/--/-- Louis XV installs the Marquise de Pompadour as his official mistress. 3499
1745/--/-- Maria Theresa's husband Francis succeeds Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor. 3498
1745/--/-- The British under Pepperrell capture the French fortress of Louisburg in Canada. 3494
1745/--/-- The French under the Comte de Saxe defeat Austrian, English and Dutch forces at Fontenoy. 1142
1745/--/-- The French under the Comte de Saxe defeat Austrian, English and Dutch forces at Fontenoy. 3496
1745/--/-- The Treaty of Dresden confirms Prussian control of Silesia. 3497
1746/--/-- Britain and France struggle for the domination of India; France seizes Madras. 3503
1746/--/-- Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) is defeated at Culloden. 3501
1746/--/-- English actor David Garrick becomes the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre. 1143
1746/--/-- English actor David Garrick becomes the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre. 3505
1746/--/-- Ferdinand VI succeeds Philip V as king of Spain. 3502
1746/--/-- Princeton University is founded in New Jersey. 3504
1747/--/-- Nadir Shah of Persia (Iran) is assassinated. 1484
1747/--/-- Nadir Shah of Persia (Iran) is assassinated. 3507
1747/--/-- The Ohio Company is formed to promote settlement west of the Appalachians. 3508
1747/--/-- The Pathans defeat the Persians; Ahmad Shah Sadozai founds a new dynasty. 3506
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 1144
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 3511
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 7572
1748/--/-- French political philosopher Montesquieu writes The Spirit of the Laws. 3510
1748/--/-- The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession. 3509
1749/--/-- English novelist Henry Fielding writes Tom Jones. 1145
1749/--/-- English novelist Henry Fielding writes Tom Jones. 3514
1749/--/-- Italian dramatist Carlo Goldoni writes La Putta honorata (The Respectable Girl). 3513
1749/--/-- The British found Halifax in Nova Scotia as a military base. 3512
1750/--/-- American frontiersman Christopher Gist explores the Ohio River region. 3518
1750/--/-- American frontiersman Christopher Gist explores the Ohio River region. 7090
1750/--/-- Baal Shem Tov founds the Jewish sect of Hasidism about this time. 3516
1750/--/-- Poona becomes the capital of the Maratha confederacy in India. 3517
1750/--/-- The Afshars are replaced by the Zand dynasty in Persia (Iran); Shiraz becomes the capital. 3515
1750/--/-- The Conestoga wagon develops in Pennsylvania about this time. 3519
1750/--/-- The neoclassical movement in art develops in Europe about this time. 3521
1750/--/-- The waltz becomes a popular dance in Europe about this time. 3520
1751/--/-- English novelist Tobias Smollett writes The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker. 1146
1751/--/-- English novelist Tobias Smollett writes The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker. 3526
1751/--/-- English soldier Robert Clive captures Arcot in India. 1147
1751/--/-- English soldier Robert Clive captures Arcot in India. 3522
1751/--/-- Jean Etienne Guettard produces the first geological maps of France. 3524
1751/--/-- The first volume of Diderot's Encyclopedie is published. 3525
1751/--/-- The Worcester Royal Porcelain Company is founded in England. 1148
1751/--/-- The Worcester Royal Porcelain Company is founded in England. 3523
1752/--/-- Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor. 3527
1752/--/-- Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor. 7444
1752/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher paints Mademoiselle O'Murphy. 3529
1752/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher paints Mademoiselle O'Murphy. 7573
1752/--/-- Italian artist Tiepolo paints the Marriage of Frederick Barbarossa. 3528
1752/--/-- Italian artist Tiepolo paints the Marriage of Frederick Barbarossa. 7574
1753/--/-- Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification. 3530
1753/--/-- The British Museum is founded in London. 3531
1754/--/-- French attacks against the English in Ohio lead to the last French and Indian War. 1149
1754/--/-- French attacks against the English in Ohio lead to the last French and Indian War. 3532
1754/--/-- Italian architect Rastrelli designs the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg (Leningrad). 3533
1754/--/-- The Royal and Ancient Golf Club is founded at Saint Andrews in Scotland. 3534
1754/--/-- Thomas Chippendale publishes The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Directory. 3535
1755/--/-- Adventurer and lover Casanova is arrested in Venice for witchcraft. 3539
1755/--/-- Pasquale Paoli founds an independent state in Corsica. 3538
1755/--/-- Samuel Johnson publishes his Dictionary of the English Language. 1150
1755/--/-- Samuel Johnson publishes his Dictionary of the English Language. 3541
1755/--/-- The British under Braddock are defeated by the French at Fort Duquesne. 3536
1755/--/-- The French population of Acadia (Nova Scotia) is deported by the British. 3537
1755/--/-- The Lisbon earthquake kills 50,000. 1485
1755/--/-- The Lisbon earthquake kills 50,000. 3540
1756/--/-- 123 British soldiers are alleged to have died in the Black Hole of Calcutta in Bengal, India. 3545
1756/--/-- French general Montcalm captures Fort Oswego and dominates the Great Lakes. 3543
1756/--/-- The Seven Years' War begins with a Prussian attack on Austria. 3542
1756/--/-- William Pitt (the Elder) becomes prime minister of Britain. 3544
1757/--/-- Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Franco-Austrian army at Rossbach. 3547
1757/--/-- Robert Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in India. 3546
1758/--/-- Americans and British regulars under General Forbes capture Fort Duquesne. 3548
1758/--/-- Americans and British regulars under General Forbes capture Fort Duquesne. 7091
1758/--/-- The Burmese overthrow the Mons; Rangoon becomes the new capital of Burma. 3550
1758/--/-- The French under Montcalm defeat the British at Fort Ticonderoga. 3549
1759/--/-- French poet and dramatist Voltaire publishes his philosophical novel Candide. 3556
1759/--/-- Josiah Wedgwood establishes his first pottery works. 3555
1759/--/-- The Botanical Gardens are founded at Kew in London. 3554
1759/--/-- The British defeat the French at Niagara; Amherst captures Fort Ticonderoga. 3551
1759/--/-- The British under Wolfe defeat Montcalm at Quebec; Wolfe dies from his wounds. 1486
1759/--/-- The British under Wolfe defeat Montcalm at Quebec; Wolfe dies from his wounds. 3552
1759/--/-- The Russians defeat Frederick II at Kunersdorf. 3553
1760/--/-- English architect Robert Adam begins the design of Syon House. 1151
1760/--/-- English architect Robert Adam begins the design of Syon House. 3560
1760/--/-- English novelist Laurence Sterne publishes the first volumes of Tristram Shandy. 1152
1760/--/-- English novelist Laurence Sterne publishes the first volumes of Tristram Shandy. 3561
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 1153
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 1487
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 3559
1760/--/-- The British under Amherst capture Montreal, ending French resistance in North America. 3557
1760/--/-- The British under Amherst capture Montreal, ending French resistance in North America. 7092
1760/--/-- The Russians invade Prussia and burn Berlin. 3558
1761/--/-- Franz Josef Haydn becomes court composer to Prince Esterhazy. 3562
1761/09/02 George III crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Tho 8110
1762/--/-- American Indian religious leader, the Delaware Prophet, is active in the Ohio Valley. 3567
1762/--/-- American Indian religious leader, the Delaware Prophet, is active in the Ohio Valley. 7093
1762/--/-- Britain seizes Cuba and the Philippines from Spain. 3563
1762/--/-- British animal painter George Stubbs completes the Horse Attacked by a Lion. 3571
1762/--/-- British animal painter George Stubbs completes the Horse Attacked by a Lion. 7575
1762/--/-- Catherine II (Catherine the Great) succeeds her husband as empress of Russia. 3565
1762/--/-- France cedes Louisiana to Spain to prevent British control of the region. 3568
1762/--/-- French philosopher Rousseau publishes The Social Contract and Emile. 3569
1762/--/-- Peter III succeeds Elizabeth as emperor of Russia, but is deposed and murdered. 1488
1762/--/-- Peter III succeeds Elizabeth as emperor of Russia, but is deposed and murdered. 3564
1762/--/-- The Russians end their alliance with Austria against Prussia. 3566
1762/--/-- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs at the Imperial court in Vienna at age 6. 3570
1763/--/-- Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland. 1489
1763/--/-- Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland. 3580
1763/--/-- Britain returns Cuba and the Philippines to Spain in exchange for Florida. 3577
1763/--/-- France cedes Canada and all territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain. 3575
1763/--/-- France recognizes British dominance in India. 3576
1763/--/-- French forces withdraw from Germany; Prussia retains Silesia. 3574
1763/--/-- James Boswell meets Samuel Johnson for the first time. 3579
1763/--/-- The Ottawa chief Pontiac leads an uprising against the British. 3578
1763/--/-- The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and the French and Indian Wars. 3573
1763/--/-- The Wahhabi Saudis begin to establish control over Arabia. 3572
1764/--/-- German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity. 3581
1764/--/-- Thomas Chatterton forges the Rowley poems at the age of 12. 3582
1765/--/-- Francis I dies; he is succeeded by Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 1490
1765/--/-- Francis I dies; he is succeeded by Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 3583
1765/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher is appointed court painter to Louis XV. 3589
1765/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher is appointed court painter to Louis XV. 7576
1765/--/-- George Grenville's Stamp Act imposes a tax on all publications in the American colonies. 3585
1765/--/-- George Grenville's Stamp Act imposes a tax on all publications in the American colonies. 7094
1765/--/-- Horace Walpole publishes his Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto. 3590
1765/--/-- Lancelot Capability Brown designs the gardens at Blenheim Palace. 3588
1765/--/-- Robert Clive is appointed governor of Bengal in India. 3584
1765/--/-- Samuel Adams helps to found the Sons of Liberty to oppose the Stamp Act. 3586
1765/--/-- Sir William Blackstone begins his Commentaries on the Laws of England. 1154
1765/--/-- Sir William Blackstone begins his Commentaries on the Laws of England. 3587
1766/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith publishes The Vicar of Wakefield. 3597
1766/--/-- English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen gas for the first time. 1155
1766/--/-- English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen gas for the first time. 3593
1766/--/-- French artist Jean Honore Fragonard paints The Swing. 3596
1766/--/-- French artist Jean Honore Fragonard paints The Swing. 7577
1766/--/-- German dramatist and critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing publishes Laocoon. 3595
1766/--/-- The Declaratory Act imposes Parliament's right to make laws in the colonies. 3592
1766/--/-- The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude. 3594
1766/--/-- The Stamp Act is repealed after strong opposition from American colonists. 3591
1766/--/-- The Stamp Act is repealed after strong opposition from American colonists. 7095
1767/--/-- German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn publishes Phaedon. 3601
1767/--/-- German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck writes his opera Alceste. 3602
1767/--/-- German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck writes his opera Alceste. 7578
1767/--/-- The Burmese destroy the Siam capital of Ayutthaya; the Bangkok Period begins. 3598
1767/--/-- The Mason-Dixon line establishes the Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary. 3599
1767/--/-- The Townshend Acts impose a tax on imports to North America. 3600
1767/--/-- The Townshend Acts impose a tax on imports to North America. 7096
1768/--/-- Genoa sells its rights in Corsica to France. 3603
1768/--/-- Joshua Reynolds becomes the first president of the Royal Academy in London. 3606
1768/--/-- Louis Antoine de Bougainville claims the Pacific island of Tahiti for France. 3604
1768/--/-- The first weekly numbers of the Encyclopaedia Britannica are issued. 3607
1768/--/-- The Russo-Turkish War is renewed. 3605
1769/--/-- American pioneer Daniel Boone explores a route through the Cumberland Gap. 3611
1769/--/-- American pioneer Daniel Boone explores a route through the Cumberland Gap. 7097
1769/--/-- French forces in Corsica defeat Pasquale Paoli; Corsica becomes a province of France. 3608
1769/--/-- James Watt patents a condenser to improve the performance of steam engines. 3613
1769/--/-- Ottawa Indian chief Pontiac is assassinated by a Peoria Indian. 1491
1769/--/-- Ottawa Indian chief Pontiac is assassinated by a Peoria Indian. 3610
1769/--/-- Richard Arkwright invents a spinning frame to mechanize cotton weaving. 3614
1769/--/-- Richard Arkwright invents a spinning frame to mechanize cotton weaving. 7445
1769/--/-- The Comtesse du Barry becomes the official mistress to Louis XV. 3612
1769/--/-- The Gurkhas conquer Nepal. 3609
1770/--/-- A brawl between British troops and colonists leads to the Boston Massacre. 3618
1770/--/-- British explorer James Bruce discovers the source of the Blue Nile. 3620
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 1156
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 3622
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 7579
1770/--/-- English navigator James Cook explores New Zealand and the east coast of Australia. 1157
1770/--/-- English navigator James Cook explores New Zealand and the east coast of Australia. 3619
1770/--/-- Lord North becomes prime minister of Britain. 3615
1770/--/-- Louis, the future king of France, marries Marie Antoinette. 3617
1770/--/-- The British Parliament repeals the Townshend Acts. 3616
1770/--/-- Thomas Jefferson begins building Monticello, his house in Virginia. 3621
1771/--/-- Governor Tyron defeats the Regulators (dissident farmers) in North Carolina. 3623
1771/--/-- Gustav III succeeds his father as king of Sweden. 3624
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 1492
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 3627
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 7098
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 7580
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 1158
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 3626
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 7581
1772/--/-- Poland is partitioned among Russia, Prussia and Austria. 3625
1773/--/-- American colonists throw British tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. 3631
1773/--/-- American colonists throw British tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. 7099
1773/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith writes the play She Stoops to Conquer. 3632
1773/--/-- Calcutta is established as the capital of British India. 3629
1773/--/-- Don Cossack Yemelian Pugachev leads the Peasant's Revolt in Russia. 3628
1773/--/-- Pope Clement XIV persecutes the Jesuits. 3630
1774/--/-- Britain passes the Intolerable Acts and closes the port of Boston. 3635
1774/--/-- British scientist Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen. 3641
1774/--/-- Edmund Burke's speech On American Taxation defends the colony's rights. 3637
1774/--/-- Edmund Burke's speech On American Taxation defends the colony's rights. 7100
1774/--/-- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes The Sorrows of Young Werther. 3642
1774/--/-- Louis XV dies; he is succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI as king of France. 1493
1774/--/-- Louis XV dies; he is succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI as king of France. 3634
1774/--/-- Rhode Island becomes the first state to abolish slavery. 3639
1774/--/-- The first Continental Congress meets and condemns Britain's Intolerable Acts. 3638
1774/--/-- The Quebec Act grants religious liberty to Roman Catholics in Canada. 3640
1774/--/-- The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji ends the Russo-Turkish War. 3633
1774/--/-- Warren Hastings is appointed as the first Governor-General of British India. 3636
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 1494
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 3643
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 7001
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 7101
1775/--/-- Americans under Montgomery occupy Montreal, but fail to capture Quebec. 3648
1775/--/-- Americans under Montgomery occupy Montreal, but fail to capture Quebec. 7103
1775/--/-- British troops and colonial militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. 3645
1775/--/-- British troops and colonial militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. 7102
1775/--/-- British troops suffer heavy losses at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 3646
1775/--/-- French dramatist Caron de Beaumarchais writes the Barber of Seville. 3649
1775/--/-- Paul Revere rides to Lexington to warn of approaching British troops. 3644
1775/--/-- Revolutionary War Begins 1299
1775/--/-- The Continental Congress chooses George Washington to head the Continental Army. 3647
1776/--/-- American General Charles Lee is captured by the British. 3659
1776/--/-- American General Charles Lee is captured by the British. 7104
1776/--/-- Ann Lee establishes a Shaker community at Wartervliet in New York. 3661
1776/--/-- British forces are evacuated from Boston. 3653
1776/--/-- British forces under Sir Henry Clinton bombard Charleston harbor. 3658
1776/--/-- Charles Burney publishes the first volume of A General History of Music. 3664
1776/--/-- Charles Burney publishes the first volume of A General History of Music. 7582
1776/--/-- David Bushnell's submarine the Turtle makes an abortive attack on British ships. 3657
1776/--/-- Economist Adam Smith publishes the Wealth of Nations. 3662
1776/--/-- Edward Gibbon publishes the first volume of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 3663
1776/--/-- Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin organizes the Russian Black Sea fleet. 3650
1776/--/-- Howe defeats Washington at White Plains; Washington retreats across the Delaware. 3660
1776/--/-- Nathan Hale is executed by the British as a spy. 3656
1776/--/-- Swiss banker Jacques Necker is appointed director of the treasury by Louis XVI. 3651
1776/--/-- The British under Howe defeat Washington on Long Island and occupy New York. 3655
1776/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. 3654
1776/--/-- The Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) literary movement begins in Germany. 3665
1776/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes his Revolutionary War pamphlet Common Sense. 3652
1776/--/-- Washington defeats British forces at Trenton and Princeton (1777). 3666
1777/--/-- Burgoyne capitulates to Horatio Gates' American forces at Saratoga. 3670
1777/--/-- Burgoyne capitulates to Horatio Gates' American forces at Saratoga. 7106
1777/--/-- Christianity is introduced into Korea. 3674
1777/--/-- French chemist Lavoisier proves that air is composed of oxygen and nitrogen. 3675
1777/--/-- General Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga and defeats the Americans in Pennsylvania. 3668
1777/--/-- General Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga and defeats the Americans in Pennsylvania. 7105
1777/--/-- Richard Brinsley Sheridan's comedy The School for Scandal is produced. 3676
1777/--/-- The British under Howe capture Philadelphia, forcing Congress to flee. 3669
1777/--/-- The British under Howe defeat Washington's Continental Army at Brandywine Creek. 3671
1777/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes as the American flag. 3672
1777/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes as the American flag. 7107
1777/--/-- The Marquis de Lafayette offers his services to the Continental Congress. 3667
1777/--/-- Washington's Continental Army spends a hard winter at Valley Forge. 3673
1778/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney writes Evelina. 1159
1778/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney writes Evelina. 3683
1778/--/-- France enters the American War of Independence in support of the colonies. 3677
1778/--/-- France enters the American War of Independence in support of the colonies. 7108
1778/--/-- Franz Anton Mesmer opens a Paris practice to treat patients using magnetism. 3680
1778/--/-- John Singleton Copley paints Watson and the Shark. 3682
1778/--/-- John Singleton Copley paints Watson and the Shark. 7583
1778/--/-- La Scala opera house opens in Milan, Italy. 3681
1778/--/-- La Scala opera house opens in Milan, Italy. 7584
1778/--/-- Portugal transfers its rights in Equatorial Guinea to Spain. 3679
1778/--/-- Washington clashes with British forces under Clinton at Monmouth, N.J. 3678
1779/--/-- American forces under Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois on the New York border. 3687
1779/--/-- American forces under Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois on the New York border. 7110
1779/--/-- An American squadron led by John Paul Jones attacks British shipping. 3686
1779/--/-- An American squadron led by John Paul Jones attacks British shipping. 7109
1779/--/-- British explorer James Cook is killed by natives on Hawaii. 1495
1779/--/-- British explorer James Cook is killed by natives on Hawaii. 3689
1779/--/-- George Rogers Clark recaptures Vincennes from the British. 3684
1779/--/-- Samuel Crompton develops his spinning mule for England's cotton industry. 1160
1779/--/-- Samuel Crompton develops his spinning mule for England's cotton industry. 3690
1779/--/-- Samuel Johnson begins writing The Lives of the Poets 3691
1779/--/-- Spain declares war on Britain and lays siege to Gibraltar. 1300
1779/--/-- Spain declares war on Britain and lays siege to Gibraltar. 3685
1779/--/-- War breaks out between Dutch settlers and the Xhosas in South Africa. 3688
1779/--/-- War breaks out between Dutch settlers and the Xhosas in South Africa. 7885
1780/--/-- Americans under Horatio Gates are defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, S.C. 3695
1780/--/-- Americans under Horatio Gates are defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, S.C. 7112
1780/--/-- Andre's capture exposes Benedict Arnold's plot to surrender West Point. 3693
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 1161
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 3692
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 7111
1780/--/-- Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter lead guerrilla forces against the British. 3696
1780/--/-- Luigi Galvani begins experiments on the effect of electricity on nerves and muscles. 3700
1780/--/-- Maria Theresa dies; Joseph II inherits the crown of Bohemia and Hungary. 1496
1780/--/-- Maria Theresa dies; Joseph II inherits the crown of Bohemia and Hungary. 3697
1780/--/-- Peruvian Indians under Tupac Amaru revolt against Spainish rule. 3698
1780/--/-- The British under Clinton occupy Charleston, S.C. and capture the garrison. 3694
1780/--/-- The Derby horse race is established in England. 1162
1780/--/-- The Derby horse race is established in England. 3701
1780/--/-- The Gordon Riots begin in London against Catholic emancipation. 3699
1780/--/-- Venetian artist Francesco Guardi paints the Gondola on the Lagoon. 3702
1780/--/-- Venetian artist Francesco Guardi paints the Gondola on the Lagoon. 7585
1781/--/-- American forces under Daniel Morgan defeat the British at the Battle of Cowpens. 3703
1781/--/-- American forces under Daniel Morgan defeat the British at the Battle of Cowpens. 7113
1781/--/-- English astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. 1163
1781/--/-- English astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. 3707
1781/--/-- German philosopher Immanuel Kant publishes his Critique of Pure Reason. 3708
1781/--/-- The British defeat Hyder Ali the Muslim ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) in India. 3706
1781/--/-- The British under Cornwallis surrender to the Americans at Yorktown. 3705
1781/--/-- The British under Cornwallis surrender to the Americans at Yorktown. 7114
1781/--/-- The French aid Washington in the siege of Yorktown. 3704
1782/--/-- Henry Grattan's Patriot party achieves legislative independence for Ireland. 3713
1782/--/-- Kamehameha I begins a ten-year war for control of Hawaii. 1301
1782/--/-- Kamehameha I begins a ten-year war for control of Hawaii. 3712
1782/--/-- Peace talks open in Paris between Britain and America. 3710
1782/--/-- Peace talks open in Paris between Britain and America. 7115
1782/--/-- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos writes Les Liaisons Dangereuses. 3715
1782/--/-- Rama I founds the Chakkri dynasty in Siam (Thailand) with Bangkok as its capital. 3711
1782/--/-- The design for the Great Seal of the United States is adopted by the Continental Congress. 3714
1782/--/-- The design for the Great Seal of the United States is adopted by the Continental Congress. 7002
1782/--/-- Tippu Sultan succeeds his father as ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) in India. 3709
1783/--/-- An earthquake kills 30,000 people at Calabria in Italy. 1497
1783/--/-- An earthquake kills 30,000 people at Calabria in Italy. 3721
1783/--/-- Britain cedes all lands west to Mississippi River 6744
1783/--/-- Britain recognizes the independence of the United States at the Treaty of Paris. 3717
1783/--/-- Britain recognizes the independence of the United States at the Treaty of Paris. 7003
1783/--/-- British forces abandon New York, their last stronghold in North America. 3716
1783/--/-- British forces abandon New York, their last stronghold in North America. 7116
1783/--/-- French scientist Jacques Charles demonstrates the first hydrogen-inflated balloon. 3723
1783/--/-- Peace Treaty ends Revolutionary War 6742
1783/--/-- Revolutionary War Ends 1302
1783/--/-- Russia gains control of the Crimea after three centuries of Turkish rule. 3720
1783/--/-- The British return Florida to Spain under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. 3718
1783/--/-- The Montgolfier brothers make the first manned flight in a hot air balloon. 3722
1783/--/-- William Pitt (the Younger) becomes prime minister of Britain at age 24. 3719
1783/--/-- William Pitt II becomes English Prime Minister at 24 6743
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 3726
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 7118
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 7446
1784/--/-- Ben Franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses 6745
1784/--/-- French dramatist Caron de Beaumarchais writes the Marriage of Figaro. 3728
1784/--/-- French neoclassical artist Jacques Louis David paints The Oath of Horatii. 3727
1784/--/-- French neoclassical artist Jacques Louis David paints The Oath of Horatii. 7586
1784/--/-- Grigory Shelekhov founds the first Russian colony in America at Kodiak Island, Alaska. 3725
1784/--/-- Grigory Shelekhov founds the first Russian colony in America at Kodiak Island, Alaska. 7117
1784/--/-- Thomas Jefferson's proposes a ban on slavery in the western territories. 3724
1785/--/-- English poet William Cowper publishes The Task. 1164
1785/--/-- English poet William Cowper publishes The Task. 3733
1785/--/-- French navigator La Perouse sails to the Pacific to find the Northwest Passage. 3730
1785/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the English Channel. 1165
1785/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the English Channel. 3731
1785/--/-- New York City becomes the temporary capital of the United States. 3729
1785/--/-- New York City becomes the temporary capital of the United States. 7004
1785/--/-- Newspaper publisher John Walter founds The Times of London. 3732
1786/--/-- Daniel Shays leads a rebellion against the state government in Massachusetts. 3735
1786/--/-- Daniel Shays leads a rebellion against the state government in Massachusetts. 7005
1786/--/-- First ice cream made commercially in NYC 6746
1786/--/-- Francisco de Goya becomes court painter to Charles III of Spain. 3739
1786/--/-- Francisco de Goya becomes court painter to Charles III of Spain. 7587
1786/--/-- Frederick II dies; he is succeeded by his son Frederick William II as king of Prussia. 1498
1786/--/-- Frederick II dies; he is succeeded by his son Frederick William II as king of Prussia. 3737
1786/--/-- Lord Cornwallis succeeds Warren Hastings as governor-general of India. 3734
1786/--/-- Robert Burns publishes Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. 3740
1786/--/-- Shay's Rebellion, MASS 1303
1786/--/-- Singapore, Penang and Melaka are ceded to Britain as the Straits Settlements. 3736
1786/--/-- Swiss climbers make the first ascent of Mount Blanc. 3738
1787/--/-- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison write the first Federalist essays. 3746
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 3749
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 7119
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 7447
1787/--/-- Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes the opera Don Giovanni. 3751
1787/--/-- Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes the opera Don Giovanni. 7588
1787/--/-- British reformer William Wilberforce declares his aims to abolish slavery. 3747
1787/--/-- Constitutional Convention 6747
1787/--/-- Henry Holland builds the first Royal Pavilion at Brighton for the Prince Regent. 3750
1787/--/-- Royall Tyler's The Contrast becomes the first stage comedy to be produced in the U.S. 3752
1787/--/-- The Assembly of Notables is summoned by Louis XVI to reform French taxation. 3742
1787/--/-- The British found Freetown and establish Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves. 3743
1787/--/-- The Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia to draw up a U.S. Constitution. 3744
1787/--/-- The Continental Congress excludes slavery from the Northwest Territory. 3745
1787/--/-- The Marylebone Cricket Club (M.C.C.) is formed in London, England. 1166
1787/--/-- The Marylebone Cricket Club (M.C.C.) is formed in London, England. 3748
1787/--/-- Turkey declares war on Russia, beginning a new Russo-Turkish War. 1304
1787/--/-- Turkey declares war on Russia, beginning a new Russo-Turkish War. 3741
1788/--/-- "The Federalist" published 6748
1788/--/-- A crop failure in France leads to bread riots. 3754
1788/--/-- Austria joins Russia in the war against Turkey. 1305
1788/--/-- Austria joins Russia in the war against Turkey. 3756
1788/--/-- Captain Arthur Phillip founds the first Australian penal colony at Sydney Cove. 3753
1788/--/-- Constitution ratified 6749
1788/--/-- French physicist Lagrange publishes his Analytical Mechanics. 3759
1788/--/-- George III of England has his first attack of mental illness. 1167
1788/--/-- George III of England has his first attack of mental illness. 3755
1788/--/-- Mozart composes 3 symphonies: E-flat, G minor and Jupiter in less than 7 weeks. 3760
1788/--/-- Swedish forces under Gustav III attack Russia. 3757
1788/--/-- Warren Hastings is impeached for maladministration in India. 3758
1789/--/-- A National Assembly is declared in France, ending the power of the States-General. 3761
1789/--/-- Alexander Hamilton becomes the first U.S. secretary of the treasury. 3769
1789/--/-- Austrian forces capture Belgrade from the Turks. 3765
1789/--/-- Bill of Rights adopted 6750
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 1168
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 3776
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 7589
1789/--/-- French Revolution begins 6751
1789/--/-- French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon makes busts of Jefferson and Washington. 3774
1789/--/-- French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon makes busts of Jefferson and Washington. 7590
1789/--/-- George Washington (Federalist) becomes president of the United States 280
1789/--/-- Jeremy Bentham publishes An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. 3775
1789/--/-- Louis XVI is forced to capitulate; France becomes a constitutional monarchy. 3764
1789/--/-- Mutinous sailors seize H.M.S. Bounty and take refuge on Pitcairn Island. 3773
1789/--/-- The Federalist party is formed by supporters of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. 3767
1789/--/-- The first national Thanksgiving Day is celebrated in the U.S. 3771
1789/--/-- The French National Assembly formulates a Declaration of the Rights of Man. 3763
1789/--/-- The French Revolution begins with an attack on the Bastille. 3762
1789/--/-- The Supreme Court of the United States is founded with John Jay as Chief Justice. 3770
1789/--/-- The Tammany Hall political organization is founded in New York. 3772
1789/--/-- Tippu Sultan begins the Third Mysore War against the British in India. 3766
1789/--/-- Washington is elected as the first U.S. president; John Adams becomes vice-president. 3768
1789/--/-- Wm. Blake publishes "Songs of Innocence" 6752
1790/--/-- Leopold II succeeds Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 3777
1790/--/-- New England captains extend whaling into the Pacific Ocean about this time. 1169
1790/--/-- New England captains extend whaling into the Pacific Ocean about this time. 3781
1790/--/-- Philadelphia replaces New York as the temporary capital of the U.S. 3779
1790/--/-- Seat of government moves from NYC to Philadelphia 6753
1790/--/-- Sweden and Russia sign a peace treaty. 3778
1790/--/-- The bolero Spanish dance is introduced about this time. 3782
1790/--/-- The New York Stock Exchange is founded. 3780
1790/--/-- Thomas Jefferson proposes a decimal (metric) system; Congress rejects the suggestion. 3783
1791/--/-- Austria returns Belgrade to the Turks. 3785
1791/--/-- Chinese author Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in publishes The Dream of the Red Chamber. 3799
1791/--/-- Chinese author Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in publishes The Dream of the Red Chamber. 7800
1791/--/-- Emperor Joseph II ends the war between Austria and Turkey. 1306
1791/--/-- Emperor Joseph II ends the war between Austria and Turkey. 3787
1791/--/-- James Boswell publishes his Life of Samuel Johnson. 3797
1791/--/-- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are captured while trying to leave France. 3784
1791/--/-- Marquis de Sade writes the novel Justine from his prison cell. 3798
1791/--/-- Miami Indian chief Little Turtle defeats an American force under General Arthur St. Clair. 3789
1791/--/-- Miami Indian chief Little Turtle defeats an American force under General Arthur St. Clair. 7120
1791/--/-- Mozart's opera The Magic Flute is performed for the first time. 3796
1791/--/-- Mozart's opera The Magic Flute is performed for the first time. 7591
1791/--/-- Pierre Charles L'Enfant designs the new U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. 3794
1791/--/-- The Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution) is ratified. 3790
1791/--/-- The First Bank of the United States is founded. 3792
1791/--/-- The Province of Quebec is divided into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. 3788
1791/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes The Rights of Man in defense of the French revolution. 3793
1791/--/-- Thomas Sheraton publishes The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book. 3795
1791/--/-- Tom Paine "The Rights of Man" 6754
1791/--/-- Toussaint l'Ouverture leads a slave revolt in Haiti against the French. 3786
1791/--/-- Vermont becomes the 14th state of the Union. 3791
1791/--/-- Vermont becomes the 14th state of the Union. 7006
1792/--/-- Architect James Hoban wins the competition to design the White House. 3815
1792/--/-- Charles Bulfinch designs the Connecticut State House (now Hartford City Hall). 3816
1792/--/-- First U.S. Trade Union of shoemakers 6755
1792/--/-- France declares war on Austria and Prussia, beginning the French Revolutionary Wars. 1307
1792/--/-- France declares war on Austria and Prussia, beginning the French Revolutionary Wars. 3805
1792/--/-- Francis II succeeds Leopold II to become the last Holy Roman Emperor. 3803
1792/--/-- George Washington is reelected as president. 3811
1792/--/-- German philosopher Fichte writes an Essay toward a Critique of All Revelations. 3818
1792/--/-- Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in Stockholm. 1499
1792/--/-- Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in Stockholm. 3802
1792/--/-- Jefferson leads the Democratic-Republican party in opposition to the Federalists. 3810
1792/--/-- Kentucky becomes the 15th state of the Union. 3812
1792/--/-- Kentucky becomes the 15th state of the Union. 7007
1792/--/-- Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women. 3819
1792/--/-- New insurrections begin in France; Louis XVI is imprisoned by the Commune of Paris. 3806
1792/--/-- Russia and Prussia invade Poland, which is still recovering from the Partition of 1772. 3804
1792/--/-- Swiss scientist Aime Argand develops a practical oil lamp using a tubular wick. 3800
1792/--/-- The Columbia River is discovered by Boston trader Robert Gray. 3813
1792/--/-- The dollar is selected as the U.S. unit of currency. 3814
1792/--/-- The French Republic adopts the guillotine as a uniform method of execution. 3808
1792/--/-- The French under Dumouriez halt the Prussians and defeat the Austrians at Jemappes. 3809
1792/--/-- The National Convention proclaims France a Republic. 3807
1792/--/-- The Treaty of Jasso ends the Russo-Turkish War. 3801
1792/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes the Rights of Man and is outlawed for treason in England. 1170
1792/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes the Rights of Man and is outlawed for treason in England. 3817
1793/--/-- Britain, Holland, Spain and Sardinia form a new anti-French coalition. 3821
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents cotton gin; revives dying slave economy of South 6756
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin. 3826
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin. 7448
1793/--/-- France adopts the metric system of measurement. 3825
1793/--/-- France raises the first national army of conscripts to oppose the Coalition forces. 3822
1793/--/-- French King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed 6757
1793/--/-- French revolutionary Jean Paul Marat is murdered by Charlotte Corday. 1500
1793/--/-- French revolutionary Jean Paul Marat is murdered by Charlotte Corday. 3824
1793/--/-- Fugitive Slave Act 6758
1793/--/-- George Washington lays the cornerstone for the Capitol building in Washington D.C. 3828
1793/--/-- J.-L. David paints "The Dead Marat" 6759
1793/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first U.S. balloon flight in Philadelphia. 3827
1793/--/-- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed; the Reign of Terror begins in France. 3820
1793/--/-- Russia and Prussia seize Polish lands as part of the Second Partition of Poland. 3823
1794/--/-- Ann Ward Radcliffe publishes her gothic novel The Mysteries of Udolpho. 3837
1794/--/-- French engineer Claude Chappe invents the semaphore signaling system. 3836
1794/--/-- French engineer Claude Chappe invents the semaphore signaling system. 7449
1794/--/-- Jay's Treaty settles disputes between Britain and the U.S. 3835
1794/--/-- Militia under General Henry Lee suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. 3834
1794/--/-- Robespierre's execution ends the Reign of Terror in France; the Thermidorian Reaction begins. 3829
1794/--/-- Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a revolt of Polish peasants against Russia. 3831
1794/--/-- The British occupy the French island of Corsica for a two-year period. 3830
1794/--/-- The Qajar (Kajar) dynasty is founded in Persia (Iran). 3832
1794/--/-- U.S. forces under Anthony Wayne defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 3833
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 3849
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 7121
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 7592
1795/--/-- Austrian composer Franz Josef Haydn completes the 12 London symphonies. 3848
1795/--/-- France claims the island of Hispaniola. 3845
1795/--/-- Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the insurrectionists in Paris. 3842
1795/--/-- Prussia and Spain sue for peace with France. 3843
1795/--/-- Scottish explorer Mungo Park reaches the Gambia and Niger Rivers. 3846
1795/--/-- Scottish geologist James Hutton publishes his Theory of the Earth. 3850
1795/--/-- Spain recognizes U.S. claims to West Florida (Mississippi). 3844
1795/--/-- Stanislaw II abdicates as the last king of Poland. 3841
1795/--/-- The British capture Cape Province (South Africa) from the Dutch. 3839
1795/--/-- The British capture Cape Province (South Africa) from the Dutch. 7886
1795/--/-- The Constitution of 1795 establishes a Directory to rule France. 3838
1795/--/-- The final Partition of Poland is made among Russia, Prussia and Austria. 3840
1795/--/-- The Methodists separate from the Church of England. 1171
1795/--/-- The Methodists separate from the Church of England. 3847
1796/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney publishes Camilla. 1172
1796/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney publishes Camilla. 3862
1796/--/-- English physician Edward Jenner develops vaccination against smallpox. 1173
1796/--/-- English physician Edward Jenner develops vaccination against smallpox. 3860
1796/--/-- George Washington declines to serve as president for a third term. 3856
1796/--/-- Gilbert Stuart paints a portrait of Washington (used later on the dollar bill). 3861
1796/--/-- Gilbert Stuart paints a portrait of Washington (used later on the dollar bill). 7593
1796/--/-- John Adams is elected as the 2nd U.S. president; Jefferson becomes vice-president. 3857
1796/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. 3853
1796/--/-- Napoleon marries Josephine, the widow of the vicomte de Beauharnais. 3852
1796/--/-- Napoleon restores Corsica to French rule. 3854
1796/--/-- Samuel Hahnemann publishes his findings on homeopathic treatment. 3859
1796/--/-- Spain sides with France in the war against Britain. 1308
1796/--/-- Spain sides with France in the war against Britain. 3855
1796/--/-- Tennessee becomes the 16th state of the Union. 3858
1796/--/-- Tennessee becomes the 16th state of the Union. 7008
1796/--/-- The British seize Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the Dutch. 3851
1797/--/-- Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) to France. 3868
1797/--/-- British wood engraver Thomas Bewick publishes A History of British Birds. 3870
1797/--/-- David Thompson surveys the Mississippi headwaters for the North West Company. 3869
1797/--/-- John Adams (Federalist) becomes president of the United States 281
1797/--/-- Nelson defeats the Spanish fleet at Cape St. Vincent, and the Dutch at Camperdown. 3863
1797/--/-- The British capture the Spanish colony of Trinidad. 3864
1797/--/-- The Directory appoint Talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for France. 3865
1797/--/-- The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the war of the First Coalition against France. 1309
1797/--/-- The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the war of the First Coalition against France. 3866
1797/--/-- The Venetian Republic is dissolved; Venice is ruled by Austria. 3867
1798/--/-- Alien and Sedition Act 6760
1798/--/-- America's first professional author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland. 3882
1798/--/-- America's first professional author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland. 7122
1798/--/-- Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey form a Second Coalition against France. 3874
1798/--/-- Economist Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population. 3881
1798/--/-- Eli Whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets. 3880
1798/--/-- French armies occupy Rome and invade Switzerland, creating the Helvetic Republic. 3871
1798/--/-- Haydn composes "The Creation" 6761
1798/--/-- Lord Wellesley becomes governor-general of India. 3875
1798/--/-- Napoleon's army invades Egypt and defeats the Mamelukes at the Battle of the Pyramids. 3872
1798/--/-- The French fleet is destroyed by Nelson at Abukir Bay, cutting off Napoleon's forces in Egypt. 3873
1798/--/-- The territory of Mississippi becomes part of the United States. 3879
1798/--/-- The territory of Mississippi becomes part of the United States. 7009
1798/--/-- The U.S. Congress passes the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts. 3878
1798/--/-- The XYZ Affair leads to the Quasi War between France and the U.S. 3877
1798/--/-- William Wordsworth publishes Lyrical Ballads with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 3883
1798/--/-- Wolfe Tone leads a revolt against the British by the Society of United Irishmen. 3876
1799/--/-- A 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the Lena River in Russia. 3893
1799/--/-- Britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax. 3890
1799/--/-- City Hotel, the first American structure designed as a hotel, opens in New York. 3891
1799/--/-- City Hotel, the first American structure designed as a hotel, opens in New York. 7124
1799/--/-- Humboldt and Bonpland begin their scientific expedition in South American. 3894
1799/--/-- Humboldt and Bonpland begin their scientific expedition in South American. 7125
1799/--/-- Napoleon attacks Syria to prevent a Turkish invasion of Egypt, but is defeated at Acre. 3884
1799/--/-- Napoleon becomes Consul 6762
1799/--/-- Napoleon returns to France as first consul; the Consulate replaces the Directory. 3885
1799/--/-- Ranjit Singh establishes a Sikh kingdom in northwest India. 3888
1799/--/-- Russian forces under Suvorov defeat the French in Italy, but are held at Zurich. 3886
1799/--/-- The Rosetta Stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in Egypt. 3892
1799/--/-- The Russian-American Company is founded to administer the Alaskan fur trade. 3889
1799/--/-- The Russian-American Company is founded to administer the Alaskan fur trade. 7123
1799/--/-- Tippu Sultan is killed in battle with the British; the Mysore empire is destroyed. 1501
1799/--/-- Tippu Sultan is killed in battle with the British; the Mysore empire is destroyed. 3887
1800/--/-- Black slave Gabriel leads an abortive uprising near Richmond, Virginia. 3900
1800/--/-- France regains Louisiana from Spain under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. 3897
1800/--/-- Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery. 3902
1800/--/-- Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery. 7450
1800/--/-- Jefferson defeats Adams in the U.S. presidential election, but ties with Burr. 3898
1800/--/-- Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) arrives in the Ohio River valley around this time. 3901
1800/--/-- Library of Congress founded 6763
1800/--/-- Madame de Stael publishes The Influence of Literature Upon Society. 3904
1800/--/-- Napoleon commissions Cambaceres to develop the Napoleonic Code of law. 3896
1800/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo. 3895
1800/--/-- Seat of government moves from Philadelphia to Washington, DC 6764
1800/--/-- The Library of Congress is founded in Washington D.C. 3903
1800/--/-- The seat of U.S. government is transferred to Washington, D.C. 3899
1800/--/-- Volta invents electric battery 6765
1801/--/-- Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I. 1502
1801/--/-- Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I. 3906
1801/--/-- Barbary pirates begin the Tripolitan War; a U.S. squadron sails to the Mediterranean. 3911
1801/--/-- Castlereagh secures passage of the Act of Union, which unites Britain and Ireland. 3907
1801/--/-- Chemists Proust and Berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition. 3914
1801/--/-- Jefferson is selected as the 3rd U.S. president; Burr becomes vice-president. 3905
1801/--/-- Nelson defeats the Danish fleet at Copenhagen. 3909
1801/--/-- Robert Fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the Nautilus. 3913
1801/--/-- The British defeat Napoleon's army of Egypt at Alexandria. 3910
1801/--/-- The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria. 1310
1801/--/-- The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria. 3908
1801/--/-- The Union Jack becomes the official flag of the United Kingdom. 3912
1801/--/-- Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 282
1802/--/-- Alexander von Humboldt climbs Mt. Chimborazo, setting a world height record. 3919
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 1503
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 3920
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 7126
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 7594
1802/--/-- Britain returns the island of Minorca to Spain. 3918
1802/--/-- Napoleon is created First Consul for life. 3915
1802/--/-- The French capture Haitian leader Toussaint, but are defeated by Christophe. 3916
1802/--/-- The Treaty of Amiens brings a temporary halt to the French Revolutionary Wars. 3917
1803/--/-- Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars. 1311
1803/--/-- Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars. 3922
1803/--/-- Britain establishes a new penal colony on Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). 3923
1803/--/-- Dalton devises table of elements 6766
1803/--/-- English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory. 1174
1803/--/-- English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory. 3927
1803/--/-- France sells Louisiana to the U.S. 3921
1803/--/-- Matthew Flinders completes the first circumnavigation of Australia. 3926
1803/--/-- Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union. 3925
1803/--/-- Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union. 7010
1803/--/-- Robert Emmet leads an Irish rebellion in Dublin; he is captured and executed. 3924
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 1504
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 3935
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 7127
1804/--/-- Dessalines declares Haitian independence and names himself Emperor Jacques I. 3933
1804/--/-- English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive. 1175
1804/--/-- English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive. 3937
1804/--/-- Francis II assumes the title of emperor of Austria. 3928
1804/--/-- Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria. 1312
1804/--/-- Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria. 3932
1804/--/-- Jefferson is reelected as U.S. president; Clinton becomes vice-president. 3934
1804/--/-- Lewis and Clark expedition encounters Native Americans 6767
1804/--/-- Lewis and Clarke Expedition 6768
1804/--/-- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west. 3936
1804/--/-- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west. 7128
1804/--/-- Napoleon becomes Emperor 6769
1804/--/-- Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France. 3929
1804/--/-- Serbian nationalists revolt against the Turks. 3930
1804/--/-- Stephen Decatur leads a U.S. navy skirmish into Tripoli harbor. 3931
1805/--/-- American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 3943
1805/--/-- American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 7129
1805/--/-- Austria sues for peace with France at the Treaty of Pressburg. 3942
1805/--/-- Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden form a Third Coalition against France. 3938
1805/--/-- Muhammad Ali is appointed Pasha (governor) of Egypt by the Ottoman sultan. 3940
1805/--/-- Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action. 1505
1805/--/-- Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action. 3939
1805/--/-- The French defeat Austro-Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz. 3941
1805/--/-- The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, begins planning an Indian uprising. 3944
1806/--/-- Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion. 1506
1806/--/-- Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion. 3949
1806/--/-- Napoleon begins the Continental System, closing European ports to British vessels. 3947
1806/--/-- Napoleon forces the abdication of Francis II; the Holy Roman Empire is dissolved. 3945
1806/--/-- Noah Webster publishes "Compendious" Dictionary of the English Language" 6770
1806/--/-- Prussia joins the Coalition against France, but is defeated at Jena-Auerstadt. 3946
1806/--/-- Revolutionary leader Francisco de Miranda makes an abortive invasion of Venezuela. 3950
1806/--/-- The British employ Congreve rockets against a French invasion fleet. 3948
1806/--/-- U.S. explorer Zebulon Pike is sent west to descend the Red River. 3951
1806/--/-- William Murdock installs gas lighting in a Manchester cotton mill. 3952
1807/--/-- Aaron Burr is tried for treason and acquitted. 3958
1807/--/-- Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral). 3962
1807/--/-- Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral). 7595
1807/--/-- British chemist Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium. 3961
1807/--/-- Congress passes the Embargo Act in response to interference with U.S. shipping. 3957
1807/--/-- German philosopher Hegel publishes The Phenomenology of the Spirit. 3963
1807/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Russian armies; Russia and Prussia sue for peace at Tilsit. 3953
1807/--/-- Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal. 1176
1807/--/-- Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal. 3955
1807/--/-- Robert Fulton's steamship the Clermont makes its maiden voyage. 3960
1807/--/-- Sir Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium 6771
1807/--/-- The Janissaries depose Sultan Selim III and place Mustafa IV on the Ottoman throne. 3954
1807/--/-- The slave trade is outlawed throughout the British Empire. 3959
1807/--/-- The U.S. frigate Chesapeake is involved in an incident with a British man-of-war. 3956
1808/--/-- Beethoven composes "Fifth Symphony" 6772
1808/--/-- Congress prohibits importing of African slaves 6773
1808/--/-- Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war. 3968
1808/--/-- Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war. 7596
1808/--/-- French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac isolates the element boron. 3967
1808/--/-- German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains. 3970
1808/--/-- German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains. 7597
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 3969
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 7598
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 7990
1808/--/-- John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company. 3966
1808/--/-- John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company. 7130
1808/--/-- Napoleon appoints his brother Joseph as king of Spain. 3964
1808/--/-- Napoleon occupys Spain 6774
1808/--/-- The British under Wellington aid Portugal against France in the Peninsular War. 3965
1809/--/-- Frenchman Nicolas Appert develops the first effective method for canning food. 3977
1809/--/-- German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes. 3978
1809/--/-- German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes. 7599
1809/--/-- James Madison (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 283
1809/--/-- John Stevens' steamboat the Phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage. 3976
1809/--/-- Lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in Zoological Philosophy. 3975
1809/--/-- Metternich draws Austria into the War of the Fifth Coalition against France. 3971
1809/--/-- Napoleon annexes the Papal States and takes Pope Pius VII prisoner. 3972
1809/--/-- Russia seizes Finland from Sweden; King Gustav IV Adolf abdicates. 3974
1809/--/-- The French defeat the Austrians at Wagram; Francis II accepts the Treaty of Schonbrunn. 3973
1810/--/-- A rebellion against Spain breaks out in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3981
1810/--/-- American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida. 3982
1810/--/-- American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida. 7131
1810/--/-- Kamehameha I becomes ruler of Hawaii and establishes the Kamehameha dynasty. 3983
1810/--/-- Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla leads a rebellion against Spanish rule. 3980
1810/--/-- Revolutions in Latin America lead to independent nations 6775
1810/--/-- Separatists movements in Latin America 6776
1810/--/-- The Krupp arms factory is established at Essen in Germany. 3984
1810/--/-- Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army holds the French on the outskirts of Lisbon. 3979
1811/--/-- Bolivar and Miranda lead the Venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence. 3986
1811/--/-- First steamboat to sail down Mississippi reaches New Orleans 6778
1811/--/-- George III becomes mentally unstable; the Prince of Wales assumes power as regent. 3990
1811/--/-- Henri Christophe declares himself king of northern Haiti. 3989
1811/--/-- Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro develops the concept known as Avogadro's law. 3993
1811/--/-- Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility" 6777
1811/--/-- Jose Artigas raises a force to expel the Spanish from the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). 3987
1811/--/-- Mexican rebel leader Hidalgo y Costilla is captured and executed. 3985
1811/--/-- Native Americans defeated in Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana Territory 6779
1811/--/-- The building of the National Road, the first U.S. federal highway, begins in Maryland. 3992
1811/--/-- The first rowing race in the United States is held in New York. 3994
1811/--/-- The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry. 1177
1811/--/-- The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry. 3991
1811/--/-- The ruling Mameluke aristocracy is massacred in Cairo by Muhammad Ali. 3988
1811/--/-- William Henry Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe. 3995
1812/--/-- An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000. 1507
1812/--/-- An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000. 4007
1812/--/-- English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax. 1178
1812/--/-- English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax. 4013
1812/--/-- General William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 4000
1812/--/-- Georges Cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils. 4009
1812/--/-- Grimm's Fairy Tales are published in Germany. 4014
1812/--/-- John Nash begins the oriental conversion of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton. 4011
1812/--/-- Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union. 4006
1812/--/-- Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union. 7011
1812/--/-- Napoleon's army retreats from Moscow; only 40,000 men reach France. 4005
1812/--/-- Napoleon defeated in Russia 6780
1812/--/-- Napoleon invades Russia with 450,000 men. 3996
1812/--/-- Rebel leader Morelos y Pavon defeats the Mexican royalist forces at Oaxaca. 4003
1812/--/-- Spanish forces defeat Bolivar and Miranda in Venezuela; Miranda is imprisoned. 4004
1812/--/-- Stephen Decatur's frigate United States defeats the British frigate Macedonian. 4002
1812/--/-- Swiss explorer Jakob Burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of Petra. 4008
1812/--/-- Territorial and shipping disputes lead to the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. 3999
1812/--/-- The ancient city of Petra (now in present-day Jordan) is rediscovered by Johann Burckhardt. 4010
1812/--/-- The first coal gas generating station is chartered in London to provide gas lighting. 4012
1812/--/-- The French defeat the Russians at Borodino; Napoleon occupies Moscow. 3998
1812/--/-- The U.S. Navy frigate Constitution defeats 2 British frigates. 4001
1812/--/-- War of 1812 Begins 1313
1812/--/-- Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain. 3997
1813/--/-- 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England. 1179
1813/--/-- 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England. 4022
1813/--/-- English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice. 1180
1813/--/-- English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice. 4024
1813/--/-- James Wilkinson captures a fort at Mobile, the last Spanish possession in West Florida. 4020
1813/--/-- Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by the Sixth Coalition. 4015
1813/--/-- Oliver Hazard Perry's ships destroy the British fleet on Lake Erie. 4017
1813/--/-- Pro-British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames. 1508
1813/--/-- Pro-British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames. 4019
1813/--/-- Rebel forces invade Venezuela and capture Caracas; Bolivar is declared the Liberator. 4021
1813/--/-- Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England. 1181
1813/--/-- Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England. 4023
1813/--/-- Wellington defeats the French in Spain at Vitoria and invades southern France. 4016
1813/--/-- William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames. 4018
1814/--/-- Actor Edmund Kean makes his debut as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. 4034
1814/--/-- Andrew Jackson annihilates the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. 4026
1814/--/-- Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Resistance in South 6781
1814/--/-- British forces burn Washington, D.C., but are repulsed at Fort McHenry. 4028
1814/--/-- Coalition armies invade France; Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of Elba. 4025
1814/--/-- French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque. 4035
1814/--/-- French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque. 7600
1814/--/-- George Stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive. 4033
1814/--/-- Louis XVIII assumes the French throne. 4027
1814/--/-- New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention. 1182
1814/--/-- New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention. 4030
1814/--/-- Pope Pius VII returns to Rome; the Jesuit order is reestablished. 4032
1814/--/-- The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. 4031
1814/--/-- Treaty of Ghent 6782
1814/--/-- U.S. forces under Thomas Macdonough destroy the British fleet on Lake Champlain. 4029
1815/--/-- French Monarchy re-established 6783
1815/--/-- Napoleon escapes from Elba and marches on Paris during the Hundred Days. 4037
1815/--/-- Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; he is exiled to the island of Saint Helena. 4039
1815/--/-- The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives. 4036
1815/--/-- The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives. 7132
1815/--/-- The Barbary States sue for peace with the U.S. 4040
1815/--/-- The first Gurkha regiment is formed by the British army. 4042
1815/--/-- The Spanish army reconquers Venezuela; Bolivar flees to Jamaica. 4038
1815/--/-- The Spanish capture and execute the Mexican rebel leader Morelos y Pavon. 4041
1815/--/-- War of 1812 Ends 1314
1816/--/-- Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome. 4048
1816/--/-- Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome. 7601
1816/--/-- Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union. 4046
1816/--/-- Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union. 7012
1816/--/-- Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil. 1509
1816/--/-- Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil. 4049
1816/--/-- Nepal is made a protectorate of British India. 4043
1816/--/-- Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa. 4045
1816/--/-- Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa. 7887
1816/--/-- The British Museum buys the Elgin Marbles (smuggled from Greece by Lord Elgin). 4047
1816/--/-- The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina) declare independence. 4044
1817/--/-- Construction begins on Erie Canal in New York 6784
1817/--/-- Construction of the Erie Canal begins in New York State. 4053
1817/--/-- First Seminole War 6785
1817/--/-- French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope. 4054
1817/--/-- French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope. 7451
1817/--/-- James Monroe (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 284
1817/--/-- Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins defeat the Spanish in Chile. 4051
1817/--/-- Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union. 4052
1817/--/-- Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union. 7013
1817/--/-- Monroe is inaugurated as the 5th U.S. president; Tompkins becomes vice-president. 4050
1817/--/-- Sir Walter Scott writes the Scottish adventure novel Rob Roy. 4055
1818/--/-- Arthur Schopenhauer publishes The World as Will and Representation. 4060
1818/--/-- Bernardo O'Higgins becomes the supreme director of independent Chile. 4056
1818/--/-- Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family. 4061
1818/--/-- Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family. 7602
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 1183
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 4059
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 7452
1818/--/-- Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union. 4057
1818/--/-- Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union. 7014
1818/--/-- John Keats "Endymion" 6786
1818/--/-- Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley publishes the horror novel Frankenstein. 4063
1818/--/-- Sir John Ross sails in search of the Northwest Passage. 4058
1818/--/-- Thomas Love Peacock publishes his comic novel Nightmare Abbey. 4062
1818/--/-- Treaty with Britain sets 49th parallel 6787
1819/--/-- Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union. 4067
1819/--/-- Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union. 7015
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 4070
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 7133
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 7603
1819/--/-- Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Colombia at the Battle of Boyaca. 4065
1819/--/-- Lord Byron begins his satirical poem Don Juan. 4071
1819/--/-- Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles acquires Singapore for the East India Company. 4066
1819/--/-- Spain surrenders East and West Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty. 4064
1819/--/-- The Prado Museum is inaugurated in Madrid. 4069
1819/--/-- The Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic. 4068
1819/--/-- Treaty with Spain sets boundaries 6788
1820/--/-- Carbonari Italian nationalists rebel against the rule of Ferdinand I in Naples. 4080
1820/--/-- English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale. 1184
1820/--/-- English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale. 4084
1820/--/-- English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound. 1185
1820/--/-- English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound. 4086
1820/--/-- Fed offers land at $1.25 an acre 6789
1820/--/-- French navigator Dumont d'Urville discovers the Venus de Milo on the island of Melos. 4083
1820/--/-- French poet Alphonse de Lamartine publishes Meditations Poetiques. 4085
1820/--/-- Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer. 1510
1820/--/-- Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer. 4075
1820/--/-- Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes the virtual dictator of Argentina. 4072
1820/--/-- Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union. 4076
1820/--/-- Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union. 7016
1820/--/-- Missouri Compromise 6790
1820/--/-- Percy Bysshe Shelly "Prometheus Unbound" 6791
1820/--/-- Russian Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen sights land in the Antarctic. 4082
1820/--/-- Stephen H. Long explores the Rocky Mountain region. 4078
1820/--/-- The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii. 4081
1820/--/-- The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii. 7135
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 4073
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 7134
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 7888
1820/--/-- The Missouri Compromise admits Missouri to the Union as a slave state. 4079
1820/--/-- The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III. 1511
1820/--/-- The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III. 4074
1820/--/-- U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel. 1512
1820/--/-- U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel. 4077
1820/--/-- Washington Irving publishes Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. 4087
1821/--/-- American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica. 4097
1821/--/-- American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica. 7136
1821/--/-- Bolivar forms Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama). 4092
1821/--/-- Brazil annexes the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). 4094
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 1186
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 4099
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 7604
1821/--/-- King John VI is reinstated on the Portuguese throne. 4089
1821/--/-- Mexican Independence 6792
1821/--/-- Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation 6793
1821/--/-- Missouri Compromise 6794
1821/--/-- Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union. 4096
1821/--/-- Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union. 7017
1821/--/-- Napoleon dies on Saint Helena. 1513
1821/--/-- Napoleon dies on Saint Helena. 4095
1821/--/-- Revolutionary general San Martin enters Lima and declares Peru independent. 4093
1821/--/-- Revolutionary leader Iturbide declares Mexican independence from Spain. 4090
1821/--/-- Simon Bolivar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and Ecuador. 4091
1821/--/-- The Cherokee Indian Sequoya develops the Cherokee written language. 4098
1821/--/-- The Greek War of Independence begins against Turkey. 4088
1821/--/-- Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published. 1187
1821/--/-- Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published. 4100
1821/07/09 George IV crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Char 8111
1822/--/-- American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process. 4106
1822/--/-- American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process. 7137
1822/--/-- Antonio Jose de Sucre defeats the Spanish in Ecuador at the Battle of Pichincha. 4104
1822/--/-- British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide. 1514
1822/--/-- British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide. 4103
1822/--/-- Denmark Vesey leads a slave revolt in Charleston; 35 blacks are executed. 4105
1822/--/-- Dom Pedro, son of Portuguese King John VI, declares Brazil independent. 4102
1822/--/-- Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali completes the conquest of northern Sudan. 4101
1822/--/-- French scholar Jean Francois Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphics. 4107
1823/--/-- Charles Babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer. 4110
1823/--/-- Charles Lamb publishes his Essays of Elia in The London Magazine. 4116
1823/--/-- Charles Macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats. 4111
1823/--/-- General Santa Anna leads a coup against Mexican Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide). 4108
1823/--/-- James Fenimore Cooper publishes the first volume of The Leatherstocking Tales. 4115
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 4112
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 7605
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 7991
1823/--/-- Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony. 4114
1823/--/-- Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony. 7606
1823/--/-- Monroe Doctrine 6795
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 875
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 1188
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 4113
1823/--/-- The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas. 4109
1823/--/-- The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas. 7138
1824/--/-- De Sucre defeats the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, liberating Peru. 4119
1824/--/-- Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma. 1315
1824/--/-- Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma. 4117
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 1189
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 1515
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 4121
1824/--/-- Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time. 4123
1824/--/-- Sadi Carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics. 4122
1824/--/-- The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana). 4118
1824/--/-- The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana). 1316
1824/--/-- The National Gallery is founded in London. 4120
1825/--/-- Adams is inaugurated as the 6th U.S. president; Calhoun becomes vice-president. 4124
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 4130
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 7140
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 7607
1825/--/-- English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age. 1190
1825/--/-- English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age. 4131
1825/--/-- John Quincy Adams (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 285
1825/--/-- Kappa Alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at Union College, New York. 4132
1825/--/-- Mountain man James Bridger discovers the Great Salt Lake. 4129
1825/--/-- Nicholas I is made emperor of Russia; the Decembrists revolt breaks out. 4127
1825/--/-- The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico. 4126
1825/--/-- The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico. 7139
1825/--/-- Thomas Cole establishes Hudson River school of landscape painting 6796
1825/--/-- Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina. 1317
1825/--/-- Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina. 4125
1825/--/-- Welsh reformer Robert Owen founds a community at New Harmony, Indiana. 4128
1826/--/-- American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive. 4137
1826/--/-- American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive. 7141
1826/--/-- Andre Ampere publishes his Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomenon. 4136
1826/--/-- British engineer Thomas Telford builds the Menai suspension bridge in Wales. 4135
1826/--/-- Felix Mendelssohn composes his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream at age 17. 4138
1826/--/-- German poet Heine begins the publication of Reisebilder (Travel Pictures). 4139
1826/--/-- Ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance. 4134
1826/--/-- Revolutionary leader Antonio Jose de Sucre is elected first president of Bolivia. 4133
1827/--/-- American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress. 4143
1827/--/-- American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress. 7142
1827/--/-- Audubon publishes " Birds of America" 6797
1827/--/-- Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece. 1318
1827/--/-- Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece. 4140
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 1191
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 4144
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 7453
1827/--/-- French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni. 4146
1827/--/-- French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni. 7608
1827/--/-- Mountain man Jedediah Smith pioneers an overland route to California. 4142
1827/--/-- Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America. 4145
1827/--/-- Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America. 7143
1827/--/-- The Allied navies destroy the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino in Greece. 4141
1828/--/-- Composer Frederic Chopin begins concert tours at age 18. 4151
1828/--/-- Greeks win War of Independence from Ottoman Empire 6798
1828/--/-- Lavalleja's Thirty-three Immortals achieve Uruguayan independence from Brazil. 4147
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 1192
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 4152
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 7144
1828/--/-- Rammohun Roy founds the Brahmo Samaj religious society in India. 4149
1828/--/-- The Duke of Wellington becomes prime minister of Britain. 4148
1828/--/-- Virtuoso violin player Niccolo Paganini performs in Vienna. 4150
1829/--/-- Andrew Jackson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 286
1829/--/-- Delacroix paints "Death of Sardanapalus" 6799
1829/--/-- Explorer Charles Sturt charts the Murray River in Australia. 4157
1829/--/-- Jackson introduces spoils system 6800
1829/--/-- Jackson is inaugurated as the 7th U.S. president; Calhoun continues as vice-president. 4153
1829/--/-- Lord Bentinck bans the Indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows). 4159
1829/--/-- Louis Braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind. 4160
1829/--/-- Serbia becomes an autonomous principality under Prince Milos. 4154
1829/--/-- Sir Robert Peel reorganizes the London police; his policemen are nicknamed Bobbies. 4158
1829/--/-- Sir Robert Peel sponsers the Catholic Emancipation Act in Britain. 4155
1829/--/-- The convict-free British colony of Western Australia is founded. 4156
1829/--/-- The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun. 4161
1829/--/-- The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun. 7145
1830/--/-- Belgium asserts its independence from the Netherlands. 4167
1830/--/-- British geologist Charles Lyell begins publishing his Principles of Geology. 4173
1830/--/-- Fructuoso Rivera is elected as first president of Uruguay. 4162
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 4174
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 7146
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 7609
1830/--/-- Greece becomes independent from Turkey. 4166
1830/--/-- Hector Berlioz composes his first major work the Symphonie Fantastique. 4176
1830/--/-- Indian Removal Act moves eastern Indians west of Mississippi 6801
1830/--/-- Joseph Smith founds the Mormon church at Fayette, New York. 4171
1830/--/-- Louis Philippe is chosen as the citizen king of France. 4165
1830/--/-- Philipon publishes the satirical weekly La Caricature, with contributions by Daumier. 4175
1830/--/-- Polish rebellions are suppressed by Russia. 4168
1830/--/-- Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year. 1516
1830/--/-- Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year. 4169
1830/--/-- The Indian Removal Act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to Indian Territory. 4170
1830/--/-- The July Revolution in France forces the abdication of Charles X. 4164
1830/--/-- The locomotive Best Friend of Charleston is in use on the first U.S. railroad. 4172
1830/--/-- The Women's magazine Godey's Lady's Book is published in the U.S. 4177
1830/--/-- William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1193
1830/--/-- William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 4163
1831/--/-- British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle. 4184
1831/--/-- British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle. 7147
1831/--/-- Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper. 4187
1831/--/-- Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper. 7454
1831/--/-- Explorer James Clark Ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole. 4183
1831/--/-- Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founds the Young Italy movement. 4180
1831/--/-- Jose Antonio Paez becomes the first president of Venezuela. 4179
1831/--/-- King Louis Philippe founds the French foreign legion. 4185
1831/--/-- Leopold I is selected as the first king of Belgium. 4178
1831/--/-- Michael Faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction. 4188
1831/--/-- Nat Turner leads a black slave revolt in Virginia; he is captured and hanged. 4182
1831/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin completes his masterpiece Eugene Onegin. 4189
1831/--/-- The crown colony of British Guiana (Guyana) is formed. 4181
1831/--/-- Victor Hugo "Hunchback of Notre Dame" 6802
1831/--/-- William Lloyd Garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator. 4186
1832/--/-- George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) publishes her first novel Indiana. 4193
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 4192
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 7610
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 7992
1832/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph 6803
1832/--/-- The Black Hawk War is the last major Indian conflict east of the Mississippi River. 4190
1832/--/-- The Democratic party is formally established as a national organization. 4191
1833/--/-- A Bavarian prince becomes King Otto of Greece. 4197
1833/--/-- Britain occupies the Falkland Islands. 4194
1833/--/-- Carl von Clausewitz's classic study of warfare On War is published. 4200
1833/--/-- General Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico. 4196
1833/--/-- Isabella II succeeds Ferdinand VII, King of Spain; the Carlist Wars begin. 4195
1833/--/-- President Jackson withdraws federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. 4198
1833/--/-- Santa Anna elected President of Mexico 6804
1833/--/-- The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia. 4199
1833/--/-- The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia. 7148
1833/--/-- Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English. 1194
1833/--/-- Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English. 4201
1834/--/-- A Quadruple Alliance is formed to aid Isabella II of Spain and Maria II of Portugal. 4203
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 4207
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 7149
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 7455
1834/--/-- British politician Sir Robert Peel founds the Conservative Party. 4204
1834/--/-- Indian Territory founded 6805
1834/--/-- Slavery abolished in British Empire 6806
1834/--/-- The Carlist Wars resume in Spain. 4202
1834/--/-- The Hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in London. 4206
1834/--/-- The Whig party is formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party. 4205
1835/--/-- American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule. 4209
1835/--/-- American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule. 7150
1835/--/-- Attempts to move the Seminole Indians begins the second Seminole War. 4208
1835/--/-- Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen publishes Tales Told for Children. 4212
1835/--/-- French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America. 4210
1835/--/-- French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America. 7151
1835/--/-- James Gordon Bennett founds the New York Herald newspaper. 4211
1835/--/-- Second Seminole War in Florida 6807
1836/--/-- American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers. 4222
1836/--/-- American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers. 7153
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 4219
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 7152
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 7456
1836/--/-- American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club. 4224
1836/--/-- American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club. 7154
1836/--/-- Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union. 4217
1836/--/-- Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union. 7018
1836/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior. 4214
1836/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior. 7889
1836/--/-- Bolivian president Santa Cruz invades Peru and forms the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. 4213
1836/--/-- Charles Barry designs Westminster Palace in the Gothic Revival style. 4221
1836/--/-- Charles Dickens publishes his first popular work The Pickwick Papers. 4225
1836/--/-- John C. Calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent Congress debating slavery. 4218
1836/--/-- Republic of Texas forms 1319
1836/--/-- Russian author Nikolai Gogol writes his play The Inspector General. 4223
1836/--/-- Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders. 1517
1836/--/-- Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders. 4215
1836/--/-- Texans under Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River. 4216
1836/--/-- Texas Revolution 6808
1836/--/-- The Arc de Triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in Paris. 4220
1837/--/-- Britain's refusal to grant more home rule in Canada leads to the Rebellions of 1837. 4228
1837/--/-- British scientist Charles Wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system. 4231
1837/--/-- Charles Dickens "Oliver Twist" 6809
1837/--/-- Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs. 4232
1837/--/-- Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs. 7457
1837/--/-- Martin Van Buren (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 287
1837/--/-- Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union. 4229
1837/--/-- Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union. 7019
1837/--/-- Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin. 1518
1837/--/-- Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin. 4235
1837/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel. 1519
1837/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel. 4234
1837/--/-- Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle publishes The French Revolution. 4233
1837/--/-- Seminole Indian leader Osceola is captured. 4230
1837/--/-- Van Buren is inaugurated as the 8th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president. 4226
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1195
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1520
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 4227
1837/06/-- Victoria succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. 8112
1838/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) leader Andries Pretorius defeats the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. 4236
1838/--/-- British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire. 4242
1838/--/-- British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire. 7611
1838/--/-- Charles Wilkes heads a U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica. 4237
1838/--/-- Cherokee "Trail of Tears" 6810
1838/--/-- French philosopher Auguste Comte inaugurates the science of sociology. 4241
1838/--/-- Iowa Territory organized 6811
1838/--/-- John Deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil. 4240
1838/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse develops the Morse code for electric telegraph systems. 4238
1838/--/-- Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle. 4239
1838/06/08 Victoria crowned Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Will 8113
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 4247
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 7156
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 7458
1839/--/-- Chile defeats Santa Cruz's Peru-Bolivian Confederation at the Battle of Yungay. 4243
1839/--/-- Daguerre invents first form of photography 6812
1839/--/-- French novelist Stendhal writes The Charterhouse of Parma. 4251
1839/--/-- Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt embarks on a concert tour of Europe. 4250
1839/--/-- Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved. 4244
1839/--/-- Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved. 7155
1839/--/-- Stephens and Catherwood explore Maya ruins in the Yucatan. 4249
1839/--/-- The Anglo-Afghan Wars begin in Afghanistan. 4246
1839/--/-- The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China. 4245
1839/--/-- The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China. 7801
1839/--/-- Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden formulate the cell theory. 4248
1840/--/-- Civil War breaks out in Uruguay between the Colorados (reds) and Blancos (whites). 4252
1840/--/-- Edgar Allen Poe: "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" 6813
1840/--/-- French philosopher and anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon writes What is Property. 4261
1840/--/-- Horatio Greenough's classical statue of George Washington is strongly criticized. 4262
1840/--/-- Maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to Queen Victoria in the Treaty of Waitangi. 4255
1840/--/-- Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. 4254
1840/--/-- Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages. 4260
1840/--/-- Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages. 7157
1840/--/-- The first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, is issued in London. 4259
1840/--/-- The Liberty party is founded in Albany, N.Y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform. 4257
1840/--/-- The metric system of measurement is reinstated in France. 4258
1840/--/-- The Underground Railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the U.S. 4256
1840/--/-- Upper and Lower Canada are united in the single Province of Canada. 4253
1840/--/-- Upper and lower Canada united 6814
1841/--/-- Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue. 1521
1841/--/-- Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue. 4272
1841/--/-- George Grey is appointed governor of South Australia to help save the colony. 4265
1841/--/-- Harrison is inaugurated as the 9th U.S. president; Tyler becomes vice-president. 4263
1841/--/-- Horace Greeley founds the New York Tribune newspaper. 4271
1841/--/-- Italian ballerina Carlotta Grisi creates the role of Giselle. 4270
1841/--/-- John Tyler (Whig) becomes president of the United States 289
1841/--/-- Muhammad Ali defeats the Ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of Egypt. 4266
1841/--/-- New Zealand is established as a separate British colony. 4264
1841/--/-- President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president 1522
1841/--/-- President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president 4268
1841/--/-- Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by Sir Robert Peel. 4267
1841/--/-- William Henry Harrison (Whig) becomes president of the United States 288
1841/--/-- William Henry Talbot patents the calotype photographic process. 4269
1842/--/-- 10-hour day for children under 12 in Massachusetts 6815
1842/--/-- American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail. 4276
1842/--/-- American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail. 7158
1842/--/-- American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb. 4277
1842/--/-- American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb. 7159
1842/--/-- Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler predicts the Doppler effect. 4275
1842/--/-- China cedes Hong Kong to Britain. 4274
1842/--/-- China cedes Hong Kong to Britain. 7802
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 4273
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 7803
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 7804
1842/--/-- Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale. 4278
1842/--/-- Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale. 7612
1843/--/-- A coup in Greece forces King Otto to accept a constitutional monarchy. 4279
1843/--/-- Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission. 4280
1843/--/-- Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission. 7160
1843/--/-- Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard publishes Either/Or. 4281
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 1196
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 4282
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 7613
1843/--/-- German astronomer Samuel Schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle. 4283
1844/--/-- Alexander Dumas "The Three Muskateers" 6816
1844/--/-- Eastern Hispaniola declares independence from Haiti as the Dominican Republic. 4284
1844/--/-- French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas pere) publishes The Three Musketeers. 4290
1844/--/-- Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob. 1523
1844/--/-- Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob. 4286
1844/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse establishes the first U.S. telegraph link. 4288
1844/--/-- Settlers in New South Wales force Britain to stop sending convicts to the colony. 4285
1844/--/-- The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England. 1197
1844/--/-- The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England. 4287
1844/--/-- William Henry Talbot begins his Pencil of Nature, the first book of photographs. 4289
1845/--/-- American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century. 4304
1845/--/-- American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century. 7161
1845/--/-- British archaeologist Austen Layard excavates the sites of Nimrud and Nineveh. 4300
1845/--/-- Civil War ends in Peru; Castilla Ramon is elected as president. 4294
1845/--/-- Failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in Ireland. 4297
1845/--/-- Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union. 4295
1845/--/-- Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union. 7020
1845/--/-- French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters. 4303
1845/--/-- French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters. 7614
1845/--/-- German composer Robert Schumann writes his Piano Concerto in A minor. 4302
1845/--/-- German scientist Alexander von Humboldt publishes the first volume of his Kosmos. 4301
1845/--/-- James K. Polk (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 290
1845/--/-- Polk is inaugurated as the 11th U.S. president; Dallas becomes vice-president 4291
1845/--/-- Sir John Franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. 4298
1845/--/-- The first clipper ship the Rainbow is built in New York. 4299
1845/--/-- The Republic of Texas becomes the 28th state of the Union. 7021
1845/--/-- The Republic of Texas is annexed by the U.S.; it becomes the 28th state of the Union. 4296
1845/--/-- The Sikh Wars begin in British India. 4293
1845/--/-- The term Manifest Destiny is first used in defense of U.S. territorial ambitions. 4292
1846/--/-- Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone in Paris. 4315
1846/--/-- American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic. 4313
1846/--/-- American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic. 7162
1846/--/-- German astronomer Johann Galle makes the first observation of the planet Neptune. 4311
1846/--/-- German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach publishes The Essence of Religion. 4314
1846/--/-- Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphers the Mesopotamian cuneiform script. 4312
1846/--/-- Iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the Union. 7022
1846/--/-- Mexican War 1320
1846/--/-- Mormon trek from Navoo to Salt Lake City 6817
1846/--/-- Oregon boundary with Canada established at 49th parallel 6818
1846/--/-- The border between the U.S. and Canada is established, settling the Oregon Question. 4305
1846/--/-- The Christy Minstrels begin performing in New York. 4316
1846/--/-- The Mexican government collapses; Santa Anna is reelected as president. 4308
1846/--/-- The Mexican War begins over the U.S. annexation of Texas. 4306
1846/--/-- The Smithsonian Institution is created by Congress. 4310
1846/--/-- U.S. forces under Stephen Watts Kearny occupy New Mexico. 4309
1846/--/-- U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor defeat the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Monterrey. 4307
1846/--/-- Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense. 4317
1846/--/-- Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense. 7615
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 1524
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 4323
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 7163
1847/--/-- American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts. 4326
1847/--/-- American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts. 7165
1847/--/-- Charlotte Bronte publishes Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte publishes Wuthering Heights. 4331
1847/--/-- English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair. 1198
1847/--/-- English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair. 4330
1847/--/-- Honore de Balzac completes La Comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels. 4329
1847/--/-- Italian statesman Cavour founds the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence). 4328
1847/--/-- Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet. 4325
1847/--/-- Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet. 7164
1847/--/-- Mormons and the Indians 6819
1847/--/-- Scott enters Mexico City after a series of battles; Mexico sues for peace. 4321
1847/--/-- Sir James Simpson uses chloroform for childbirth 6820
1847/--/-- Taylor defeats Santa Anna's Mexican army at the Battle of Buena Vista. 4319
1847/--/-- The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent. 4322
1847/--/-- The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent. 7890
1847/--/-- The American Medical Association is founded. 4332
1847/--/-- The American Medical Association is founded. 7166
1847/--/-- The Mormons under Brigham Young found Salt Lake City. 4324
1847/--/-- The U.S. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps. 4327
1847/--/-- U.S. forces under Stockton, Fremont and Kearny occupy California. 4318
1847/--/-- U.S. forces under Winfield Scott land at Veracruz and advance on Mexico City. 4320
1848/--/-- A Czech uprising under Frantisek Palacky is suppressed by Austria. 4338
1848/--/-- American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction. 4345
1848/--/-- American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction. 7167
1848/--/-- February Revolution by French workers makes Louis Napoleon III President of 2nd Reublic 6822
1848/--/-- Ferdinand I abdicates; Francis Joseph becomes Emperor of Austria. 4340
1848/--/-- French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas fils) publishes his novel Camille. 4349
1848/--/-- French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau. 4347
1848/--/-- French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau. 7616
1848/--/-- Gold discovered in California 6821
1848/--/-- Holman Hunt, Millais and Rossetti form the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in Britain. 4348
1848/--/-- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto. 4344
1848/--/-- Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels publish "Communist Manifesto" 6823
1848/--/-- Louis Philippe abdicates; a Second Republic is declared in France. 4336
1848/--/-- Mexican Cession 6824
1848/--/-- Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence. 1321
1848/--/-- Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence. 4334
1848/--/-- Scottish physicist William Thomson Kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale. 4346
1848/--/-- The Austrian revolution begins in Vienna; chancellor Metternich resigns. 4339
1848/--/-- The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill begins the California gold rush. 4343
1848/--/-- The first U.S. women's rights assembly meets at the Seneca Falls Convention. 4342
1848/--/-- The Revolutions of 1848 break out in Europe. 4333
1848/--/-- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ratifies the cession of California and New Mexico. 4335
1848/--/-- Uprisings in Berlin force Frederick William IV to summon a constitutional assembly. 4337
1848/--/-- Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union. 4341
1848/--/-- Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union. 7023
1849/--/-- Amelia Bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the Lily magazine. 4357
1849/--/-- Austrian forces crush the Italian revolution; Mazzini and Garibaldi flee from Italy. 4351
1849/--/-- Austrian premier Felix Schwarzenberg uses the Russian army to defeat the Hungarians. 4354
1849/--/-- Black slave Harriet Tubman escapes and begins her Underground Railway work. 4355
1849/--/-- Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree. 4356
1849/--/-- Francois Rene de Chateaubriand publishes Memoirs From Beyond the Tomb. 4359
1849/--/-- French physicist Armand Fizeau measures the velocity of light. 4358
1849/--/-- Lajos Kossuth declares Hungarian independence from Austria. 4353
1849/--/-- Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is deported to Siberia. 4352
1849/--/-- Taylor is inaugurated as the 12th U.S. president; Fillmore becomes vice-president 4350
1849/--/-- Zachary Taylor (Whig) becomes president of the United States 291
1850/--/-- Allan Pinkerton founds the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. 4365
1850/--/-- American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter. 4371
1850/--/-- American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter. 7170
1850/--/-- American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races. 4367
1850/--/-- American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races. 7169
1850/--/-- California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union. 4364
1850/--/-- California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union. 7024
1850/--/-- Congress reinforces the Fugitive Slave Law for the return of escaped slaves. 4363
1850/--/-- Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes her Sonnets From the Portuguese. 4373
1850/--/-- English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield. 1199
1850/--/-- English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield. 4372
1850/--/-- French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers. 4369
1850/--/-- French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers. 7617
1850/--/-- Jenny Lind the Swedish nightingale begins her U.S. tour. 4368
1850/--/-- Millard Fillmore (Whig) becomes president of the United States 292
1850/--/-- Nathanial Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter" 6825
1850/--/-- Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans. 4366
1850/--/-- Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans. 7168
1850/--/-- Plains Indians cede land in exchange for reservations 6826
1850/--/-- President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president. 1525
1850/--/-- President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president. 4361
1850/--/-- The Compromise of 1850 establishes California as a non-slavery state. 4362
1850/--/-- The first issue of Harper's magazine is published. 4370
1850/--/-- The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty. 4360
1850/--/-- The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty. 7805
1850/--/-- Utah and New Mexico Territories 6827
1851/--/-- A gold rush begins in Victoria, Australia; Victoria becomes a separate colony. 4375
1851/--/-- American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick. 4383
1851/--/-- American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick. 7172
1851/--/-- Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice. 4382
1851/--/-- Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice. 7618
1851/--/-- Harriet Beecher Stowe begins publishing Uncle Tom's Cabin. 4384
1851/--/-- Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones found the New York Times. 4376
1851/--/-- Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine. 4379
1851/--/-- Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine. 7459
1851/--/-- Jacob Fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in Baltimore. 4378
1851/--/-- Melville "Moby Dick" 6829
1851/--/-- Mongkut (Rama IV) becomes king of Siam (Thailand). 4374
1851/--/-- Singer patents sewing machine 6828
1851/--/-- The Crystal Palace is built in London to house the Great Exhibition. 4380
1851/--/-- The first college sorority is established at Wesleyan College, Georgia. 4377
1851/--/-- The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest. 4381
1851/--/-- The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest. 7171
1852/--/-- Argentinean dictator Rosas is defeated by forces under Urquiza at Monte Caseros. 4386
1852/--/-- Britain gains control of the Irrawaddy delta after the second Anglo-Burma War. 4387
1852/--/-- The Grimms begin publication of their Deutsches Worterbuch (German Dictionary). 4388
1852/--/-- The Second Empire begins in France under Napoleon III. 4385
1853/--/-- A U.S. naval squadron under Matthew Perry enters Tokyo Bay to negotiate a treaty. 4393
1853/--/-- Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom. 4391
1853/--/-- Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom. 7806
1853/--/-- Crimean War between Turkey, France & Britain against Russia 6830
1853/--/-- Franklin Pierce (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 293
1853/--/-- Franklin Pierce is inaugurated as the 14th U.S. president; King becomes vice-president. 4389
1853/--/-- General Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico for the last time. 4392
1853/--/-- Georges Haussmann begins the reconstruction of Paris. 4397
1853/--/-- Napoleon III marries the Empress Eugenie. 4390
1853/--/-- Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung. 4398
1853/--/-- Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung. 7619
1853/--/-- Russia occupies the Turkish principalities of Moldavia and Walachia. 4394
1853/--/-- The U.S. adds land to New Mexico and Arizona with the Gadsden Purchase. 4396
1853/--/-- Turkey issues an ultimatum to Russia; the Russians destroy the Turkish fleet at Sinope. 4395
1854/--/-- A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation. 4400
1854/--/-- A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation. 7993
1854/--/-- American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden. 4409
1854/--/-- American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden. 7173
1854/--/-- An Anglo-French-Turkish expeditionary force lands at Sevastopol in the Crimea. 4402
1854/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War. 1322
1854/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War. 4399
1854/--/-- Nebraska and Kansas Territories 6831
1854/--/-- Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. 4407
1854/--/-- Pre-Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat. 4408
1854/--/-- Pre-Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat. 7620
1854/--/-- Republican Party formed for abolition of slavery 6832
1854/--/-- Smith & Wesson invent revolver 6833
1854/--/-- The Allied armies defeat the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman. 4404
1854/--/-- The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa. 4401
1854/--/-- The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa. 7891
1854/--/-- The Charge of the Light Brigade is made by the British during the Battle of Balaklava. 4403
1854/--/-- The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery. 4405
1854/--/-- The Republican party is formed after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 4406
1854/--/-- Upper half of Indian Territory becomes part of Kansas Territory 6834
1855/--/-- British photographer Roger Fenton documents the Crimean War. 4416
1855/--/-- Florence Nightingale reforms hygienic standards in Crimean hospitals. 4417
1855/--/-- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes The Songs of Hiawatha. 4420
1855/--/-- Lord Palmerston becomes prime minister of Great Britain for the first time. 4413
1855/--/-- Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea. 4415
1855/--/-- Mexican dictator Santa Anna is overthrown. 4410
1855/--/-- Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II. 1526
1855/--/-- Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II. 4412
1855/--/-- Robert Browning publishes his poetry collection Men and Women. 4419
1855/--/-- Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa. 4414
1855/--/-- Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa. 7892
1855/--/-- The Allies occupy the Russian fortress at Sevastapol in the Crimea. 4411
1855/--/-- The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario. 908
1855/--/-- The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario. 4418
1855/--/-- Walt Whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the Leaves of Grass. 4421
1856/--/-- A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France. 4423
1856/--/-- A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France. 7807
1856/--/-- English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes. 1200
1856/--/-- English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes. 4424
1856/--/-- The first Neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in Germany. 4425
1856/--/-- The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War. 4422
1856/--/-- Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables during his exile from France. 4426
1857/--/-- Buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th U.S. president; Breckinridge becomes vice-president. 4427
1857/--/-- Disputes between Mormons and non-Mormon settlers leads to the Utah War. 4428
1857/--/-- Elisha Graves Otis installs the first passenger elevator in a New York City store. 4431
1857/--/-- English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays. 1201
1857/--/-- English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays. 4435
1857/--/-- French novelist Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary. 4433
1857/--/-- French poet Baudelaire publishes Flowers of Evil and is arrested for immorality. 4434
1857/--/-- James Buchanan (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 294
1857/--/-- Kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution 6835
1857/--/-- Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. 1527
1857/--/-- Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. 4430
1857/--/-- The Indian Mutiny begins when Indian troops rebel against the British in Meerut. 4429
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 1202
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 1203
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 4432
1858/--/-- Benito Juarez becomes the first Mexican president of Indian descent. 4441
1858/--/-- Bernadette Soubirous sees visions of the Vigin Mary in a grotto near Lourdes, France. 4451
1858/--/-- Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China. 4440
1858/--/-- Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China. 7808
1858/--/-- British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa. 4443
1858/--/-- British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa. 7893
1858/--/-- British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace outlines his theories of evolution. 4445
1858/--/-- Charles Frederick Worth establishes his Paris fashion house. 4448
1858/--/-- Cyrus W. Field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable. 4446
1858/--/-- Federal forces end the Utah War; Brigham Young is replaced as governor of Utah Territory. 4436
1858/--/-- French photographer Nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon. 4444
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 4449
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 7174
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 7621
1858/--/-- Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld premiers in Paris. 4450
1858/--/-- James Renwick begins the design of Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. 4447
1858/--/-- Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union. 4442
1858/--/-- Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union. 7025
1858/--/-- The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) are founded to overthrow British rule. 4439
1858/--/-- The government of India is transferred from the East India Company to the British crown. 4438
1858/--/-- The Indian Mutiny is suppressed by the British Army and loyal Indian troops. 4437
1859/--/-- Abolitionist John Brown leads an attack on Harpers Ferry; he is captured and executed. 4455
1859/--/-- Charles Darwin "Origin of Species" 6836
1859/--/-- Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 4458
1859/--/-- Ferdinand de Lesseps begins building the Suez Canal in Egypt. 4457
1859/--/-- French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system. 4456
1859/--/-- French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system. 7460
1859/--/-- Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria. 1323
1859/--/-- Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria. 4452
1859/--/-- Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union. 4453
1859/--/-- Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union. 7026
1859/--/-- Queensland becomes a separate colony of Australia. 4454
1860/--/-- Abraham Lincoln is elected as the first Republican president of the United States. 4463
1860/--/-- China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking. 4461
1860/--/-- China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking. 7809
1860/--/-- English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White. 1204
1860/--/-- English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White. 4470
1860/--/-- Florence Nightingale establishes a school for training nurses. 4468
1860/--/-- George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes The Mill on the Floss. 4469
1860/--/-- Italian patriot Garibaldi invades Sicily and Naples with his 1,000 Redshirts. 4459
1860/--/-- Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine. 4467
1860/--/-- Sardinia-Piedmont seizes the Papal States in Italy. 4460
1860/--/-- South Carolina becomes the first Southern state to secede from the Union. 4465
1860/--/-- The Crittenden Compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states. 4464
1860/--/-- The Maori Wars begin against the British in New Zealand. 4462
1860/--/-- The pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from Missouri to California. 4466
1861/--/-- Abraham Lincoln (Republican) becomes president of the United States 295
1861/--/-- American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock. 4484
1861/--/-- American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock. 7176
1861/--/-- Civil War Begins 1324
1861/--/-- CONFEDERACY 6838
1861/--/-- English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement. 1205
1861/--/-- English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement. 4486
1861/--/-- Explorers Burke and Wills die during their north-south crossing of Australia. 4481
1861/--/-- French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt. 4485
1861/--/-- French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt. 7622
1861/--/-- General George B. McClellan is made commander of the Union forces. 4479
1861/--/-- Italy is unified under Victor Emmanuel II. 4471
1861/--/-- John Ericsson designs the Monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret. 4483
1861/--/-- Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union. 4474
1861/--/-- Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union. 7027
1861/--/-- Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th U.S. president; Hamlin becomes vice-president. 4473
1861/--/-- Nicholas II abolishes serfdom in Russia. 4472
1861/--/-- The bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor begins the U.S. Civil War. 4477
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 4476
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 7028
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 7175
1861/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. 4478
1861/--/-- The Southern states meet to draft a constitution; Davis is selected as president. 4475
1861/--/-- The Trent Affair begins when a Union ship intercepts a British steamer. 4480
1861/--/-- The United States introduce the first national income tax. 4482
1861/--/-- Unification of Italy 6839
1861/--/-- Western territories reorganized by Republican Congresses 6837
1862/--/-- A Union fleet under David G. Farragut captures New Orleans. 4493
1862/--/-- Bartolome Mitre unites Argentina and is elected president. 4489
1862/--/-- Brady, O'Sullivan and Gardner document the Civil War in photographs. 4501
1862/--/-- Explorer John McDouall Stuart makes the first south to north crossing of Australia. 4498
1862/--/-- Foucault measures speed of light 6840
1862/--/-- French actress Sarah Bernhardt makes her debut at the Comedie Francaise. 4503
1862/--/-- French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe. 4504
1862/--/-- French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe. 7623
1862/--/-- French physicist Jean Foucault successfully measures the speed of light. 4499
1862/--/-- French writer Victor Hugo completes his social novel Les Miserables. 4506
1862/--/-- Lee's Confederate invasion of Maryland is halted at the Battle of Antietam. 4496
1862/--/-- Lee defeats the Union army in the Second Battle of Bull Run. 4495
1862/--/-- McClellan is defeated in the Seven Days Battle and retreats from the peninsular. 4494
1862/--/-- Napoleon III imposes the Austrian prince Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. 4488
1862/--/-- Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun. 4500
1862/--/-- Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun. 7461
1862/--/-- Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev publishes Fathers and Sons. 4505
1862/--/-- The first recorded ski competition is held near Oslo in Norway. 4502
1862/--/-- The ironclad warships Monitor and Merrimack clash at Hampton Roads, Va. 4490
1862/--/-- Union forces under Burnside are defeated at the Battle of Fredricksburg. 4497
1862/--/-- Union forces under Grant defeat the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh. 4492
1862/--/-- Union forces under McClellan begin the Peninsular Campaign to capture Richmond. 4491
1862/--/-- William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as minister president of Prussia. 4487
1863/--/-- Cambodia (Kampuchea) becomes a French protectorate. 4507
1863/--/-- English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism. 1206
1863/--/-- English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism. 4518
1863/--/-- French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses. 4520
1863/--/-- French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses. 7624
1863/--/-- George I succeeds Otto as king of Greece. 4510
1863/--/-- Grant defeats the Confederates in the Vicksburg Campaign. 4514
1863/--/-- Ismail Pasha rules Egypt under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. 4508
1863/--/-- Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery in the Confederate states. 4511
1863/--/-- London's Metropolitan Railway becomes the first underground subway. 4517
1863/--/-- The Confederate guerrilla band Quantrill's Raiders pillage Lawrence, Kansas. 4512
1863/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed. 1528
1863/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed. 4513
1863/--/-- The Confederates under Lee are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. 4515
1863/--/-- The French occupy Mexico City in support of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico. 4509
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 876
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 902
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 4519
1863/--/-- West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union. 4516
1863/--/-- West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union. 7029
1864/--/-- A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion. 4522
1864/--/-- A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion. 7810
1864/--/-- A Union army under Sherman invades Georgia, begining the Atlanta campaign. 4527
1864/--/-- Cheyenne and Arapaho families massacred at Sand Creek, Colorado 6841
1864/--/-- Denmark is defeated by Prussia; Schleswig-Holstein is ceded to Germany. 4521
1864/--/-- Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union. 4532
1864/--/-- Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union. 7030
1864/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano Lopez begins the War of the Triple Alliance. 4524
1864/--/-- Sherman defeats the Confederates at Atlanta and begins his march to the sea. 4529
1864/--/-- The Colorado militia massacre Cheyenne Indians at Sand Creek. 4530
1864/--/-- The Confederate submarine Hunley sinks a Federal ship but is sunk in the process. 4528
1864/--/-- The Geneva Convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war. 4531
1864/--/-- The Ionian Islands are ceded to Greece by Britain. 4523
1864/--/-- The Union launches a drive on Richmond but falters in the Wilderness Campaign. 4526
1864/--/-- Ulysses S. Grant is made general in chief of all the Union armies. 4525
1865/--/-- Andrew Johnson (Republican) becomes president of the United States 296
1865/--/-- Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the U.S. 4536
1865/--/-- Civil War Ends 1325
1865/--/-- Confederate forces under Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House. 4534
1865/--/-- Count Leo Tolstoi begins his monumental Russian novel War and Peace. 4540
1865/--/-- English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 1207
1865/--/-- English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 4539
1865/--/-- Johnston surrenders the last Confederate army to Sherman, ending the U.S. Civil War. 4537
1865/--/-- Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" 6842
1865/--/-- Lincoln assassinated 6843
1865/--/-- Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. 1529
1865/--/-- Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. 4535
1865/--/-- Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment. 4541
1865/--/-- The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery. 4538
1865/--/-- The Petersburg Campaign is won by Union forces; Lee evacuates Richmond. 4533
1866/--/-- British engineer Robert Whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo. 4545
1866/--/-- British engineer Robert Whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo. 7462
1866/--/-- Congress authorize (but do not mandate) the use of the metric system in the U.S. 4546
1866/--/-- Mendel publishes his genetic research in Experiments With Plant Hybrids. 4544
1866/--/-- Prussia and Italy defeat Austria in the Seven Weeks' War. 4542
1866/--/-- The Ku Klux Klan is founded in the southern United States. 4543
1867/--/-- Alfred Nobel patents dynamite 6844
1867/--/-- Bismark forms the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership. 4548
1867/--/-- Diamond fields are discovered in South Africa. 4553
1867/--/-- Diamond fields are discovered in South Africa. 7894
1867/--/-- English photographer Julia Margaret Cameron takes Sir John Herschel's portrait. 1208
1867/--/-- English photographer Julia Margaret Cameron takes Sir John Herschel's portrait. 4555
1867/--/-- French troops withdraw from Mexico; Emperor Maximilian is executed by Juarez. 4547
1867/--/-- Karl Marx publishes the first volume of Das Kapital. 4554
1867/--/-- Nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the Union. 4552
1867/--/-- Nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the Union. 7031
1867/--/-- Sir John A. Macdonald becomes Canada's first prime minister. 4551
1867/--/-- The Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 creates the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 4549
1867/--/-- The Dominion of Canada is established by the British North America Act. 4550
1867/--/-- The Dominion of Canada is established by the British North America Act. 7177
1868/--/-- A military coup led by General Juan Prim deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain. 4558
1868/--/-- A skeleton of Cro-Magnon man is discovered in southern France. 4564
1868/--/-- British labor unions form the Trades Union Congress. 4563
1868/--/-- Christopher Sholes patents the first practical typewriter. 4565
1868/--/-- Chulalongkorn succeeds his father Mongkut as the king of Siam (Thailand). 4561
1868/--/-- Feminists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton publish Revolution. 4567
1868/--/-- Johannes Brahms' A German Requiem is performed for the first time. 4566
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 1530
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 4562
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 7895
1868/--/-- The Meiji dynasty is restored in Japan; the Tokugawa shogunate is abolished. 4556
1868/--/-- The Meiji dynasty is restored in Japan; the Tokugawa shogunate is abolished. 7994
1868/--/-- The Ten Years' War begins in Cuba against Spanish rule. 4559
1868/--/-- U.S. President Andrew Johnson is impeached by Congress but acquitted by the Senate. 4560
1868/--/-- William Gladstone becomes Liberal prime minister of Britain for the first time. 4557
1869/--/-- 200 pitched battles between Indians and U.S. Calvary 6845
1869/--/-- English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy. 1209
1869/--/-- English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy. 4581
1869/--/-- French artist Eugene Louis Boudin paints On the Beach at Deauville. 4580
1869/--/-- French artist Eugene Louis Boudin paints On the Beach at Deauville. 7625
1869/--/-- Grant is inaugurated as the 18th U.S. president; Colfax becomes vice-president. 4568
1869/--/-- James Gordon Bennett Jr. commissions Stanley to search for Livingston in Africa. 4575
1869/--/-- James Gordon Bennett Jr. commissions Stanley to search for Livingston in Africa. 7896
1869/--/-- John Roebling designs the Brooklyn Bridge but dies after a construction accident. 1531
1869/--/-- John Roebling designs the Brooklyn Bridge but dies after a construction accident. 4572
1869/--/-- Louis Riel leads the Red River Rebellion in Canada. 4570
1869/--/-- Ludwig II (Mad Ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in Bavaria. 4579
1869/--/-- Philadelphia garment workers organize the Knights of Labor, an early labor union. 4573
1869/--/-- Pope Pius IX calls the First Vatican Council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility. 4574
1869/--/-- Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Gudunov. 4578
1869/--/-- Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Gudunov. 7626
1869/--/-- Suez Canal opens 6846
1869/--/-- The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first professional baseball team. 859
1869/--/-- The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first professional baseball team. 4577
1869/--/-- The first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum. 4576
1869/--/-- The Suez Canal is opened in Egypt. 4569
1869/--/-- The transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Point, Utah. 4571
1869/--/-- Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) becomes president of the United States 297
1869/--/-- Union Pacific meets Central Pacific 6847
1870/--/-- American industrialist John D. Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company. 4589
1870/--/-- American industrialist John D. Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company. 7178
1870/--/-- French war minister Leon Gambetta escapes from besieged Paris in a balloon. 1326
1870/--/-- French war minister Leon Gambetta escapes from besieged Paris in a balloon. 4585
1870/--/-- German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavates the ancient city of Troy. 4590
1870/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Solano Lopez dies, ending the War of the Triple Alliance. 1532
1870/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Solano Lopez dies, ending the War of the Triple Alliance. 4586
1870/--/-- Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. 4588
1870/--/-- The city of Miami is founded in Florida. 4587
1870/--/-- The Franco-Prussian War begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by Bismark. 4582
1870/--/-- The Prussians defeat the French at Sedan; Napoleon III is taken prisoner. 4583
1870/--/-- The Third Republic is formed in France; a Government of National Defense is established. 4584
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 4597
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 7179
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 7897
1871/--/-- Charles Taze Russell founds the Jehovah's Witnesses about this time. 4595
1871/--/-- Fire destroys one-third of the city of Chicago. 4596
1871/--/-- P.T Barnum launches a traveling circus, museum and menagerie. 4598
1871/--/-- The Franco-Prussian War ends; Alsace and Lorraine are ceded to Germany. 4592
1871/--/-- The French surrender to Prussia incites the Commune of Paris uprising. 4593
1871/--/-- The German Empire is formally proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles. 4591
1871/--/-- The Paris Commune is suppressed by government troops after a 2-month siege. 4594
1871/--/-- Trade Unions legalized in Britain 6848
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 4604
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 7180
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 7627
1872/--/-- English author George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes Middlemarch. 1210
1872/--/-- English author George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes Middlemarch. 4607
1872/--/-- Indian leader Kintpuash leaves the Modoc reservation; the Modoc Wars begin. 4600
1872/--/-- Monet paints Impression: Sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title. 4605
1872/--/-- Monet paints Impression: Sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title. 7628
1872/--/-- Photographer Eadweard Muybridge begins his series of motion studies. 1533
1872/--/-- Photographer Eadweard Muybridge begins his series of motion studies. 4603
1872/--/-- The Challenger Expedition begins the first systematic oceanographic survey. 4602
1872/--/-- The cities of Buda and Pest unite to form Budapest (the capital of Hungary from 1918). 4601
1872/--/-- The death of Kamehameha V ends the Kamehameha dynasty of Hawaiian kings. 1534
1872/--/-- The death of Kamehameha V ends the Kamehameha dynasty of Hawaiian kings. 4599
1872/--/-- The first woman impressionist artist Berthe Morisot paints The Cradle. 4606
1872/--/-- The first woman impressionist artist Berthe Morisot paints The Cradle. 7629
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 879
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 1211
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 4610
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 7463
1873/--/-- French novelist Jules Verne publishes Around the World in Eighty Days. 4611
1873/--/-- The Pacific Scandal in Canada causes the collapse of the Conservative government. 4608
1873/--/-- The Panic of 1873 leads to 5 years of economic depression in the U.S. 4609
1874/--/-- Benjamin Disraeli becomes the Conservative prime minister of Britain. 4612
1874/--/-- English author Thomas Hardy publishes Far from the Madding Crowd. 1212
1874/--/-- English author Thomas Hardy publishes Far from the Madding Crowd. 4617
1874/--/-- First impressionist exhibit in Paris 6849
1874/--/-- French impressionist artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints La Loge (The Box). 4615
1874/--/-- French impressionist artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints La Loge (The Box). 7630
1874/--/-- The Comanche, Kiowa and other Indian tribes attack Adobe Walls in Texas. 4613
1874/--/-- The first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in Paris. 4616
1874/--/-- The first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in Paris. 7631
1874/--/-- The Greenback party advocates currency reform in the U.S. 4614
1875/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes Tom Sawyer. 4622
1875/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes Tom Sawyer. 7181
1875/--/-- Britain buys Suez Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian leader Ismail Pasha. 4619
1875/--/-- Charles Stewart Parnell begins movement for Irish independence 6850
1875/--/-- Georges Bizet's opera Carmen is performed in Paris. 4621
1875/--/-- Georges Bizet's opera Carmen is performed in Paris. 7632
1875/--/-- Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, publishes Science and Health. 4620
1875/--/-- The Bourbon monarchy is restored in Spain under Alfonso XII. 4618
1876/--/-- Abd al-Hamid II assumes his rule as the last Ottoman sultan. 4625
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents his invention of the telephone. 4629
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents his invention of the telephone. 7464
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 6851
1876/--/-- British philosopher Herbert Spencer begins publishing the Principles of Sociology. 4635
1876/--/-- Colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the Union. 4628
1876/--/-- Colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the Union. 7032
1876/--/-- General Porfirio Diaz seizes power as the dictator of Mexico. 4624
1876/--/-- German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavates the ancient city of Mycenae. 4630
1876/--/-- Impressionist artist Alfred Sisley paints Flood at the Port of Marly. 4634
1876/--/-- Impressionist artist Alfred Sisley paints Flood at the Port of Marly. 7633
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 4627
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 7811
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 7995
1876/--/-- Johann Strauss Jr. composes his waltz The Beautiful Blue Danube. 4632
1876/--/-- National League founded (baseball) 6852
1876/--/-- Queen Victoria assumes the title of Empress of India. 4626
1876/--/-- Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer at Little Big Horn, Montanna 6853
1876/--/-- Sioux Indians defeat General Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn. 4623
1876/--/-- The Bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of Wagner's Ring cycle. 4633
1876/--/-- The Bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of Wagner's Ring cycle. 7634
1876/--/-- The U.S. Centennial Exposition of 1876 is held in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 4631
1877/--/-- Britain annexes Transvaal in South Africa. 4638
1877/--/-- Britain annexes Transvaal in South Africa. 7898
1877/--/-- Chief Joseph leads the Nez Perce tribe against the U.S. Army. 4640
1877/--/-- Hayes is inaugurated as the 19th U.S. president; Wheeler becomes vice-president 4636
1877/--/-- Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli observes canali (channels) on Mars. 4642
1877/--/-- Nez Perce leave Idaho for Canada 6854
1877/--/-- Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) becomes president of the United States 298
1877/--/-- Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake is performed by the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. 4644
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 880
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 1213
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 4643
1877/--/-- The Japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by Saigo Takamori. 4637
1877/--/-- The Japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by Saigo Takamori. 7996
1877/--/-- Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 4641
1877/--/-- Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 7465
1877/--/-- Turkish suppression of Balkan nationalists leads to a new Russo-Turkish War. 4639
1878/--/-- Ismail Pasha presents Cleopatra's Needles to Britain (1878) and the U.S. (1880). 4650
1878/--/-- Northern Cheyenne escape Indian Territory 6855
1878/--/-- Serbia, Montenegro and Romania are granted independence from Turkey. 4647
1878/--/-- The Congress of Berlin reverses Russian gains from the San Stefano Treaty. 4646
1878/--/-- The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performs Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore. 4651
1878/--/-- The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performs Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore. 7635
1878/--/-- The Russo-Turkish War ends; The Treaty of San Stefano is imposed on Turkey. 4645
1878/--/-- The second Anglo-Afghan War begins. 4649
1878/--/-- Turkey's provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina are placed under Austrian administration. 4648
1879/--/-- Belgian king Leopold II sponsors Henry Morton Stanley's expedition to the Congo. 4654
1879/--/-- Cetewayo's Zulus defeat the British at Isandhlwana, but are beaten at Ulundi. 4652
1879/--/-- Charles Stewart Parnell leads the Home Rule for Ireland party. 4655
1879/--/-- General Roca defeats the Patagonian Indians, opening the Pampas for settlement. 4657
1879/--/-- Impressionist artist Edgar Degas paints Ballerina Posing for a Photograph. 4659
1879/--/-- Impressionist artist Edgar Degas paints Ballerina Posing for a Photograph. 7636
1879/--/-- Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen writes A Doll's House. 4660
1879/--/-- Tawfiq Pasha succeeds his father Ismail Pasha as khedive (viceroy) of Egypt. 4653
1879/--/-- Territorial disputes lead to the War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru. 4656
1879/--/-- Thomas Edison develops the first workable incandescent lamp (light bulb). 4658
1879/--/-- Thomas Edison invents incandescent light 6856
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 4665
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 7182
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 7637
1880/--/-- Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged for murder. 1535
1880/--/-- Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged for murder. 4664
1880/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) uprisings begin against the British in Transvaal, South Africa. 4661
1880/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) uprisings begin against the British in Transvaal, South Africa. 7899
1880/--/-- France annexes the Pacific island of Tahiti. 4663
1880/--/-- French novelist Emile Zola writes Nana, a portrait of a prostitute. 4668
1880/--/-- German composer Jacques Offenbach writes the opera Tales of Hoffmann. 4666
1880/--/-- German composer Jacques Offenbach writes the opera Tales of Hoffmann. 7638
1880/--/-- Gladstone succeeds Disraeli as British prime minister. 4662
1880/--/-- Russian composer Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky writes the 1812 Overture. 4667
1881/--/-- Alexander II is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in Russia. 1536
1881/--/-- Alexander II is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in Russia. 4673
1881/--/-- Chester A. Arthur (Republican) becomes president of the United States 300
1881/--/-- Chester A. Arthur is inaugurated as the 21st U.S. president. 4672
1881/--/-- Ferdinand de Lesseps begins an abortive attempt to build the Panama Canal. 4675
1881/--/-- Garfield is inaugurated as the 20th U.S. president; Arthur becomes vice-president. 4669
1881/--/-- James A. Garfield (Republican) becomes president of the United States 299
1881/--/-- Japanese statesman Itagaki Taisuke founds the Jiyuto (Liberal party). 4670
1881/--/-- Japanese statesman Itagaki Taisuke founds the Jiyuto (Liberal party). 7997
1881/--/-- Lillie Langtry, mistress of the Prince of Wales, makes her acting debut. 4677
1881/--/-- President Garfield is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. 1537
1881/--/-- President Garfield is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. 4671
1881/--/-- The first U.S. tennis championship is held in Newport, R.I. 881
1881/--/-- The first U.S. tennis championship is held in Newport, R.I. 4676
1881/--/-- The Sudanese under Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad overthrow Egyptian rule. 4674
1882/--/-- A Triple Alliance is established between Austria, Italy and Germany. 4678
1882/--/-- Edison's New York plant begins supplying 59 customers with electricity. 4682
1882/--/-- Impressionist artist Edouard Manet completes the Bar at the Folies-Bergere. 4683
1882/--/-- Impressionist artist Edouard Manet completes the Bar at the Folies-Bergere. 7639
1882/--/-- Japanese statesman Okuma Shigenobu founds the Kaishinto, or Progressive, party. 4681
1882/--/-- Japanese statesman Okuma Shigenobu founds the Kaishinto, or Progressive, party. 7998
1882/--/-- The British take control of Egypt, suppressing uprisings against Tawfiq Pasha. 4679
1882/--/-- The U.S. begins to restrict immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Acts. 4680
1882/--/-- The U.S. begins to restrict immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Acts. 7812
1883/--/-- Buffalo Bill Cody organizes his Wild West show. 4689
1883/--/-- Civil Service established 6857
1883/--/-- Cyrus H. K. Curtis publishes the Lady's Home Journal magazine. 4692
1883/--/-- German philosopher Frederich Wilhelm Nietzsche begins Thus Spake Zarathustra. 4691
1883/--/-- Maxim invents machine gun 6858
1883/--/-- Paul Kruger becomes president of the Boer republic of the Transvaal in South Africa. 4684
1883/--/-- Paul Kruger becomes president of the Boer republic of the Transvaal in South Africa. 7900
1883/--/-- Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space. 4690
1883/--/-- Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space. 7388
1883/--/-- The Brooklyn Bridge is completed in New York. 4687
1883/--/-- The Fabian Society is founded in London to spread socialist ideas. 4685
1883/--/-- The first skyscraper (10 stories) is built in Chicago by William LeBaron Jenney. 4688
1883/--/-- The Island volcano of Krakatoa explodes in Indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths. 1538
1883/--/-- The Island volcano of Krakatoa explodes in Indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths. 4686
1884/--/-- 15 European nations partition Africa for "spheres of influence" 6859
1884/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 4697
1884/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 7183
1884/--/-- Belva Lockwood becomes the first woman nominated as a U.S. presidential candidate. 4695
1884/--/-- German East Africa is formed from Rwanda, Mozambique,Tanzania and Burundi. 4694
1884/--/-- German East Africa is formed from Rwanda, Mozambique,Tanzania and Burundi. 7902
1884/--/-- Germany occupies South West Africa (Namibia). 4693
1884/--/-- Germany occupies South West Africa (Namibia). 7901
1884/--/-- Lewis E. Waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir. 4696
1884/--/-- Lewis E. Waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir. 7466
1885/--/-- Boston Symphony Orchestra organizes its Promenade Concerts (the Boston Pops). 4705
1885/--/-- Boston Symphony Orchestra organizes its Promenade Concerts (the Boston Pops). 7640
1885/--/-- Cleveland is inaugurated as the 22nd U.S. president; Hendricks becomes vice-president. 4698
1885/--/-- French chemist Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine for rabies. 4702
1885/--/-- General Gordon is killed by Mahdist forces at the siege of Khartoum in Sudan. 1539
1885/--/-- General Gordon is killed by Mahdist forces at the siege of Khartoum in Sudan. 4699
1885/--/-- Gottlieb Daimler develops the first motorcycle. 4703
1885/--/-- Grover Cleveland (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 301
1885/--/-- J. K. Stanley introduces his safety cycle, the basic model for the modern bicycle. 4704
1885/--/-- Louis Pasteur administers successful rabies vaccination 6860
1885/--/-- The Congo Free State (Zaire) becomes the possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. 4701
1885/--/-- The Indian National Congress movement is founded in Bombay. 4700
1886/--/-- Apache Indian chief Geronimo surrenders to General Nelson Miles. 4710
1886/--/-- Britain makes Burma a province of India after winning the Anglo-Burma War. 4707
1886/--/-- British prime minister Gladstone introduces an unsuccessful Home Rule bill for Ireland. 4706
1886/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin completes The Kiss. 4714
1886/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin completes The Kiss. 7641
1886/--/-- Gold is discovered in Transvaal, South Africa. 4709
1886/--/-- Gold is discovered in Transvaal, South Africa. 7903
1886/--/-- Haymarket Square labor riot in Chicago kills eleven people 6861
1886/--/-- Jose Balmaceda becomes president of Chile. 4712
1886/--/-- Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor. 4711
1886/--/-- Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor. 7184
1886/--/-- The Anglo-German Agreement recognizes German control over Tanganyika (Tanzania). 4708
1886/--/-- The Statue of Liberty is unveiled in New York Harbor. 4713
1887/--/-- Arthur Conan Doyle publishes the first Sherlock Holmes story. 4717
1887/--/-- France creates the Union of Indochina (most of modern day Vietnam and Kampuchea). 4715
1887/--/-- France creates the Union of Indochina (most of modern day Vietnam and Kampuchea). 7813
1887/--/-- The Michelson-Morley experiment confirms the absence of ether. 4716
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 4721
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 7186
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 7468
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 4720
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 7185
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 7467
1888/--/-- Britain unites its Caribbean colonies of Trinidad and Tobago. 4719
1888/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Still Life With Sunflowers. 4724
1888/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Still Life With Sunflowers. 7642
1888/--/-- Eastman's Kodak camera begins amateur photography 6862
1888/--/-- Jack the Ripper murders seven women in London. 1540
1888/--/-- Jack the Ripper murders seven women in London. 4722
1888/--/-- Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov writes Scheherazade. 4723
1888/--/-- The National Geographic Magazine is published for the first time. 4725
1888/--/-- William II succeeds Frederick III as emperor of Germany. 4718
1889/--/-- Benjamin Harrison (Republican) becomes president of the United States 302
1889/--/-- Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated as the 23rd U.S. president. 4726
1889/--/-- Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria commits suicide at Mayerling. 1541
1889/--/-- Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria commits suicide at Mayerling. 4727
1889/--/-- German revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg is exiled in Switzerland. 4728
1889/--/-- Gustave Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower for the Paris Exposition. 4733
1889/--/-- Japan's first prime minister Ito Hirobumi introduces the Meiji Constitution. 4729
1889/--/-- Japan's first prime minister Ito Hirobumi introduces the Meiji Constitution. 7999
1889/--/-- Montana is inaugurated as the 41st state. 7035
1889/--/-- Montana is inaugurated as the 41st state; Washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state. 4732
1889/--/-- North Dakota and South Dakota are inaugurated as the 39th and 40th states. 4730
1889/--/-- North Dakota is inaugurated as the 39th state of the Union. 7033
1889/--/-- Pedro II emperor of Brazil is overthrown in a coup; Brazil is declared a republic. 4731
1889/--/-- South Dakota is inaugurated as the 40th state of the Union. 7034
1889/--/-- Washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state. 7036
1890/--/-- AFL founded by S Gompers 6863
1890/--/-- American naval officer Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History. 4745
1890/--/-- American naval officer Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History. 7188
1890/--/-- American psychologist William James publishes The Principles of Psychology. 4741
1890/--/-- American psychologist William James publishes The Principles of Psychology. 7187
1890/--/-- Cecil Rhodes becomes prime minister of the Cape Colony in South Africa. 4737
1890/--/-- Cecil Rhodes becomes prime minister of the Cape Colony in South Africa. 7904
1890/--/-- Claude Debussy begins composing Suite Bergamasque, including Clair de lune. 4742
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 1542
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 4744
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 7643
1890/--/-- German chancellor Otto von Bismarck is dismissed by Emperor William II. 4734
1890/--/-- Idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state. 7037
1890/--/-- Idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state; Wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state. 4739
1890/--/-- Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore publishes Manasi (The Mind's Embodiment). 4746
1890/--/-- Photographer Jacob Riis documents New York's poor in How the Other Half Lives. 4743
1890/--/-- Sherman Antitrust Act 6864
1890/--/-- Sioux Indians are massacred at the Battle of Wounded Knee. 4736
1890/--/-- The British South Africa Company occupies Zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the Ndebele. 4738
1890/--/-- The British South Africa Company occupies Zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the Ndebele. 7905
1890/--/-- The Forth Railway Bridge is opened, replacing the Brooklyn Bridge as the longest span. 4740
1890/--/-- Wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state. 7038
1890/--/-- Zanzibar becomes a British protectorate. 4735
1891/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oscar Wilde publishes his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. 4752
1891/--/-- English novelist Thomas Hardy writes Tess of the D'Urbervilles. 1214
1891/--/-- English novelist Thomas Hardy writes Tess of the D'Urbervilles. 4751
1891/--/-- Eugene Dubois discovers the first Homo erectus remains on Java in Indonesia. 4748
1891/--/-- French postimpressionist artist Paul Gauguin travels to Tahiti. 4750
1891/--/-- French postimpressionist artist Paul Gauguin travels to Tahiti. 7644
1891/--/-- James Naismith devises the game of basketball in Springfield, Mass. 869
1891/--/-- James Naismith devises the game of basketball in Springfield, Mass. 4749
1891/--/-- The American Express Company introduces the first traveler's checks. 4747
1891/--/-- The American Express Company introduces the first traveler's checks. 7189
1892/--/-- French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge. 4757
1892/--/-- French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge. 7645
1892/--/-- Impressionist artist Paul Cezanne completes the Card Players. 4756
1892/--/-- Impressionist artist Paul Cezanne completes the Card Players. 7646
1892/--/-- James J. Corbett wins the heavyweight boxing championship from John L. Sullivan. 4754
1892/--/-- Strike at Carnegie Steel results in ten deaths 6865
1892/--/-- The San Francisco Examiner begins printing the first newspaper comic strip. 4755
1892/--/-- Writer and political revolutionary Jose Marti founds the Cuban Revolutionary party. 4753
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 4764
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 7190
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 7647
1893/--/-- Cleveland is inaugurated as the 24th U.S. president; Hendricks becomes vice-president. 4758
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to "protectorate" of Indochina 6866
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to the Union of Indochina. 4761
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to the Union of Indochina. 7814
1893/--/-- Gladstone's second Irish Home Rule Bill is vetoed by the House of Lords in Britain. 4760
1893/--/-- Grover Cleveland (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 303
1893/--/-- Queen Liliuokalani is ousted in Hawaii; Sanford B. Dole, is elected president (1894). 4762
1893/--/-- The Ivory Coast becomes a French colony. 4759
1893/--/-- Victor Horta's Tassel House in Brussels initiates the Art Nouveau architectural style. 4763
1894/--/-- Britain establishes a protectorate over Buganda and conquers the rest of Uganda. 4766
1894/--/-- Czech decorative artist Alfons Mucha designs a poster of Sarah Bernhardt. 4771
1894/--/-- Czech decorative artist Alfons Mucha designs a poster of Sarah Bernhardt. 7648
1894/--/-- Dreyfus case splits France 6867
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 1215
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 4770
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 7649
1894/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes The Jungle Book. 1216
1894/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes The Jungle Book. 4772
1894/--/-- Percival Lowell builds an observatory to study the Martian canals. 4769
1894/--/-- Rebellion in Korea begins the First Sino-Japanese War. 4765
1894/--/-- Rebellion in Korea begins the First Sino-Japanese War. 8000
1894/--/-- The arrest of army captain Albert Dreyfus creates a political crisis in France. 4768
1894/--/-- Thousands of Armenians are massacred in Turkey. 4767
1895/--/-- Anglo-Irish playwright Oscar Wilde writes The Importance of Being Earnest. 4781
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 4776
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 7815
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 8001
1895/--/-- Louis and Auguste Lumiere show the first motion pictures to a Paris cafe audience. 4779
1895/--/-- Russian revolutionary Vladimir Ilich Lenin is exiled to Siberia. 4774
1895/--/-- Sir Henry Irving becomes the first British actor to be knighted. 4780
1895/--/-- The American Bowling Congress (ABC) is founded. 4778
1895/--/-- The American Bowling Congress (ABC) is founded. 7191
1895/--/-- The Cuban War of Independence begins against Spain; Jose Marti is killed in battle. 1543
1895/--/-- The Cuban War of Independence begins against Spain; Jose Marti is killed in battle. 4775
1895/--/-- The first list of best-selling books is published by The Bookman magazine. 4782
1895/--/-- The Jameson Raid on the Boer republic of Transvaal increases anti-British hostility. 4773
1895/--/-- Wilhelm Rontgen discovers x-rays 6868
1895/--/-- X rays are discovered by German physicist Wilhelm C. Roentgen. 4777
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 1544
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 4785
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 8002
1896/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini writes the opera La Boheme. 4787
1896/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini writes the opera La Boheme. 7650
1896/--/-- John Philip Sousa composes The Stars and Stripes Forever. 4788
1896/--/-- King Menelik II defeats the Italians at Adwa, maintaining Ethiopian independence. 4783
1896/--/-- Supreme Court rules "separate but equal" legal 6869
1896/--/-- The first modern Olympic Games are held at Athens in Greece; 13 countries compete. 912
1896/--/-- The first modern Olympic Games are held at Athens in Greece; 13 countries compete. 4786
1896/--/-- Utah is inaugurated as the 45th state of the Union. 4784
1896/--/-- Utah is inaugurated as the 45th state of the Union. 7039
1897/--/-- American comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids is begun by Rudolph Dirks. 4795
1897/--/-- American comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids is begun by Rudolph Dirks. 7192
1897/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt helps to found the Vienna Secession group. 4793
1897/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt helps to found the Vienna Secession group. 7651
1897/--/-- British physician Havelock Ellis begins his Studies in the Psychology of Sex. 1545
1897/--/-- British physician Havelock Ellis begins his Studies in the Psychology of Sex. 4791
1897/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes Captains Courageous. 1217
1897/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes Captains Courageous. 4799
1897/--/-- French dramatist Edmond Rostand writes Cyrano de Bergerac. 4796
1897/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Sleeping Gypsy. 4794
1897/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Sleeping Gypsy. 7652
1897/--/-- McKinley is inaugurated as the 25th U.S. president; Hobart becomes vice-president. 4789
1897/--/-- Russian author Anton Chekhov writes the play Uncle Vanya. 4798
1897/--/-- Stanislavsky founds the Moscow Art Theater and begins the method acting technique. 4797
1897/--/-- The first subway un the U.S. opens in Boston. 4792
1897/--/-- Theodor Herzl organizes the World Zionist Congress at Basel in Switzerland. 4790
1897/--/-- William Mckinley (Republican) becomes president of the United States 304
1898/--/-- Anglo-Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw publishes Arms and the Man. 4812
1898/--/-- Britain obtains a 99-year lease for Hong Kong from the Chinese. 4807
1898/--/-- Britain obtains a 99-year lease for Hong Kong from the Chinese. 7816
1898/--/-- Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila harbor. 4803
1898/--/-- Cuba occupied by U.S. and released 6870
1898/--/-- English author H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds. 1218
1898/--/-- English author H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds. 4813
1898/--/-- Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris. 4809
1898/--/-- Spanish-American War, Cuba, Phillipines, US 1328
1898/--/-- The Boxer Uprising begins in China; Empress Tz'u-hsi imprisons the emperor. 4811
1898/--/-- The Boxer Uprising begins in China; Empress Tz'u-hsi imprisons the emperor. 7817
1898/--/-- The British under Kitchener defeat the Mahdists at Omdurman in Sudan. 4808
1898/--/-- The Fashoda Incident leads to a French withdrawal from the Sudan. 4810
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 1327
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 4802
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 7193
1898/--/-- The Spanish fleet is destroyed off Cuba; Spain sues for peace. 4806
1898/--/-- The U.S. army uses machine guns for the first time in the battle of Santiago. 4805
1898/--/-- The U.S. battleship Maine explodes in the Spanish port of Manila in the Philippines. 4801
1898/--/-- U.S. troops land on Cuba; Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders are in action. 4804
1898/--/-- William Randolph Hearst's yellow journalism inflames anti-Spanish feelings. 4800
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 4819
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 7195
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 7653
1899/--/-- American composer Scott Joplin publishes his Maple Leaf Rag. 4818
1899/--/-- American composer Scott Joplin publishes his Maple Leaf Rag. 7194
1899/--/-- Designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh completes the Glasgow School of Art. 4817
1899/--/-- English composer Edward Elgar writes The Enigma Variations. 1219
1899/--/-- English composer Edward Elgar writes The Enigma Variations. 4820
1899/--/-- Journalist and future statesman Winston Churchill escapes from Boer captivity. 4816
1899/--/-- Sigmund Freud "Interpretation of Dreams" 6871
1899/--/-- The British under Robert Baden-Powell are besieged by the Boers at Mafeking. 4815
1899/--/-- The South African War begins between the Boers (Afrikaners) and the British. 4814
1899/--/-- The South African War begins between the Boers (Afrikaners) and the British. 7906
1899/--/-- U.S. Secretary of State John M. Hay advocates an Open Door Policy for China. 4821
1899/--/-- U.S. Secretary of State John M. Hay advocates an Open Door Policy for China. 7818
1900/--/-- American novelist Theodore Dreiser publishes his first novel Sister Carrie. 4834
1900/--/-- American novelist Theodore Dreiser publishes his first novel Sister Carrie. 7196
1900/--/-- An international force lifts the Boxer siege of Peking. 4823
1900/--/-- British politician Keir Hardie helps to found the Labour party. 4827
1900/--/-- Chinese nationalists besiege foreigners in Peking during the Boxer Uprising. 4822
1900/--/-- Chinese nationalists besiege foreigners in Peking during the Boxer Uprising. 7819
1900/--/-- Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph. 4831
1900/--/-- Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph. 7469
1900/--/-- Hawaii is made a U.S. Territory; Sanford Dole serves as the first governor. 4828
1900/--/-- Hector Guimard uses Art Nouveau designs for the entrances to the Paris Metro. 4837
1900/--/-- Humbert I is assassinated; he is succeeded by Victor Emanuel III as king of Italy. 1546
1900/--/-- Humbert I is assassinated; he is succeeded by Victor Emanuel III as king of Italy. 4826
1900/--/-- Italian author Gabriele D'Annunzio publishes The Flame of Life. 4835
1900/--/-- James J. Jeffries beats Jim Corbett to retain the heavyweight boxing title. 4833
1900/--/-- Max Planck formulates the quantum theory in physics. 4829
1900/--/-- Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams. 4836
1900/--/-- Sir Arthur Evans begins the excavation of the Minoan palace at Knossos, Crete. 4830
1900/--/-- The Boers begin a guerrilla war against the British occupation forces. 1329
1900/--/-- The Boers begin a guerrilla war against the British occupation forces. 4825
1900/--/-- The British defeat the Boer (Afrikaner) armies in South Africa and occupy Pretoria. 4824
1900/--/-- The British defeat the Boer (Afrikaner) armies in South Africa and occupy Pretoria. 7907
1900/--/-- The U.S. wins the first Davis Cup tennis contest. 882
1900/--/-- The U.S. wins the first Davis Cup tennis contest. 4832
1901/--/-- A 39,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered in Russia. 4850
1901/--/-- A stele bearing the Code of Hammurabi is discovered in Susa, Iran. 4857
1901/--/-- American surgeon Walter Reed proves that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes. 4849
1901/--/-- American surgeon Walter Reed proves that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes. 7199
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 860
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 4851
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 7200
1901/--/-- Andrew Carnegie sells his company and devotes himself to philanthropy. 4845
1901/--/-- Britain incorporates Ashanti territory into the Gold Coast (Ghana). 4839
1901/--/-- English author Beatrix Potter publishes her children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit. 1220
1901/--/-- English author Beatrix Potter publishes her children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit. 4856
1901/--/-- Guglielmo Marconi tests radio transmissions between England and Newfoundland. 1221
1901/--/-- Guglielmo Marconi tests radio transmissions between England and Newfoundland. 4848
1901/--/-- King C. Gillette founds the American Safety Razor Company. 4847
1901/--/-- King C. Gillette founds the American Safety Razor Company. 7198
1901/--/-- Pres. McKinley shot by anarchist 6872
1901/--/-- President McKinley is assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz. 1547
1901/--/-- President McKinley is assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz. 4842
1901/--/-- Queen Victoria dies; she is succeeded by her son Edward VII. 1548
1901/--/-- Queen Victoria dies; she is succeeded by her son Edward VII. 4841
1901/--/-- Russia occupies Manchuria in north-east China. 4838
1901/--/-- Russia occupies Manchuria in north-east China. 7820
1901/--/-- Sergei Rachmaninoff writes his Second Piano Concerto. 4854
1901/--/-- Sir Edward Elgar composes the first of his five Pomp and Circumstance Marches. 4855
1901/--/-- Spanish painter Pablo Picasso's Blue Period begins. 4853
1901/--/-- Spanish painter Pablo Picasso's Blue Period begins. 7654
1901/--/-- Temperance advocate Carry Nation uses a hatchet to attack a Kansas saloon. 4846
1901/--/-- The Commonwealth of Australia is founded. 4840
1901/--/-- The first U.S. national bowling tournament is held. 4852
1901/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) becomes president of the United States 305
1901/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 26th U.S. president. 4843
1901/--/-- Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs help found the American Socialist party. 4844
1901/--/-- Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs help found the American Socialist party. 7197
1901/01/02 Edward VII succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8114
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 4866
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 7201
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 7655
1902/--/-- Conan Doyle writes the Sherlock Holmes adventure The Hound of the Baskervilles. 4865
1902/--/-- English author Joseph Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. 1222
1902/--/-- English author Joseph Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. 4861
1902/--/-- French filmmaker Georges Melies produces A Trip to the Moon. 4864
1902/--/-- Italian opera singer Enrico Caruso makes his first phonographic recording. 4860
1902/--/-- Italian opera singer Enrico Caruso makes his first phonographic recording. 7656
1902/--/-- Maksim Gorky's The Lower Depths is produced at the Moscow Art Theater. 4862
1902/--/-- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. is appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. 4859
1902/--/-- Roosevelt begins conservation of forests 6873
1902/--/-- The Photo-Secession group is founded in New York by photographer Alfred Stieglitz. 4863
1902/--/-- The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the South African War. 4858
1902/--/-- The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the South African War. 7908
1902/08/-- Edward VII crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India at Wes 8115
1903/--/-- Alexander, King of Serbia, is assassinated; he is succeeded by Peter I. 1549
1903/--/-- Alexander, King of Serbia, is assassinated; he is succeeded by Peter I. 4872
1903/--/-- American author Jack London publishes The Call of the Wild. 4880
1903/--/-- American author Jack London publishes The Call of the Wild. 7203
1903/--/-- American novelist Henry James publishes The Ambassadors. 4878
1903/--/-- American novelist Henry James publishes The Ambassadors. 7202
1903/--/-- Bernard Shaw's play Man and Superman is produced in London. 4877
1903/--/-- Colonel Francis Younghusband leads a British military expedition into Tibet. 4870
1903/--/-- Edwin S. Porter directs the pioneering Western film The Great Train Robbery. 4879
1903/--/-- Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain. 4871
1903/--/-- Marie and Pierre Curie win the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on radioactivity. 4875
1903/--/-- Orville Wright makes the first successful flight in a self-propelled airplane. 4874
1903/--/-- Panama declares its independence from Columbia; the U.S. recognizes the new republic. 4868
1903/--/-- The first World Series baseball game is played. 861
1903/--/-- The first World Series baseball game is played. 4876
1903/--/-- The Rolls-Royce automobile company is founded in Britain. 4873
1903/--/-- The U.S. acquires perpetual control over the Panama Canal Zone. 4869
1903/--/-- Vladimir Ilich Lenin organizes the Bolshevik revolutionary group. 4867
1903/--/-- Wright Bros. first airplane 6874
1903/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (3) AL BOSTON (5) 439
1904/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's opera Madame Butterfly is produced. 4883
1904/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's opera Madame Butterfly is produced. 7657
1904/--/-- Ivan Pavlov, discoverer of the conditioned reflex, is awarded the Nobel Prize. 4882
1904/--/-- James Barrie's play Peter Pan is produced in London. 4885
1904/--/-- Max Weber publishes The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 4888
1904/--/-- Roosevelt asserts U.S. right to intervene in Latin America 6875
1904/--/-- Russia and Japan at war 6876
1904/--/-- Russian author Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard is produced. 4886
1904/--/-- Territorial disputes in Manchuria begin the Russo-Japanese War. 4881
1904/--/-- Territorial disputes in Manchuria begin the Russo-Japanese War. 8003
1904/--/-- The Abbey Theatre is founded in Dublin. 4884
1904/--/-- The New York City subway is opened. 4887
1905/--/-- A general strike and revolution begin in Russia; Nicholas II grants a constitution. 4891
1905/--/-- Albert Einstein proposes Special Theory of Relativity 6877
1905/--/-- Ambrose Fleming invents the thermionic valve, used to improve radio reception. 4899
1905/--/-- Ambrose Fleming invents the thermionic valve, used to improve radio reception. 7470
1905/--/-- American humorist and actor Will Rogers makes his New York City debut. 4902
1905/--/-- American humorist and actor Will Rogers makes his New York City debut. 7206
1905/--/-- American labor leader Eugene V. Debs founds the Industrial Workers of the World. 4898
1905/--/-- American labor leader Eugene V. Debs founds the Industrial Workers of the World. 7205
1905/--/-- Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen founds the T'ung-meng hui (Alliance Society). 4893
1905/--/-- Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen founds the T'ung-meng hui (Alliance Society). 7821
1905/--/-- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner organizes the expressionist painters group Die Brucke. 4903
1905/--/-- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner organizes the expressionist painters group Die Brucke. 7658
1905/--/-- French territorial ambitions spark the first Moroccan crisis. 4894
1905/--/-- German physicist Albert Einstein proposes his Special Theory of Relativity. 4900
1905/--/-- German poet Rainer Maria Rilke publishes The Book of Hours. 4905
1905/--/-- Henri Matisse and Andre Derain form the Fauves (Wild Beasts) art movement. 4904
1905/--/-- mini-revolution in Russia 6878
1905/--/-- Psychologist Alfred Binet develops intelligence tests for school children. 4889
1905/--/-- Roosevelt begins his second term as U.S. president; Fairbanks becomes vice-president. 4895
1905/--/-- The Cullinan diamond is found in South Africa; it weighs 3,106 carats. 4901
1905/--/-- The Cullinan diamond is found in South Africa; it weighs 3,106 carats. 7909
1905/--/-- The Russian fleet is destroyed by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima. 4890
1905/--/-- The Russian fleet is destroyed by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima. 8004
1905/--/-- The Sinn Fein Irish nationalist movement is founded by Arthur Griffith. 4896
1905/--/-- The union of Norway and Sweden is dissolved; Haakon VII is elected king of Norway. 4892
1905/--/-- W.E.B. Du Bois forms the Niagara Movement to demand full civil rights for black Americans. 4897
1905/--/-- W.E.B. Du Bois forms the Niagara Movement to demand full civil rights for black Americans. 7204
1905/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (1) 440
1906/--/-- British author John Galsworthy publishes the first novel of The Forsythe Saga. 4912
1906/--/-- H.M.S. Dreadnought, the first modern battleship, is launched. 4909
1906/--/-- Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen traverses the Northwest Passage. 4911
1906/--/-- The Aga Khan III forms the All-India Moslim League. 4908
1906/--/-- The Dreyfus affair ends with the pardoning of French army officer Alfred Dreyfus. 4907
1906/--/-- The San Francisco earthquake kills 700. 1550
1906/--/-- The San Francisco earthquake kills 700. 4910
1906/--/-- Under the Platt Amendment U.S. troops return to Cuba to quell rebellion and restore order. 4906
1906/--/-- Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle leads to the U.S. Pure Foods and Drugs Act. 4913
1906/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL CHICAGO (4) 441
1907/--/-- A Triple Entente is formed between Britain, France and Russia. 4914
1907/--/-- Anna Pavlova dances The Dying Swan, choreographed by Mikhail Fokine. 4921
1907/--/-- Irish playwright J.M. Synge writes The Playboy of the Western World. 4920
1907/--/-- Lee De Forest invents the triode, a key component for amplifying radio signals. 4918
1907/--/-- Lee De Forest invents the triode, a key component for amplifying radio signals. 7471
1907/--/-- Oklahoma is inaugurated as the 46th state of the Union. 4916
1907/--/-- Oklahoma is inaugurated as the 46th state of the Union. 7040
1907/--/-- Rasputin gains influence at the court of Russian emperor Nicholas II. 4915
1907/--/-- The first Ziegfeld Follies are staged in New York City. 4919
1907/--/-- The Panic of 1907 begins with the collapse of the U.S. stock market. 4917
1907/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (4) AL DETROIT (0) 442
1908/--/-- An earthquake at Messina in Italy kills 80,000. 1551
1908/--/-- An earthquake at Messina in Italy kills 80,000. 4926
1908/--/-- Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Hercegovina. 4923
1908/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt paints The Kiss. 4937
1908/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt paints The Kiss. 7659
1908/--/-- Automaker William Durant founds the General Motors Company. 4929
1908/--/-- British soldier Robert Baden-Powell founds the Boy Scout movement. 4930
1908/--/-- Filmmakers Charles Pathe and Leon Gaumont produce the first newsreel. 4934
1908/--/-- GE patents electric toaster 6879
1908/--/-- Jack Johnson becomes the first black heavyweight boxing champion. 4933
1908/--/-- Kenneth Grahame publishes his children's story The Wind in the Willows. 4938
1908/--/-- King Leopold II of the Belgians establishes the Independent State of Congo in Africa. 4922
1908/--/-- King Leopold II of the Belgians establishes the Independent State of Congo in Africa. 7910
1908/--/-- Liberal leader Herbert Asquith becomes prime minister of Britain. 4925
1908/--/-- Mary Baker Eddy establishes the Christian Science Monitor. 4931
1908/--/-- Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque cofound the cubism art movement. 4935
1908/--/-- The Ashcan school of painters exhibit in New York City. 4936
1908/--/-- The Ashcan school of painters exhibit in New York City. 7660
1908/--/-- The Ford Motor Company produces the first Model T automobile. 4928
1908/--/-- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 4932
1908/--/-- The Tunguska fireball explodes in Siberia with the force of a modern H-bomb. 4927
1908/--/-- The Young Turk Revolution in Turkey leads to political reform. 4924
1908/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (4) AL DETROIT (1) 443
1909/--/-- American architect Frank Lloyd Wright builds the Robie House in Chicago. 4944
1909/--/-- American architect Frank Lloyd Wright builds the Robie House in Chicago. 7209
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 4945
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 7210
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 7661
1909/--/-- American explorer Robert E. Peary reaches the North Pole. 4940
1909/--/-- American explorer Robert E. Peary reaches the North Pole. 7207
1909/--/-- American poet William Carlos Williams publishes Poems, his first book. 4946
1909/--/-- American poet William Carlos Williams publishes Poems, his first book. 7211
1909/--/-- American writer Gertrude Stein publishes Three Lives. 4943
1909/--/-- American writer Gertrude Stein publishes Three Lives. 7208
1909/--/-- French aviator Louis Bleriot makes the first flight across the English Channel. 1223
1909/--/-- French aviator Louis Bleriot makes the first flight across the English Channel. 4941
1909/--/-- NAACP in NYC 6880
1909/--/-- Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev presents the Ballet Russe in Paris. 4942
1909/--/-- Taft is inaugurated as the 27th U.S. president; Sherman becomes vice-president. 4939
1909/--/-- William Howard Taft (Republican) becomes president of the United States 306
1909/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL DETROIT (3) 444
1910/--/-- British author Arnold Bennett publishes Clayhanger. 4959
1910/--/-- British Empire covers 1/5th of world land area 6881
1910/--/-- British politician Winston Churchill is appointed first lord of the Admiralty. 4952
1910/--/-- France groups four African territories together as French Equatorial Africa. 4949
1910/--/-- France groups four African territories together as French Equatorial Africa. 7912
1910/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Dream. 4957
1910/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Dream. 7662
1910/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin casts the bronze figure The Thinker. 4955
1910/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin casts the bronze figure The Thinker. 7663
1910/--/-- Fundamentalism begins with "Five Points" 6882
1910/--/-- George V succeeds his father Edward VII as king of Great Britain and Ireland. 4951
1910/--/-- German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich synthesizes Salversan, a cure for syphilis. 4953
1910/--/-- Italian artists led by Umberto Boccioni found the futurism movement. 4958
1910/--/-- Italian artists led by Umberto Boccioni found the futurism movement. 7664
1910/--/-- Japanese forces annex Korea. 4947
1910/--/-- Japanese forces annex Korea. 8005
1910/--/-- Madero, Villa and Zapata lead a revolution against Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz. 4950
1910/--/-- Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky executes his first abstract painting. 4956
1910/--/-- Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky executes his first abstract painting. 7665
1910/--/-- The Art Deco architectural and decorative arts style begins to become popular. 4954
1910/--/-- The Union of South Africa is formed; Louis Botha becomes the first prime minister. 4948
1910/--/-- The Union of South Africa is formed; Louis Botha becomes the first prime minister. 7911
1910/05/-- George V succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8116
1910/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 445
1911/--/-- American aviator Glen Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 4969
1911/--/-- American aviator Glen Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 7213
1911/--/-- American novelist Edith Wharton publishes Ethan Frome. 4975
1911/--/-- American novelist Edith Wharton publishes Ethan Frome. 7215
1911/--/-- American songwriter Irving Berlin publishes Alexander's Ragtime Band. 4971
1911/--/-- American songwriter Irving Berlin publishes Alexander's Ragtime Band. 7214
1911/--/-- Elmer A. Sperry designs the first American gyrocompass. 4968
1911/--/-- Elmer A. Sperry designs the first American gyrocompass. 7212
1911/--/-- English author G.K. Chesterton publishes the first Father Brown story. 1224
1911/--/-- English author G.K. Chesterton publishes the first Father Brown story. 4973
1911/--/-- German-American anthropologist Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man. 4976
1911/--/-- German-American anthropologist Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man. 7216
1911/--/-- Hans Geiger invents an electrical device to count individual alpha particles. 4966
1911/--/-- Hans Geiger invents an electrical device to count individual alpha particles. 7472
1911/--/-- Italy's attempts to annex Cyrenaica and Tripolitania leads to the Italo-Turkish War. 4962
1911/--/-- Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz is overthrown; Francisco Madero becomes president. 4963
1911/--/-- Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole ahead of Robert Scott. 4964
1911/--/-- Richard Strauss' opera Der Rosenkavalier is performed for the first time. 4972
1911/--/-- Richard Strauss' opera Der Rosenkavalier is performed for the first time. 7666
1911/--/-- Robert A Millikan measures electron's charge 6883
1911/--/-- Russian artist Marc Chagall paints I and My Village. 4974
1911/--/-- Russian artist Marc Chagall paints I and My Village. 7667
1911/--/-- Sir Ernest Rutherford formulates his theory of atomic structure. 4965
1911/--/-- The Ch'ing dynasty is deposed in China; a republic is formed under Sun Yat-sen. 4960
1911/--/-- The Ch'ing dynasty is deposed in China; a republic is formed under Sun Yat-sen. 7822
1911/--/-- The first film studio is established at Hollywood in California. 4970
1911/--/-- Tibet declares its independence from China. 4961
1911/--/-- Tibet declares its independence from China. 7823
1911/--/-- Willis Carrier designs the first practical air conditioning system. 4967
1911/06/02 George V crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Randa 8117
1911/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 446
1912/--/-- American author Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes Tarzan of the Apes. 4990
1912/--/-- American author Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes Tarzan of the Apes. 7219
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 913
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 4986
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 7217
1912/--/-- American writer Willa Cather publishes her first novel Alexander's Bridge. 4988
1912/--/-- American writer Willa Cather publishes her first novel Alexander's Bridge. 7218
1912/--/-- Arizona is inaugurated as the 48th state. 7042
1912/--/-- Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler publishes The Neurotic Constitution. 4985
1912/--/-- British explorers under Scott reach the South Pole but die during their return. 4981
1912/--/-- French Dada artist Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase. 4989
1912/--/-- French Dada artist Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase. 7668
1912/--/-- German geophysicist Alfred Wegener formulates his continental drift hypothesis. 4983
1912/--/-- Morocco is divided between France and Spain after the second Moroccan crisis. 4978
1912/--/-- New Mexico is inaugurated as the 47th state. 7041
1912/--/-- New Mexico is inaugurated as the 47th state; Arizona is inaugurated as the 48th state. 4979
1912/--/-- Piltdown man is discovered in Britain, beginning an elaborate scientific hoax. 4984
1912/--/-- Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky choreographs and dances in The Afternoon of the Faun. 4987
1912/--/-- The Balkan League begins the first Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire. 4977
1912/--/-- The liner Titanic sinks after colliding with an iceberg on her maiden voyage. 4982
1912/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt campaigns for the U.S. presidency under the Bull Moose ticket. 4980
1912/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL BOSTON (4) 447
1913/--/-- American poet Robert Frost publishes A Boy's Will. 5008
1913/--/-- American poet Robert Frost publishes A Boy's Will. 7220
1913/--/-- Bertrand Russell and A.E. Whitehead publish Principia Mathematica. 4999
1913/--/-- Danish physicist Niels Bohr publishes his atomic theory. 5000
1913/--/-- English novelist D.H. Lawrence publishes Sons and Lovers. 1225
1913/--/-- English novelist D.H. Lawrence publishes Sons and Lovers. 5005
1913/--/-- Federal income tax is introduced in the U.S. 4998
1913/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring causes a scandal at the Paris premiere. 5003
1913/--/-- Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5007
1913/--/-- King George I of Greece is assassinated; he is succeeded by Constantine I 1552
1913/--/-- King George I of Greece is assassinated; he is succeeded by Constantine I 4992
1913/--/-- Marcel Proust writes the first volume of Remembrance of Things Past. 5006
1913/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer builds a hospital at Lambarene in Africa. 4997
1913/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer builds a hospital at Lambarene in Africa. 7913
1913/--/-- Russian revolutionary Joseph Stalin is exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government. 4993
1913/--/-- Samuel Goldwyn founds his first movie company with Jesse Lasky and Cecil B. De Mille. 5002
1913/--/-- Socialists Sidney and Beatrice Webb found the political journal The New Statesman. 5001
1913/--/-- The constructivism art movement begins in Russia. 5004
1913/--/-- The island of Crete is united with Greece. 4994
1913/--/-- The second Balkan War begins with a Bulgarian attack on Serbia. 4995
1913/--/-- Victoriano Huerta leads a military coup in Mexico; president Francisco Madero is killed. 1553
1913/--/-- Victoriano Huerta leads a military coup in Mexico; president Francisco Madero is killed. 4996
1913/--/-- Wilson is inaugurated as the 28th U.S. president; Marshall becomes vice-president. 4991
1913/--/-- Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 307
1913/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 448
1914/--/-- A British expedition led by Ernest Shackleton is marooned in the Antarctic. 5024
1914/--/-- A German fleet defeats the British at Coronel but is decimated at the Falklands. 5015
1914/--/-- Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, precipitating World War I. 1554
1914/--/-- Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, precipitating World War I. 5009
1914/--/-- Austrian forces invade Serbia but are repulsed with heavy losses. 5014
1914/--/-- Black composer W.C. Handy writes the St. Louis Blues. 5026
1914/--/-- Charlie Chaplin develops his little tramp character in a series of slapstick films. 5022
1914/--/-- France, Russia and Britain (the Allies) are at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1330
1914/--/-- France, Russia and Britain (the Allies) are at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 5010
1914/--/-- George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmallion is performed for the first time. 5025
1914/--/-- German forces invade Belgium and France but are halted at the Marne. 5012
1914/--/-- German submarines begin to exact a heavy toll on Allied shipping. 5016
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 5018
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 7824
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 8006
1914/--/-- Mack Sennett produces comedy films starring the Keystone Kops. 5021
1914/--/-- Parisian couturier Coco Chanel begins designing clothes. 5023
1914/--/-- President Wilson declares U.S. neutrality in World War I. 5011
1914/--/-- Russian forces invade East Prussia but are defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. 5013
1914/--/-- The Panama Canal is completed, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 5020
1914/--/-- Turkey declares war on the Allies; Britain annexes Turkish Cyprus. 1331
1914/--/-- Turkey declares war on the Allies; Britain annexes Turkish Cyprus. 5017
1914/--/-- U.S. Marines land at Veracruz in Mexico; President Huerta resigns. 5019
1914/--/-- World War I begins 1332
1914/10/-- World Series NL BOSTON (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (0) 449
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 1555
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 5035
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 7221
1915/--/-- Albert Einstein formulates his General Theory of Relativity. 5037
1915/--/-- Anglo-French forces land at Gallipoli in an attempt to force Turkey out of the war. 5032
1915/--/-- Austrian writer Franz Kafka publishes The Metamorphosis. 5041
1915/--/-- D. W. Griffith's movie The Birth of a Nation is shown for the first time. 5038
1915/--/-- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead rebellions against Venustiano Carranza in Mexico. 5028
1915/--/-- English author Somerset Maugham publishes Of Human Bondage. 1226
1915/--/-- English author Somerset Maugham publishes Of Human Bondage. 5040
1915/--/-- German Zeppelin airships begin bombing attacks on Britain. 5030
1915/--/-- Italy joins the Allies and invades Austrian territory. 5034
1915/--/-- President Wilson recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza. 5027
1915/--/-- Serbia is overrun by the combined forces of Austria, Germany and Bulgaria. 5036
1915/--/-- The Anzacs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) fight at Gallipoli. 5033
1915/--/-- The Dada art and literary movement is formed. 5039
1915/--/-- The Germans use poison gas for the first time at Ypres on the Western Front. 5031
1915/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Haiti, beginning a 20-year period of military occupation. 5029
1915/--/-- War poet Rupert Brooke's 1914 and Other Poems is published in the year he dies. 1556
1915/--/-- War poet Rupert Brooke's 1914 and Other Poems is published in the year he dies. 5042
1915/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (1) AL BOSTON (4) 450
1916/--/-- Albert Einstein proposes General Theory of Relativity 6884
1916/--/-- Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli after strong Turkish opposition. 5043
1916/--/-- American poet Carl Sandburg publishes his first book Chicago Poems. 5057
1916/--/-- American poet Carl Sandburg publishes his first book Chicago Poems. 7222
1916/--/-- British forces assault the German line at the Somme; tanks are used for the first time. 5045
1916/--/-- German assaults at Verdun are repulsed by the French with great loss of life. 5044
1916/--/-- James Joyce publishes A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 5056
1916/--/-- James Joyce publishes A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 7669
1916/--/-- Jeannette Rankin becomes the first female member of U.S. House of Representatives. 5053
1916/--/-- Lloyd George becomes prime minister of Britain's wartime coalition government. 5051
1916/--/-- Margaret Sanger is arrested for opening a birth-control clinic in Brooklyn. 5052
1916/--/-- North Sea storms flood lowlands in the Netherlands, 10,000 lives are lost. 5055
1916/--/-- T. Tzara DADA 6885
1916/--/-- The British and German fleets clash at the Battle of Jutland. 5047
1916/--/-- The Easter Rising in Dublin is suppressed within a week by the British. 5048
1916/--/-- The Russian Brusilov Offensive meets with success on the Eastern Front. 5046
1916/--/-- The Trans-Siberian railway is completed -- the longest continuous rail line in the world. 5054
1916/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Santo Domingo to quell unrest; the occupation lasts until 1924. 5050
1916/--/-- U.S. troops under Pershing invade Mexico in retaliation for raids by Pancho Villa. 5049
1916/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL BOSTON (4) 451
1917/--/-- Adoption of the convoy system reduces Allied losses to German submarines. 5065
1917/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot publishes The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. 5081
1917/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot publishes The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. 7223
1917/--/-- Art critic and writer Guillaume Apollinaire coins the term surrealism. 5076
1917/--/-- Astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild develops the black hole theory. 5074
1917/--/-- Blacks migrate north and west 6886
1917/--/-- British forces attack the Germans in the Third Battle of Ypres. 5067
1917/--/-- British forces under Allenby capture Jerusalem and Bagdhad from the Turks. 5070
1917/--/-- Dutch artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian found the magazine de Stijl. 5077
1917/--/-- Dutch artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian found the magazine de Stijl. 7670
1917/--/-- English composer Gustav Holst completes The Planets. 1227
1917/--/-- English composer Gustav Holst completes The Planets. 5079
1917/--/-- English humorist P.G. Wodehouse creates Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves. 1228
1917/--/-- English humorist P.G. Wodehouse creates Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves. 5082
1917/--/-- Germany announces the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. 5058
1917/--/-- Italian forces are defeated by Austria at the Battle of Caporetto. 5068
1917/--/-- Russian revolutions: communist U.S.S.R. formed 6887
1917/--/-- Selective Service Act creates draft 6888
1917/--/-- Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung publishes The Psychology of the Unconscious. 5075
1917/--/-- T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) leads the Arab revolt against the Turks. 5069
1917/--/-- The Balfour Declaration endorses a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. 5071
1917/--/-- The disastrous Nivelle Offensive leads to mutinies in the French Army. 5066
1917/--/-- The earliest jazz recordings are made in New York City. 5078
1917/--/-- The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for journalism, letters and music. 5080
1917/--/-- The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for journalism, letters and music. 7671
1917/--/-- The Germans and the Bolshevik leaders sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk. 5062
1917/--/-- The Germans help Lenin return to Russia from exile in Switzerland. 5060
1917/--/-- The Jones Act gives all Puerto Ricans the right to U.S. citizenship. 5073
1917/--/-- The provisional Kerensky government is deposed; Bolsheviks seize power in Russia. 5061
1917/--/-- The Russian Revolution begins; Emperor Nicholas II abdicates. 5059
1917/--/-- The U.S. purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark. 5072
1917/--/-- The United States declares war on Germany. 1333
1917/--/-- The United States declares war on Germany. 5064
1917/--/-- The Zimmermann note proposing a secret Mexican alliance with Germany is revealed. 5063
1917/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL CHICAGO (4) 452
1918/--/-- Advances by French, British and American armies force a general German retreat. 5086
1918/--/-- Advances by French, British and American armies force a general German retreat. 7225
1918/--/-- American astronomer Harlow Shapley discovers the dimensions of the Milky Way. 5096
1918/--/-- American astronomer Harlow Shapley discovers the dimensions of the Milky Way. 7226
1918/--/-- American author Booth Tarkington writes The Magnificent Ambersons. 5099
1918/--/-- American author Booth Tarkington writes The Magnificent Ambersons. 7227
1918/--/-- American forcesunder Pershing help to stem the German offensive. 5085
1918/--/-- American forcesunder Pershing help to stem the German offensive. 7224
1918/--/-- An airmail service begins among New York, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. 5097
1918/--/-- An influenza pandemic begins (it kills 21-22 million in 2 years). 1557
1918/--/-- An influenza pandemic begins (it kills 21-22 million in 2 years). 5093
1918/--/-- Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia become republics in the aftermath of World War I. 5092
1918/--/-- Bloomsbury Group member Lytton Strachey publishes Eminent Victorians. 5100
1918/--/-- Bolshevik leader Leon Trotsky organizes the Red Army. 5090
1918/--/-- Civil war breaks out between the Red and White Russian armies. 1334
1918/--/-- Civil war breaks out between the Red and White Russian armies. 5091
1918/--/-- French composer Erik Satie writes Socrate. 5098
1918/--/-- German air ace Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) is shot down and killed. 1558
1918/--/-- German air ace Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) is shot down and killed. 5083
1918/--/-- Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia, and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks. 5089
1918/--/-- Revolution breaks out in Germany; Emperor William II flees to the Netherlands. 5087
1918/--/-- Shapley determines sun is part of Milky Way galaxy 6889
1918/--/-- The Germans renew their assault on the Western Front in the Ludendorff Offensive. 5084
1918/--/-- The Weimar Republic negotiates an armistice for Germany, ending World War I. 5088
1918/--/-- The world's largest telescope is installed at Mount Wilson Observatory. 5095
1918/--/-- Women over 30 win the vote in Britain. 5094
1918/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL BOSTON (4) 453
1919/--/-- Boxer Jack Dempsey knocks out Jess Willard to become heavyweight champion. 5114
1919/--/-- British troops massacre demonstrators at Amritsar in India. 5103
1919/--/-- English aviators Alcock and Brown make the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 1229
1919/--/-- English aviators Alcock and Brown make the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 5112
1919/--/-- French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 883
1919/--/-- French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 5116
1919/--/-- George Gershwin composes his first hit song Swanee. 5117
1919/--/-- German communist Rosa Luxemburg is murdered after the Sparticus uprising. 1559
1919/--/-- German communist Rosa Luxemburg is murdered after the Sparticus uprising. 5106
1919/--/-- Italian leader Benito Mussolini organizes his Fascist movement. 5105
1919/--/-- Jan Smuts succeeds Louis Botha as prime minister of South Africa. 5108
1919/--/-- Jan Smuts succeeds Louis Botha as prime minister of South Africa. 7914
1919/--/-- Lady Astor becomes the first woman member of the British House of Commons. 5110
1919/--/-- League of Nations 6890
1919/--/-- Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata is killed. 1560
1919/--/-- Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata is killed. 5107
1919/--/-- Russian-American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to the Soviet Union. 5111
1919/--/-- Russian-American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to the Soviet Union. 7228
1919/--/-- The Bauhaus school of design is founded in Germany by Walter Gropius. 5118
1919/--/-- The Chicago White Sox conspire to fix the baseball World Series. 862
1919/--/-- The Chicago White Sox conspire to fix the baseball World Series. 5115
1919/--/-- The German fleet is scuttled at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. 5109
1919/--/-- The League of Nations is formed with Geneva in Switzerland as its headquarters. 5102
1919/--/-- The Paris Peace Conference opens at Versailles. 5101
1919/--/-- The Polish-Soviet War begins over territorial disputes. 5104
1919/--/-- The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is formed. 5113
1919/--/-- The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is formed. 7229
1919/--/-- Versailles Peace Treaty 6891
1919/--/-- World War I ends 1335
1919/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (5) AL CHICAGO (3) 454
1920/--/-- 18th Amendment prohibits alcohol 6892
1920/--/-- 19th Amendment gives women right to vote 6893
1920/--/-- A Home Rule Bill establishes parliaments for northern and southern Ireland. 5120
1920/--/-- Admiral Miklos Horthy is appointed regent of Hungary. 5126
1920/--/-- Adolf Hitler forms the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) party. 5123
1920/--/-- American novelist Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street. 5137
1920/--/-- American novelist Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street. 7231
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 884
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 5132
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 7230
1920/--/-- Arturo Alessandri becomes president of Chile. 5122
1920/--/-- British East Africa becomes a crown colony as Kenya. 5125
1920/--/-- British East Africa becomes a crown colony as Kenya. 7916
1920/--/-- Chaim Weizmann is named president of the World Zionist Organization. 5128
1920/--/-- Dutch artist Piet Mondrian paints the Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue. 5135
1920/--/-- Dutch artist Piet Mondrian paints the Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue. 7672
1920/--/-- French Art Deco glassmaker Rene Lalique opens a glass factory. 5133
1920/--/-- German East Africa is transferred to British control as Tanganyika (now Tanzania). 5124
1920/--/-- German East Africa is transferred to British control as Tanganyika (now Tanzania). 7915
1920/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi begins a noncooperation campaign against British rule in India. 5127
1920/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi begins a noncooperation campaign against British rule in India. 7673
1920/--/-- Mexican president Venustiano Carranza is deposed and killed by Alvaro Obregon. 1561
1920/--/-- Mexican president Venustiano Carranza is deposed and killed by Alvaro Obregon. 5121
1920/--/-- Mystery writer Agatha Christie publishes her first Hercule Poirot story. 5136
1920/--/-- Russian artist Aleksandr Rodchenko designs the first mobile. 5134
1920/--/-- Russian artist Aleksandr Rodchenko designs the first mobile. 7674
1920/--/-- The 18th Amendment institutes the prohibition of alcohol throughout the U.S. 5130
1920/--/-- The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives women the right to vote. 5131
1920/--/-- The Russian Civil War ends with victory for the Bolsheviks. 5119
1920/--/-- The U.S. Senate votes against joining the League of Nations. 5129
1920/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (2) AL CLEVELAND (5) 455
1921/--/-- Alexander rules the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 5143
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 1562
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 5145
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 7232
1921/--/-- Berber tribes under Abd el-Krim attack garrisons in Spanish Morocco. 5142
1921/--/-- French cubist artist Fernand Leger paints Three Women. 5150
1921/--/-- French cubist artist Fernand Leger paints Three Women. 7675
1921/--/-- German surrealist artist Max Ernst paints L'Elephant celebes. 5148
1921/--/-- German surrealist artist Max Ernst paints L'Elephant celebes. 7676
1921/--/-- Harding is inaugurated as the 29th U.S. president; Coolidge becomes vice-president. 5138
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 1563
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 5140
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 8007
1921/--/-- Latin lover Rudolph Valentino stars in the silent film The Sheik. 5147
1921/--/-- Luigi Pirandello's play Six Characters in Search of an Author is produced. 5151
1921/--/-- Mexican artist Diego Rivera begins painting murals depicting contemporary Mexican life. 5149
1921/--/-- Mexican artist Diego Rivera begins painting murals depicting contemporary Mexican life. 7677
1921/--/-- The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is created by Royal Charter. 5146
1921/--/-- The Irish Free State becomes a self-governing dominion of Britain. 5141
1921/--/-- The Reparations Commission fixes Germany's liability at 132 billion gold marks. 5139
1921/--/-- W. L. MacKenzie King is elected prime minister of Canada for the first time. 5144
1921/--/-- Warren G. Harding (Republican) becomes president of the United States 308
1921/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (5) AL NEW YORK (3) 456
1922/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot writes The Waste Land. 5164
1922/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot writes The Waste Land. 7233
1922/--/-- Constantine I abdicates as king of Greece; is succeeded by George II. 5156
1922/--/-- DeWitt Wallace launches Reader's Digest magazine. 5165
1922/--/-- Egypt achieves independence from Britain and becomes a monarchy under Fuad I. 5152
1922/--/-- Emily Post publishes Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home. 5163
1922/--/-- English composer William Walton composes Facade. 1230
1922/--/-- English composer William Walton composes Facade. 5161
1922/--/-- English Egyptologist Howard Carter excavates Tutankhamen's tomb. 1231
1922/--/-- English Egyptologist Howard Carter excavates Tutankhamen's tomb. 5160
1922/--/-- Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews discovers the first fossil dinosaur eggs in the Gobi desert. 5159
1922/--/-- Irish poet and novelist James Joyce publishes Ulysses. 5166
1922/--/-- Irish revolutionary statesman Michael Collins is assassinated. 1564
1922/--/-- Irish revolutionary statesman Michael Collins is assassinated. 5157
1922/--/-- Kemal Ataturk's attempts to restore Turkish territory leads to the Chanak Crisis. 5155
1922/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi is imprisoned for civil disobedience in India. 5153
1922/--/-- Robert Flaherty produces the first major film documentary Nanook of the North. 5162
1922/--/-- The Fascists march on Rome; King Victor Emmanuel III names Mussolini prime minister. 5154
1922/--/-- William T. Cosgrave becomes the first prime minister of the Irish Free State. 5158
1922/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 457
1923/--/-- "King" Oliver's Creole Jazz Band is the first black band to be recorded. 5180
1923/--/-- Adolf Hitler's coup d'etat in Munich fails; he is captured and imprisoned. 5173
1923/--/-- Aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt opens a factory in Germany. 5175
1923/--/-- American poet E. E. Cummings writes the novel The Enormous Room. 5185
1923/--/-- American poet E. E. Cummings writes the novel The Enormous Room. 7234
1923/--/-- Briton Hadden and Henry R. Luce found the weekly newsmagazine Time. 5183
1923/--/-- Calvin Coolidge (Republican) becomes president of the United States 309
1923/--/-- Child violinist Yehudi Menuhin makes his public debut at age 7. 5179
1923/--/-- Filmmaker Cecil B. De Mille directs the biblical epic The Ten Commandments. 5181
1923/--/-- French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr to enforce German war reparations. 1336
1923/--/-- French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr to enforce German war reparations. 5169
1923/--/-- General Miguel Primo de Rivera rules as dictator of Spain. 5167
1923/--/-- Irish poet William Butler Yeats wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5184
1923/--/-- Italy becomes first fascist state 6894
1923/--/-- Jewish philosopher Martin Buber publishes Ich und Du (I and Thou). 5182
1923/--/-- Physicist Hermann Oberth publishes The Rocket into Planetary Space. 5176
1923/--/-- Physicist Hermann Oberth publishes The Rocket into Planetary Space. 7389
1923/--/-- Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva invents the autogiro. 5178
1923/--/-- Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva invents the autogiro. 7473
1923/--/-- Stanley Baldwin becomes Conservative prime minister of Britain for the first time. 5172
1923/--/-- The Treaty of Lausanne establishes the boundaries of modern Turkey. 5170
1923/--/-- Tokyo and Yokohama are destroyed by an earthquake; 100,000 are killed. 1565
1923/--/-- Tokyo and Yokohama are destroyed by an earthquake; 100,000 are killed. 5174
1923/--/-- Turkey is declared a republic; Ataturk Kemal becomes the first president. 5171
1923/--/-- Vladimir Zworykin patents the iconoscope, the first television transmission tube. 5177
1923/--/-- Warren G. Harding dies; Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th U.S. president. 1566
1923/--/-- Warren G. Harding dies; Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th U.S. president. 5168
1923/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 458
1924/--/-- Adolf Hitler publishes his Nazi political tract Mein Kampf (My Battle). 5190
1924/--/-- Arab leader Ibn Saud drives the Hashimites from Mecca. 5189
1924/--/-- English novelist E.M. Forster publishes A Passage To India. 1232
1924/--/-- English novelist E.M. Forster publishes A Passage To India. 5196
1924/--/-- French physicist Louis de Broglie proposes the wavelength nature of particles. 5193
1924/--/-- German novelist Thomas Mann publishes The Magic Mountain. 5195
1924/--/-- J. Edgar Hoover is appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation (renamed the FBI). 5191
1924/--/-- Ramsay MacDonald forms the first Labour government in Britain. 5186
1924/--/-- Schrodinger proposes wave mechanics 6895
1924/--/-- Soviet leader Lenin dies; new leader Joseph Stalin begins a purge of his opponents. 1567
1924/--/-- Soviet leader Lenin dies; new leader Joseph Stalin begins a purge of his opponents. 5187
1924/--/-- The Boston Bruins become the first professional ice hockey team. 909
1924/--/-- The Boston Bruins become the first professional ice hockey team. 5194
1924/--/-- The military declare a republic in Greece; King George II is exiled. 5188
1924/--/-- U.S. Congress investigates suspicious dealings in the Teapot Dome scandal. 5192
1924/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL WASHINGTON (4) 459
1925/--/-- Ahmed Zogu proclaims Albania a monarchy and rules as King Zog. 5200
1925/--/-- American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. 5211
1925/--/-- American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. 7237
1925/--/-- American writer John Dos Passos publishes Manhattan Transfer. 5209
1925/--/-- American writer John Dos Passos publishes Manhattan Transfer. 7236
1925/--/-- Astronomer Edwin Hubble composes a classification scheme for galaxies. 5203
1925/--/-- Automaker Walter P. Chrysler founds the Chrysler Corporation. 5202
1925/--/-- Black American dancer Josephine Baker stars in La Revue negre in Paris. 5207
1925/--/-- Black American dancer Josephine Baker stars in La Revue negre in Paris. 7235
1925/--/-- Clarence Birdseye begins marketing his quick-frozen food packages. 5204
1925/--/-- Friedrich Ebert dies; Paul von Hindenburg becomes president of the German republic. 1568
1925/--/-- Friedrich Ebert dies; Paul von Hindenburg becomes president of the German republic. 5197
1925/--/-- John T. Scopes is tried in Tennessee for teaching the theory of evolution. 5201
1925/--/-- Reza Shah Pahlavi rules as shah of Iran. 5199
1925/--/-- Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein directs The Battleship Potemkin. 5205
1925/--/-- Swiss-born artist Paul Klee paints Fish Magic. 5208
1925/--/-- Swiss-born artist Paul Klee paints Fish Magic. 7678
1925/--/-- The all-black revue Runnin' Wild introduces the Charleston dance craze. 5206
1925/--/-- The Locarno Pact finalizes the treaties between the World War I protagonists. 5198
1925/--/-- The New Yorker magazine is founded in New York City. 5210
1925/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL WASHINGTON (3) 460
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 5226
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 7240
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 7679
1926/--/-- American golfer Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open and the British Open tournaments. 5223
1926/--/-- American golfer Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open and the British Open tournaments. 7239
1926/--/-- American physicist Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-propellant rocket. 5220
1926/--/-- American physicist Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-propellant rocket. 7238
1926/--/-- Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona becomes president after a military coup in Portugal. 5217
1926/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek organizes the Northern Expedition to unite China. 5219
1926/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek organizes the Northern Expedition to unite China. 7825
1926/--/-- Eamon De Valera organizes the Fianna Fail party in the Republic of Ireland. 5216
1926/--/-- English author A.A. Milne writes the children's book Winnie-the-Pooh. 1233
1926/--/-- English author A.A. Milne writes the children's book Winnie-the-Pooh. 5227
1926/--/-- French troops in Morocco subdue a tribal rebellion led by Abd el-Krim. 5214
1926/--/-- Germany is admitted to the League of Nations. 5213
1926/--/-- Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan. 5218
1926/--/-- Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan. 8008
1926/--/-- Nobile, Amundsen and Ellsworth pilot the airship Norge over the North Pole. 5222
1926/--/-- Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett make the first airplane flight over the North Pole. 5221
1926/--/-- Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich premiers his First Symphony. 5225
1926/--/-- Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich premiers his First Symphony. 7680
1926/--/-- The General Strike breaks out in Britain involving 3 million workers. 5212
1926/--/-- The Harlem Globetrotters basketball team is organized in Chicago. 870
1926/--/-- The Harlem Globetrotters basketball team is organized in Chicago. 5224
1926/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Nicaragua to suppress a revolution (they depart in 1933). 5215
1926/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 461
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 1569
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 5237
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 7241
1927/--/-- American writer Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey. 5241
1927/--/-- American writer Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey. 7242
1927/--/-- Baseball player Babe Ruth scores a record 60 home runs for the New York Yankees. 863
1927/--/-- Baseball player Babe Ruth scores a record 60 home runs for the New York Yankees. 5232
1927/--/-- Blackface singer Al Jolson appears in the first sound motion picture The Jazz Singer. 5238
1927/--/-- Charles Lindbergh flies solo nonstop from New York to Paris in 33.5 hours. 5229
1927/--/-- Civil war in China 6896
1927/--/-- Comedy team Laurel and Hardy appear in their first film Putting Pants on Philip. 5240
1927/--/-- Dancer Martha Graham opens her first dance studio in New York City. 5236
1927/--/-- Duke Ellington's jazz band stars at Harlem's Cotton Club in New York City. 5231
1927/--/-- English novelist Virginia Woolf writes To The Lighthouse. 1234
1927/--/-- English novelist Virginia Woolf writes To The Lighthouse. 5234
1927/--/-- Finnish architect Alvar Aalto designs the Turun Sanomat newspaper building. 5235
1927/--/-- Georges Lemaitre proposes an expanding model for the creation of the universe. 5230
1927/--/-- German-Swiss author Hermann Hesse publishes Steppenwolf. 5242
1927/--/-- German filmmaker Fritz Lang directs the futuristic film Metropolis. 5239
1927/--/-- Helen Newington Wills wins the Wimbledon tennis championship. 885
1927/--/-- Helen Newington Wills wins the Wimbledon tennis championship. 5233
1927/--/-- Lindbergh crosses Atlantic non-stop 6897
1927/--/-- The Iron Guard fascist organization is founded in Romania. 5228
1927/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 462
1928/--/-- Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic. 5259
1928/--/-- American anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. 5249
1928/--/-- American anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. 7243
1928/--/-- American comedy team Amos 'n' Andy produce their first radio show. 5260
1928/--/-- American comedy team Amos 'n' Andy produce their first radio show. 7245
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 5253
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 7244
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 7681
1928/--/-- Arturo Toscanini is made conductor of the New York Philharmonic. 5247
1928/--/-- Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's play The Front Page is produced. 5252
1928/--/-- Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill collaborate on the play The Threepenny Opera. 5257
1928/--/-- Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill collaborate on the play The Threepenny Opera. 7682
1928/--/-- British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin. 5244
1928/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek captures Peking; the Kuomintang government is established. 5250
1928/--/-- English novelist Evelyn Waugh publishes Decline and Fall. 1235
1928/--/-- English novelist Evelyn Waugh publishes Decline and Fall. 5258
1928/--/-- English physicist Paul Dirac formulates a mathematical description of elementary particles. 1236
1928/--/-- English physicist Paul Dirac formulates a mathematical description of elementary particles. 5245
1928/--/-- French composer Maurice Ravel composes the ballet Bolero. 5254
1928/--/-- Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 6898
1928/--/-- Luis Bunuel and Salvador Dali collaborate on the surrealist film Un Chien andalou. 5256
1928/--/-- Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca publishes Gypsy Ballads. 5255
1928/--/-- The Chaco War breaks out between Bolivia and Paraguay over territorial disputes. 5251
1928/--/-- The first Five-Year Plan for economic reform begins in the Soviet Union. 5246
1928/--/-- The Kellog-Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by 15 nations. 1337
1928/--/-- The Kellog-Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by 15 nations. 5243
1928/--/-- Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the first sound cartoon. 5248
1928/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 463
1929/--/-- Alexander institutes absolute rule as king of Yugoslavia. 5266
1929/--/-- American explorer Richard E. Byrd flies over the South Pole. 5269
1929/--/-- American explorer Richard E. Byrd flies over the South Pole. 7247
1929/--/-- American novelist William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury. 5275
1929/--/-- American novelist William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury. 7248
1929/--/-- British poet Robert Graves publishes his war memoir Goodbye To All That. 1338
1929/--/-- British poet Robert Graves publishes his war memoir Goodbye To All That. 5274
1929/--/-- Erich Maria Remarque publishes his war novel All Quiet On the Western Front. 1339
1929/--/-- Erich Maria Remarque publishes his war novel All Quiet On the Western Front. 5273
1929/--/-- Ernest Hemingway writes the war novel A Farewell To Arms. 1340
1929/--/-- Ernest Hemingway writes the war novel A Farewell To Arms. 5276
1929/--/-- French artist and writer Jean Cocteau publishes Les Enfants Terribles. 5277
1929/--/-- French artist and writer Jean Cocteau publishes Les Enfants Terribles. 7683
1929/--/-- Heinrich Himmler is appointed head of the SS, Hitler's blackshirted elite guard. 5264
1929/--/-- Herbert C. Hoover (Republican) becomes president of the United States 310
1929/--/-- Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st U.S. president; Curtis becomes vice-president. 5261
1929/--/-- Jews and Arabs clash at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem. 5265
1929/--/-- Seven Chicago gangsters are machine-gunned in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. 5270
1929/--/-- Soviet leader Joseph Stalin exiles Leon Trotsky. 5262
1929/--/-- Stock Market crashes 6899
1929/--/-- The first Academy Awards are presented; Wings wins best-picture prize. 5272
1929/--/-- The Lateran Treaty creates the independent state of the Vatican City. 5263
1929/--/-- The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) is founded in New York City. 5271
1929/--/-- The Wall Street crash leads to a world-wide economic depression. 5268
1929/--/-- The Workers Party of America is renamed the Communist Party of the United States. 5267
1929/--/-- The Workers Party of America is renamed the Communist Party of the United States. 7246
1929/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 464
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 5287
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 7251
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 7684
1930/--/-- American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto. 5282
1930/--/-- American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto. 7249
1930/--/-- American poet Hart Crane publishes The Bridge. 5290
1930/--/-- American poet Hart Crane publishes The Bridge. 7252
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 5286
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 7250
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 7685
1930/--/-- British engineer Frank Whittle patents a gas turbine engine for jet aircraft. 5285
1930/--/-- Carol II is proclaimed king of Romania. 5281
1930/--/-- Dashiell Hammett publishes the detective novel The Maltese Falcon. 5291
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 1237
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 5292
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 7253
1930/--/-- Getulio Vargas is appointed president of Brazil after a military coup. 5280
1930/--/-- Haile Selassie is declared emperor of Ethiopia. 5279
1930/--/-- Marlene Dietrich stars in Josef von Sternberg's film The Blue Angel. 5288
1930/--/-- Noel Coward's play Private Lives is produced in London. 5289
1930/--/-- The British airship R101 crashes in France. 5283
1930/--/-- The city of Constantinople is re-named Istanbul. 5278
1930/--/-- Vannevar Bush develops a differential analyzer, an early type of analog computer. 5284
1930/--/-- Worldwide depression begins 6900
1930/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (2) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 465
1931/--/-- American cartoonist Chester Gould creates the adventure comic strip Dick Tracy. 5304
1931/--/-- American cartoonist Chester Gould creates the adventure comic strip Dick Tracy. 7255
1931/--/-- American journalist and writer Damon Runyon publishes Guys and Dolls. 5303
1931/--/-- American journalist and writer Damon Runyon publishes Guys and Dolls. 7254
1931/--/-- American writer Pearl Buck publishes The Good Earth. 5305
1931/--/-- American writer Pearl Buck publishes The Good Earth. 7256
1931/--/-- Auguste Piccard makes the first manned balloon flight into the stratosphere. 5298
1931/--/-- Ben Shahn begins a series of paintings inspired by the Sacco-Vanzetti case. 5302
1931/--/-- Ben Shahn begins a series of paintings inspired by the Sacco-Vanzetti case. 7686
1931/--/-- Chicago gangster Al Capone is jailed for income tax evasion. 5295
1931/--/-- Explorer George Hubert Wilkins makes a submarine voyage under the Arctic ice. 5299
1931/--/-- Japanese forces occupy Manchuria. 5293
1931/--/-- Japanese forces occupy Manchuria. 8009
1931/--/-- Lawrence invents cyclotron 6901
1931/--/-- Organic chemist W. H. Carothers invents nylon, the first successful synthetic fiber. 5301
1931/--/-- Organic chemist W. H. Carothers invents nylon, the first successful synthetic fiber. 7474
1931/--/-- Radio astronomy begins when Karl Jansky detects radio waves from space. 5300
1931/--/-- Radio astronomy begins when Karl Jansky detects radio waves from space. 7390
1931/--/-- Spain is declared a republic; King Alfonso XIII abdicates. 5294
1931/--/-- The Empire State Building becomes the tallest building in the world. 5296
1931/--/-- The Star-Spangled Banner becomes the U.S. national anthem. 5297
1931/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (3) 466
1932/--/-- American physicist Carl D. Anderson discovers the positron. 5315
1932/--/-- American physicist Carl D. Anderson discovers the positron. 7257
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 5320
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 7258
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 7687
1932/--/-- American southern author Erskine Caldwell publishes Tobacco Road. 5321
1932/--/-- American southern author Erskine Caldwell publishes Tobacco Road. 7259
1932/--/-- Antonio de Oliveira Salazar assumes dictatorial powers as premier of Portugal. 5307
1932/--/-- Arab leader Ibn Saud founds the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 5310
1932/--/-- British author Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World. 5322
1932/--/-- Charles Lindbergh's infant son is kidnapped. 5314
1932/--/-- Eamon de Valera is elected president of the Republic of Ireland. 5309
1932/--/-- Engelbert Dollfuss is elected chancellor of Austria. 5312
1932/--/-- English physicist James Chadwick discovers the neutron. 1238
1932/--/-- English physicist James Chadwick discovers the neutron. 5316
1932/--/-- Presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt pledges a New Deal. 5306
1932/--/-- Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City's Rockefeller Center. 5319
1932/--/-- Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City's Rockefeller Center. 7688
1932/--/-- Revolution in Siam (Thailand) replaces the monarchy with a constitutional government. 5311
1932/--/-- Sir Oswald Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists. 5308
1932/--/-- The Bonus Army of war veterans is dispersed by troops in Washington, D.C. 1341
1932/--/-- The Bonus Army of war veterans is dispersed by troops in Washington, D.C. 5313
1932/--/-- The first particle accelerator is built at the Cavendish Laboratory in England. 1239
1932/--/-- The first particle accelerator is built at the Cavendish Laboratory in England. 5317
1932/--/-- The Royal Shakespeare Theater opens at Stratford-on-Avon, England. 1240
1932/--/-- The Royal Shakespeare Theater opens at Stratford-on-Avon, England. 5318
1932/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 467
1933/--/-- A fossilized skull of the prehistoric Steinheim man is found in Germany. 5337
1933/--/-- Actor Charles Laughton stars in the film The Private Life of Henry VIII. 5342
1933/--/-- Busby Berkeley choreographs the dances for the film Gold Diggers of 1933. 5341
1933/--/-- Dancers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers star in the film Flying Down to Rio. 5343
1933/--/-- Edwin Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM) to eliminate radio static. 5336
1933/--/-- Edwin Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM) to eliminate radio static. 7475
1933/--/-- Fiorello La Guardia is elected mayor of New York City for the first time. 5335
1933/--/-- Frances Perkins becomes the first woman cabinet member in U.S. history. 5331
1933/--/-- Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 311
1933/--/-- French novelist and political activist Andre Malraux publishes Man's Fate. 5344
1933/--/-- Fulgencio Batista leads a military coup against Gerardo Machado y Morales in Cuba. 5325
1933/--/-- Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey found their first swing band. 5338
1933/--/-- Joseph Goebbels is appointed as minister of propaganda for the Nazi party. 5327
1933/--/-- Mae West stars in the films She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel. 5340
1933/--/-- Norwegian fascist Vidkun Quisling founds the National Unity party. 5330
1933/--/-- President Paul von Hindenburg names Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany. 5324
1933/--/-- Roosevelt begins "New Deal" 6902
1933/--/-- Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 32nd U.S. president; Garner becomes vice-president. 5323
1933/--/-- The 21st Amendment ends the prohibition era in the U.S. 5332
1933/--/-- The Marx Brothers star in the classic comedy film Duck Soup. 5339
1933/--/-- The National Recovery Administration (NRA) is launched by President Roosevelt. 5333
1933/--/-- The Nazis erect the first concentration camps in Germany. 5329
1933/--/-- The Public Works Administration (PWA) is formed to fund public construction projects. 5334
1933/--/-- The Reichstag fire gives the Nazis a pretext for outlawing the German Communist party. 5328
1933/--/-- The Stavisky affair causes a financial scandal in France. 5326
1933/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL WASHINGTON (1) 468
1934/--/-- Adolf Hitler becomes "Fueher" of Germany 6903
1934/--/-- Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, is assassinated; his son Peter II succeeds him. 1570
1934/--/-- Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, is assassinated; his son Peter II succeeds him. 5345
1934/--/-- American cartoonist Al Capp begins the comic strip Li'l Abner. 5362
1934/--/-- American cartoonist Al Capp begins the comic strip Li'l Abner. 7261
1934/--/-- Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered by Austrian Nazis. 1571
1934/--/-- Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered by Austrian Nazis. 5346
1934/--/-- Cole Porter writes the score for the Broadway musical Anything Goes. 5360
1934/--/-- Cole Porter writes the score for the Broadway musical Anything Goes. 7689
1934/--/-- Drought leads to severe dust storms in the Dust Bowl region of the Great Plains. 5355
1934/--/-- Elijah Muhammad becomes leader of the Nation of Islam (the Black Muslims). 5354
1934/--/-- Fermi creates plutonium 6904
1934/--/-- George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein found The School of American Ballet. 5358
1934/--/-- George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein found The School of American Ballet. 7260
1934/--/-- Henry Miller publishes the Tropic of Cancer. (It is banned in the U.S. until 1961.) 5363
1934/--/-- Hitler becomes Fuhrer (leader) of Germany after Hindenburg's death. 1573
1934/--/-- Hitler becomes Fuhrer (leader) of Germany after Hindenburg's death. 5348
1934/--/-- John Dillinger, public enemy number one, is killed by the FBI. 1574
1934/--/-- John Dillinger, public enemy number one, is killed by the FBI. 5353
1934/--/-- Lazaro Cardenas is chosen by Plutarco Calles as president of Mexico. 5350
1934/--/-- Lillian Hellman's play The Children's Hour is produced. 5361
1934/--/-- Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on the Long March. 5349
1934/--/-- Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on the Long March. 7826
1934/--/-- Naturalist Charles W. Beebe makes a record dive of 3,028 ft in a bathyscaphe. 5356
1934/--/-- SA leader Ernst Roehm is assassinated on the orders of Hitler. 1572
1934/--/-- SA leader Ernst Roehm is assassinated on the orders of Hitler. 5347
1934/--/-- Surrealist artist Rene Magritte paints The Human Condition. 5359
1934/--/-- Surrealist artist Rene Magritte paints The Human Condition. 7690
1934/--/-- The British ocean liner Queen Mary is launched. 5357
1934/--/-- The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is formed to regulate broadcasting. 5352
1934/--/-- The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is formed to protect U.S. investors. 5351
1934/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL DETROIT (3) 469
1935/--/-- American writer Thomas Wolfe publishes Of Time and the River. 5383
1935/--/-- American writer Thomas Wolfe publishes Of Time and the River. 7263
1935/--/-- Arthur Dempster discovers U-235, the isotope of uranium used in atomic bombs. 5373
1935/--/-- Child film actress Shirley Temple stars in The Little Colonel. 5379
1935/--/-- Controversial Louisiana senator Huey P. Long is assassinated. 1575
1935/--/-- Controversial Louisiana senator Huey P. Long is assassinated. 5370
1935/--/-- Eduard Benes succeeds Tomas Masaryk as president of Czechoslovakia. 5366
1935/--/-- Errol Flynn stars in the swashbuckling adventure film Captain Blood. 5381
1935/--/-- Filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock directs The 39 Steps. 5378
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 5376
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 7262
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 7691
1935/--/-- Hitler announces German rearmament in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. 5365
1935/--/-- Italy invades Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). 5367
1935/--/-- King of Swing Benny Goodman forms the Benny Goodman Trio. 5375
1935/--/-- Leni Riefenstahl directs the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will. 5382
1935/--/-- Physicist Hideki Yukawa predicts the existence of the meson subatomic particle. 5374
1935/--/-- Robert Sherwood's play The Petrified Forest is produced. 5377
1935/--/-- Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt patents the first practical radar system. 5372
1935/--/-- Social Security Act provides retirement insurance 6905
1935/--/-- Swedish film actress Greta Garbo stars in Anna Karenina. 5380
1935/--/-- The monarchy is restored in Greece under George II. 5368
1935/--/-- The Monopoly board game is patented in the U.S. 5371
1935/--/-- The Moscow subway is opened. 5369
1935/--/-- The Nuremberg Racial Laws deprive German Jews of their citizenship. 5364
1935/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL DETROIT (4) 470
1936/--/-- Black athlete Jesse Owens wins 4 gold medals at the Berlin Olympic Games. 914
1936/--/-- Black athlete Jesse Owens wins 4 gold medals at the Berlin Olympic Games. 5395
1936/--/-- Boulder Dam is completed in Arizona (it is renamed Hoover Dam in 1947). 5394
1936/--/-- Edward VIII abdicates as king of Great Britain; he is succeeded by George VI. 5384
1936/--/-- Henry R. Luce begins publishing Life magazine. 5400
1936/--/-- HItler and Mussolini announce the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance). 5386
1936/--/-- Ioannis Metaxas establishes a dictatorship in Greece. 5388
1936/--/-- Italy and Germany send military forces and aid to support Franco in Spain. 5390
1936/--/-- Italy annexes Abyssinia (Ethiopia); Emperor Haile Selassie is exiled. 5385
1936/--/-- Japan concludes the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany. 5387
1936/--/-- Japan concludes the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany. 8010
1936/--/-- John Maynard Keynes writes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. 5397
1936/--/-- Margaret Mitchell publishes her only novel Gone With the Wind. 5399
1936/--/-- Olympic ice skater Sonja Henie turns professional. 915
1936/--/-- Olympic ice skater Sonja Henie turns professional. 5396
1936/--/-- Spanish Civil War 6906
1936/--/-- Stalin begins the Great Purge of Soviet Russia's political and military leadership. 5392
1936/--/-- The British Broadcasting Service (BBC) begins the first public television service. 5393
1936/--/-- The Soviet Union and the International Brigades support the Nationalists in Spain. 5391
1936/--/-- The Spanish Civil War begins when General Franco leads a military revolt. 5389
1936/--/-- The works of the composer Dmitry Shostakovich are denounced in Russia. 5398
1936/01/-- Edward VIII succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8118
1936/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 471
1936/12/10 George VI succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland upon the abdication of E 8119
1937/--/-- American author John Steinbeck publishes Of Mice and Men. 5416
1937/--/-- American author John Steinbeck publishes Of Mice and Men. 7264
1937/--/-- Anastasio Somoza Garcia becomes president of Nicaragua. 5405
1937/--/-- Aviatrix Amelia Earhart is lost during a flight across the Pacific. 5409
1937/--/-- Ballet dancer Margot Fonteyn debuts in Giselle at Sadler's Wells, London. 5413
1937/--/-- Danish author Isak Dinesen publishes her autobiography Out of Africa. 5418
1937/--/-- Danish author Isak Dinesen publishes her autobiography Out of Africa. 7917
1937/--/-- Dow Chemical develops plastics 6907
1937/--/-- English writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien publishes the fantasy novel The Hobbit. 1241
1937/--/-- English writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien publishes the fantasy novel The Hobbit. 5417
1937/--/-- Farouk succeeds Fuad I as king of Egypt. 5404
1937/--/-- Frank Lloyd Wright begins building the Taliesin West complex in Arizona. 5412
1937/--/-- French filmmaker Jean Renoir directs Grand Illusion. 5415
1937/--/-- German aircraft supporting Franco's forces destroy the town of Guernica in Spain. 5403
1937/--/-- Joe Louis the Brown Bomber wins the heavyweight boxing championship. 5411
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 5402
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 7827
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 8012
1937/--/-- Neville Chamberlain succeeds Stanley Baldwin as prime minister of Britain. 5406
1937/--/-- Swing bandleader Artie Shaw records Begin the Beguine. 5414
1937/--/-- The Duke of Windsor (former King Edward VIII) marries the divorcee Mrs. Simpson. 5407
1937/--/-- The German airship Hindenburg is destroyed by fire at Lakehurst, N.J. 5410
1937/--/-- The Golden Gate Bridge is opened in San Francisco. 5408
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 5401
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 7828
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 8011
1937/05/02 George VI crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Cosm 8120
1937/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 472
1938/--/-- A coelacanth, a fish thought extinct for 65 million years, is caught off the cost of Africa. 5432
1938/--/-- A coelacanth, a fish thought extinct for 65 million years, is caught off the cost of Africa. 7918
1938/--/-- American composer Aaron Copland writes the ballet score for Billy the Kid. 5434
1938/--/-- American composer Aaron Copland writes the ballet score for Billy the Kid. 7266
1938/--/-- American singer Ella Fitzgerald records A-tisket, A-tasket. 5436
1938/--/-- American singer Ella Fitzgerald records A-tisket, A-tasket. 7267
1938/--/-- British prime minister Neville Chamberlain declares "peace for our time." 5423
1938/--/-- Chamberlain and Daladier appease Hitler at the Munich Conference. 5422
1938/--/-- Chester Carlson invents xerography, the first electrostatic dry-copying process. 5429
1938/--/-- Chester Carlson invents xerography, the first electrostatic dry-copying process. 7476
1938/--/-- Don Budge becomes the first player to win the Grand Slam (4 tennis championships). 886
1938/--/-- Don Budge becomes the first player to win the Grand Slam (4 tennis championships). 5433
1938/--/-- General Franco isolates the Republican forces in Spain and attacks Catalonia. 5425
1938/--/-- German chemist Otto Hahn discovers the principles of nuclear fission. 5431
1938/--/-- Germany occupies the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. 5424
1938/--/-- Hitler invades Austria; a union (Anschluss) of Austria and Germany is proclaimed. 5419
1938/--/-- Hungarian Lajos Biro invents the first practical ball-point pen. 5430
1938/--/-- Hungarian Lajos Biro invents the first practical ball-point pen. 7477
1938/--/-- Ismet Inonu succeeds Kemal Atuturk as president of Turkey. 5427
1938/--/-- Jewish property is attacked in Germany in the Kristallnacht (night of broken glass). 5420
1938/--/-- Jewish psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud flees to England to escape Nazi persecution. 1242
1938/--/-- Jewish psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud flees to England to escape Nazi persecution. 5421
1938/--/-- Orson Welles' radio broadcast of War of the Worlds causes panic in the U.S. 5435
1938/--/-- Swing musician Glenn Miller organizes his band. 5437
1938/--/-- Swing musician Glenn Miller organizes his band. 7692
1938/--/-- The House Committee on Un-American Activities investigates U.S. subversives. 5428
1938/--/-- The House Committee on Un-American Activities investigates U.S. subversives. 7265
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 1342
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 5426
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 7829
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 8013
1938/--/-- Thornton Wilder wins the Pulitzer Prize for his play Our Town. 5439
1938/--/-- Walt Disney's feature-length cartoon Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is shown. 5438
1938/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 473
1939/--/-- American author Nathanael West publishes The Day of the Locust. 5461
1939/--/-- American author Nathanael West publishes The Day of the Locust. 7270
1939/--/-- American novelist John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath. 5459
1939/--/-- American novelist John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath. 7269
1939/--/-- An Anglo-Saxon burial ship is excavated at Sutton Hoo in England. 1243
1939/--/-- An Anglo-Saxon burial ship is excavated at Sutton Hoo in England. 5456
1939/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Germany but are unable to aid Poland. 1343
1939/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Germany but are unable to aid Poland. 5445
1939/--/-- Child film actress Judy Garland stars in the musical The Wizard of Oz. 5458
1939/--/-- Child film actress Judy Garland stars in the musical The Wizard of Oz. 7693
1939/--/-- Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh star in the film Gone With the Wind. 5457
1939/--/-- English author Christopher Isherwood publishes Goodbye to Berlin. 1244
1939/--/-- English author Christopher Isherwood publishes Goodbye to Berlin. 5460
1939/--/-- Foreign ministers Ribbentrop and Molotov sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact of nonaggression. 5443
1939/--/-- General Franco's forces capture Madrid, ending the Spanish Civil War. 5440
1939/--/-- Germany and Italy form the Pact of Steel military alliance. 5442
1939/--/-- Germany invades Poland, beginning World War II. 5444
1939/--/-- Igor Sikorsky develops America's first successful helicopter. 5452
1939/--/-- Igor Sikorsky develops America's first successful helicopter. 7268
1939/--/-- Italian forces occupy Albania; King Zog is forced into exile. 5441
1939/--/-- Physical chemist Linus Pauling publishes The Nature of the Chemical Bond. 5455
1939/--/-- President Roosevelt (prompted by Einstein) orders a U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb. 5450
1939/--/-- President Roosevelt declares U.S. neutrality in World War II. 5448
1939/--/-- Robert Gordon Menzies succeeds Joseph Lyons as prime minister of Australia. 5449
1939/--/-- Soviet troops invade Poland; Germany and the USSR partition the country. 5446
1939/--/-- Swiss chemist Paul Muller discovers the chemical insecticide DDT. 5453
1939/--/-- The first nylon stockings are marketed. 5454
1939/--/-- The He 176, the first jet airplane, takes to the air in Germany. 5451
1939/--/-- The Russo-Finnish War begins with the Soviet invasion of Finland. 5447
1939/--/-- World War II begins 1344
1939/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 474
1940/--/-- American novelist Carson McCullers publishes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. 5480
1940/--/-- American novelist Carson McCullers publishes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. 7271
1940/--/-- Bing Crosby, Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour star in the film Road to Singapore. 5477
1940/--/-- British air victory in the Battle of Britain prevents the German invasion of England. 1245
1940/--/-- British air victory in the Battle of Britain prevents the German invasion of England. 5469
1940/--/-- Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn star in the film The Philadelphia Story. 5478
1940/--/-- Ernest Hemingway publishes For Whom the Bell Tolls. 5479
1940/--/-- Exiled revolutionary Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico on Stalin's orders. 1576
1940/--/-- Exiled revolutionary Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico on Stalin's orders. 5474
1940/--/-- General Charles de Gaulle rallies Free French resistance in London. 5468
1940/--/-- German forces reach Paris; Vichy France under Marshal Petain signs an armistice. 5467
1940/--/-- Germany invades Denmark and Norway; Allied forces aid Norway but are defeated. 5462
1940/--/-- Italian forces invade Egypt but are repulsed; the British invade Libya. 5471
1940/--/-- Italy declares war on the Allies and invades southern France. 1345
1940/--/-- Italy declares war on the Allies and invades southern France. 5466
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 5472
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 7830
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 8014
1940/--/-- King Carol II of Romania abdicates; Romania and Hungary join the Axis forces. 5473
1940/--/-- Prehistoric cave paintings are discovered at Lascaux in France. 5475
1940/--/-- Prehistoric cave paintings are discovered at Lascaux in France. 7694
1940/--/-- Radar wins Battle of Britian 6908
1940/--/-- Raymond Chandler publishes the detective novel Farewell, My Lovely. 5481
1940/--/-- The British expeditionary force is evacuated from Dunkerque in France. 5465
1940/--/-- The German army begins a blitzkrieg attack on Holland, Belgium, and France. 5463
1940/--/-- The Soviet Union annexes the Baltic States of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. 5470
1940/--/-- The Tacoma Narrows bridge collapses because of oscillations caused by the wind. 5476
1940/--/-- Winston Churchill becomes British prime minister after Chamberlain resigns. 5464
1940/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL DETROIT (3) 475
1941/--/-- A British task force sinks the German pocket battleship Bismarck. 5486
1941/--/-- Baseball player Joe DiMaggio sets a new record for hitting in 56 consecutive games. 864
1941/--/-- Baseball player Joe DiMaggio sets a new record for hitting in 56 consecutive games. 5502
1941/--/-- Benchley Park computers sabotage German Enigma 6909
1941/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt's Atlantic Charter meeting establishes war and peace aims. 1346
1941/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt's Atlantic Charter meeting establishes war and peace aims. 5495
1941/--/-- German paratroopers land on Crete and capture the island from the British. 5487
1941/--/-- German playwright Bertholt Brecht writes Mother Courage and Her Children. 5503
1941/--/-- German U-boats inflict heavy losses on British shipping in the Battle of the Atlantic. 5489
1941/--/-- Germany invades the Soviet Union. 5494
1941/--/-- Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece; British forces are evacuated to Crete. 5485
1941/--/-- Gutzon Borglum completes the sculptured heads of four presidents at Mount Rushmore. 5501
1941/--/-- Gutzon Borglum completes the sculptured heads of four presidents at Mount Rushmore. 7695
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 5499
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 7831
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 8019
1941/--/-- Japanese forces capture Hong Kong and invade Malaya and the Philippines. 5498
1941/--/-- Japanese forces capture Hong Kong and invade Malaya and the Philippines. 8018
1941/--/-- Karsh's photographic portrait of Churchill becomes a symbol of British resistance. 5500
1941/--/-- Nazi leader Rudolf Hess flies to England on a quixotic peace mission. 1246
1941/--/-- Nazi leader Rudolf Hess flies to England on a quixotic peace mission. 5490
1941/--/-- Orson Welles directs the film Citizen Kane. 5505
1941/--/-- President Roosevelt talks of Four Freedoms in his State of the Union speech. 5482
1941/--/-- Swedish film actress Greta Garbo retires. 5504
1941/--/-- The German advance on Moscow is halted by the winter weather. 5496
1941/--/-- The German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel begins an offensive in North Africa. 5484
1941/--/-- The German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel begins an offensive in North Africa. 7919
1941/--/-- The German Blitz, the nighttime bombing of London, is at its height. 5488
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 5497
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 7272
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 8017
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 5492
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 7832
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 8015
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 1347
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 5483
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 7833
1941/--/-- The U.S. freezes Japanese assets in retaliation for Japan's territorial aggression. 5493
1941/--/-- The U.S. freezes Japanese assets in retaliation for Japan's territorial aggression. 8016
1941/--/-- U.S. troops occupy Iceland to forestall its occupation by Germany. 5491
1941/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 476
1942/--/-- A Russian counterattack isolates the Sixth Army at Stalingrad; Hitler orders no retreat. 5524
1942/--/-- A U.S. fleet defeats the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. 5516
1942/--/-- A U.S. fleet defeats the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. 8022
1942/--/-- Actor James Cagney wins an Academy Award for the film Yankee Doodle Dandie. 5530
1942/--/-- American and Filipino forces retreat to the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. 5508
1942/--/-- American and Filipino forces retreat to the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. 7273
1942/--/-- American B-25 bombers make the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. 5510
1942/--/-- American B-25 bombers make the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. 7274
1942/--/-- American crooner Bing Crosby records the hit song White Christmas. 5529
1942/--/-- American crooner Bing Crosby records the hit song White Christmas. 7277
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 1577
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 5511
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 7275
1942/--/-- American humorist James Thurber publishes The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. 5531
1942/--/-- American humorist James Thurber publishes The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. 7278
1942/--/-- French writer Albert Camus publishes The Stranger. 5527
1942/--/-- Gandhi is arrested after the Quit India movement demands a British withdrawal. 5518
1942/--/-- General MacArthur is ordered to the leave the Philippines; he vows I shall return. 5509
1942/--/-- German forces occupy Vichy France; the French fleet is scuttled in Toulon harbor. 5522
1942/--/-- Hitler proposes the Final Solution of the Jewish Question; the Holocaust begins. 5506
1942/--/-- Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman star in the classic film Casablanca. 5532
1942/--/-- Italian filmmaker Luchino Visconti directs his first film Ossessione. 5528
1942/--/-- Manhattan Project scientists under Fermi produce the first controlled chain reaction. 5525
1942/--/-- Rommel's Africa Corps capture Tobruk and drive the British back to Egypt. 5515
1942/--/-- Rommel's Africa Corps capture Tobruk and drive the British back to Egypt. 7920
1942/--/-- The British Eighth Army under Montgomery begins a new drive into Libya. 5520
1942/--/-- The German advance in the Caucasus is halted at Stalingrad (now Volgograd). 5523
1942/--/-- The German advance on Egypt is halted at the Battle of El-Alamein. 5519
1942/--/-- The Japanese conquer Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia and Burma. 5507
1942/--/-- The Japanese conquer Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia and Burma. 8020
1942/--/-- The RAF makes the first 1,000 bomber raid on the German city of Cologne. 5514
1942/--/-- The Soviet southern offensive is halted; the Germans advance on the Caucasus. 5513
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 5512
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 7276
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 8021
1942/--/-- U.S. forces under General Eisenhower invade Morocco and Algeria. 5521
1942/--/-- U.S. Marines invade Guadalcanal, beginning the campaign of re-conquest. 5517
1942/--/-- V-2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) rockets are tested at Peenemunde in Germany. 5526
1942/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (1) 477
1943/--/-- American aircraft join the RAF in round the clock bombing of Germany. 5539
1943/--/-- American aircraft join the RAF in round the clock bombing of Germany. 7280
1943/--/-- American author Carson McCullers publishes The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. 5552
1943/--/-- American author Carson McCullers publishes The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. 7282
1943/--/-- American writer Ayn Rand publishes The Fountainhead. 5550
1943/--/-- American writer Ayn Rand publishes The Fountainhead. 7281
1943/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt meet at Casablanca to plan their war strategy. 1348
1943/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt meet at Casablanca to plan their war strategy. 5534
1943/--/-- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet at the Tehran Conference. 5545
1943/--/-- French existentialist writer Jean Paul Sartre publishes Being and Nothingness. 5551
1943/--/-- French writer and feminist Simone de Beauvoir publishes She Came to Stay. 5553
1943/--/-- German paratroopers rescue Mussolini. 5543
1943/--/-- Marine explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau invents the Aqualung (scuba). 5547
1943/--/-- Marine explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau invents the Aqualung (scuba). 7478
1943/--/-- Marshal Badoglio signs an armistice with the Allies; Italy declares war on Germany. 1349
1943/--/-- Marshal Badoglio signs an armistice with the Allies; Italy declares war on Germany. 5542
1943/--/-- Mussolini is deposed; Marshal Badoglio assumes power in Italy. 5538
1943/--/-- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's musical Oklahoma! is produced. 5549
1943/--/-- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's musical Oklahoma! is produced. 7696
1943/--/-- Robert Oppenheimer establishes the Los Alamos laboratory to build the atomic bomb. 5546
1943/--/-- Singer Paul Robeson stars in the title role of the Broadway production of Othello. 5548
1943/--/-- The Allied armies invade Sicily. 5537
1943/--/-- The Allies invade the southern tip of Italy. 5541
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 5535
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 7279
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 7921
1943/--/-- The German Sixth Army surrenders at Stalingrad; 100,000 are taken prisoner. 5533
1943/--/-- The Germans suppress a revolt by Polish Jews; the Warsaw ghetto is destroyed. 5540
1943/--/-- The Russian offensive reaches the Dnepr River; Kiev and Smolensk are recaptured. 5544
1943/--/-- The Russians defeat the Germans at Kursk in the largest tank battle in history. 5536
1943/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 478
1944/--/-- A British airborne landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands is repulsed by the Germans. 5571
1944/--/-- Aaron Copland composes the ballet Appalachian Spring. 5580
1944/--/-- Allied D-Day invasion forces land at Normandy in northern France. 5562
1944/--/-- Allied forces break out from the Normandy enclave and liberate Paris. 5565
1944/--/-- Allied forces in Italy land behind the German Gustav Line at Anzio. 5555
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 5561
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 7284
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 8025
1944/--/-- American forces under General Mark Clark occupy Rome. 5556
1944/--/-- American forces under General Mark Clark occupy Rome. 7283
1944/--/-- An Allied invasion force lands in southern France. 5566
1944/--/-- British forces begin the reconquest of Burma from the Japanese. 5558
1944/--/-- British forces begin the reconquest of Burma from the Japanese. 8023
1944/--/-- British forces occupy Athens and intervene in a communist inspired civil war. 5574
1944/--/-- Child film actors Mickey Rooney and Elizabeth Taylor star in National Velvet. 5582
1944/--/-- Communist resistance fighters under Josip Broz-Tito liberate Yugoslavia. 5573
1944/--/-- English writer Somerset Maugham publishes The Razor's Edge. 1247
1944/--/-- English writer Somerset Maugham publishes The Razor's Edge. 5584
1944/--/-- Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson dies from an accidental drug overdose. 1579
1944/--/-- Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson dies from an accidental drug overdose. 5578
1944/--/-- French novelist Colette writes Gigi. 5583
1944/--/-- German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler. 1578
1944/--/-- German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler. 5564
1944/--/-- Normandy landings 6910
1944/--/-- Oswald Avery determines that DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 5579
1944/--/-- Polish resistance fighters are defeated by the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising. 5569
1944/--/-- Romania and Bulgaria sign an armistice with the Allies and declare war on Germany. 1350
1944/--/-- Romania and Bulgaria sign an armistice with the Allies and declare war on Germany. 5567
1944/--/-- Roosevelt is reelected for an unprecedented fourth term; Truman becomes vice-president. 5575
1944/--/-- Soviet forces cross the Romanian border and reconquer the Crimea. 5557
1944/--/-- Soviet forces reach the suburbs of Warsaw in Poland. 5568
1944/--/-- Tennessee Williams' play The Glass Menagerie is produced. 5581
1944/--/-- The G.I. Bill of Rights is established to provide assistance to war veterans. 1351
1944/--/-- The G.I. Bill of Rights is established to provide assistance to war veterans. 5577
1944/--/-- The German army launches the Battle of the Bulge, its last counteroffensive. 5572
1944/--/-- The Soviet's relieve the city of Leningrad after a German siege lasting 890 days. 5554
1944/--/-- The U.S. First Army occupies Aachen -- the first German city to fall to the Allies. 5570
1944/--/-- The World Bank is established to assist European postwar recovery. 1352
1944/--/-- The World Bank is established to assist European postwar recovery. 5576
1944/--/-- U.S. forces under Admiral Nimitz defeat a Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. 5560
1944/--/-- U.S. forces under Admiral Nimitz defeat a Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. 8024
1944/--/-- U.S. Marines invade Guam and Saipan in the Marianas. 5559
1944/--/-- V-1 (and later the V-2) weapons of vengeance are launched against London. 5563
1944/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL ST. LOUIS (2) 479
1945/--/-- Advancing Allied armies discover Nazi extermination camps. 5588
1945/--/-- Allied forces cross the Rhine and begin the final assault on Germany. 5586
1945/--/-- British actor Laurence Olivier wins critical acclaim for his portrayal of Richard III. 5615
1945/--/-- British author George Orwell publishes the satirical fable Animal Farm. 5617
1945/--/-- Charlie "Bird" Parker and Dizzy Gillespie make the first bebop recordings. 5613
1945/--/-- Churchill is defeated in the British elections by Labour leader Clement Attlee. 5605
1945/--/-- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet at the Yalta Conference. 5585
1945/--/-- Churchill, Truman and Stalin hold the last wartime conference at Potsdam. 5593
1945/--/-- Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Yemen form the Arab League. 5610
1945/--/-- French dramatist Jean Giraudoux writes the play The Madwoman of Chaillot. 5618
1945/--/-- General MacArthur heads the U.S. occupation forces in Japan. 5602
1945/--/-- General MacArthur heads the U.S. occupation forces in Japan. 8031
1945/--/-- German jet aircraft are unable to prevent mass Allied air attacks. 5587
1945/--/-- German playwright Bertholt Brecht writes The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 5614
1945/--/-- German rocket engineer Wernher Von Braun continues his research in the U.S. 5612
1945/--/-- Germany and Austria are divided between the Allies into 4 zones of occupation. 5601
1945/--/-- Harry S. Truman (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 312
1945/--/-- Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker; Germany surrenders to the Allies. 1580
1945/--/-- Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker; Germany surrenders to the Allies. 5591
1945/--/-- Ho Chi Minh proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 5604
1945/--/-- Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno proclaim the nation independent. 5611
1945/--/-- Japan signs an armistice with the Allies, ending World War II. 5600
1945/--/-- Japan signs an armistice with the Allies, ending World War II. 8030
1945/--/-- Korea is divided between U.S. and Soviet occupation forces along the 38th parallel. 5603
1945/--/-- Marshal Zhukov's Soviet troops launch the final attack on Berlin. 5590
1945/--/-- Mussolini is killed by Italian partisans. 1582
1945/--/-- Mussolini is killed by Italian partisans. 5589
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 1353
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 5606
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 7834
1945/--/-- Roberto Rosselini's neorealist "Open City" 6911
1945/--/-- Romulo Betancourt becomes president of Venezuela for the first time. 5609
1945/--/-- Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd U.S. president. 1583
1945/--/-- Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd U.S. president. 5592
1945/--/-- Singer Frank Sinatra stars in the film musical Anchors Aweigh. 5616
1945/--/-- Singer Frank Sinatra stars in the film musical Anchors Aweigh. 7697
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 1581
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 5597
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 8027
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 1354
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 5599
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 8029
1945/--/-- The trial of Nazi war criminals begins at Nuremberg in Germany. 1355
1945/--/-- The trial of Nazi war criminals begins at Nuremberg in Germany. 5607
1945/--/-- The U.S. drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 5598
1945/--/-- The U.S. drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 8028
1945/--/-- The United Nations is formed; Trygve Halvdan Lie becomes secretary-general (1946). 5594
1945/--/-- Tito becomes head of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 5608
1945/--/-- U.S. A-bombs Japan 6912
1945/--/-- U.S. forces under MacArthur liberate the Philippines. 5595
1945/--/-- U.S. Marines invade the Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 5596
1945/--/-- U.S. Marines invade the Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 8026
1945/--/-- United Nations formed 6913
1945/--/-- World War II ends 1356
1945/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (3) AL DETROIT (4) 480
1946/--/-- American author Robert Penn Warren publishes All the King's Men. 5634
1946/--/-- American author Robert Penn Warren publishes All the King's Men. 7285
1946/--/-- Communists abolish the monarchy in Bulgaria; Georgi Dimitrov becomes premier. 5621
1946/--/-- Dr. Spock publishes The Commonsense Book of Baby and Child Care. 5632
1946/--/-- EAM-ELAS communist forces begin a civil war in Greece. 1357
1946/--/-- EAM-ELAS communist forces begin a civil war in Greece. 5619
1946/--/-- Elections in Italy abolish the monarchy in favor of a republic. 5625
1946/--/-- ENIAC, the first successful electronic digital computer, becomes operational. 5629
1946/--/-- ENIAC, the first successful electronic digital computer, becomes operational. 7698
1946/--/-- General De Gaulle resigns as president of France; the Fourth Republic is formed. 5622
1946/--/-- Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis publishes Zorba the Greek. 5633
1946/--/-- Juan Peron is elected president of Argentina. 5627
1946/--/-- MacArthur promotes Japanese democracy with the emperor as constitutional monarch. 5626
1946/--/-- MacArthur promotes Japanese democracy with the emperor as constitutional monarch. 8032
1946/--/-- Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first U.S. citizen to be canonized. 5628
1946/--/-- Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier designs Unite d'Habitation in Marseilles. 5630
1946/--/-- Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy is produced. 5631
1946/--/-- The Philippines are granted independence with Manuel Roxas y Acuna as president. 5624
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 1358
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 5620
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 7835
1946/--/-- Winston Churchill describes the Iron Curtain created in Europe by the Soviets. 5623
1946/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL BOSTON (3) 481
1947/--/-- American pilot Kenneth Arnold makes the first alleged sighting of flying saucers. 5648
1947/--/-- American pilot Kenneth Arnold makes the first alleged sighting of flying saucers. 7286
1947/--/-- Artist Jackson Pollock produces Full Fathom Five using drip paint techniques. 5652
1947/--/-- Artist Jackson Pollock produces Full Fathom Five using drip paint techniques. 7699
1947/--/-- Artist Mark Rothko begins experimenting with Color-field painting. 5653
1947/--/-- Artist Mark Rothko begins experimenting with Color-field painting. 7700
1947/--/-- Baseball player Jackie Robinson becomes the first black to play in the major leagues. 865
1947/--/-- Baseball player Jackie Robinson becomes the first black to play in the major leagues. 5651
1947/--/-- British & French Empires fracture into new 3rd world nations 6914
1947/--/-- British atomic bomb scientist Klaus Fuchs is arrested for giving information to the USSR. 5650
1947/--/-- British India becomes Pakistan & India 6915
1947/--/-- Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier for the first time in an X-1 rocket plane. 5649
1947/--/-- Conductor Sir Thomas Beecham forms the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. 5645
1947/--/-- Dennis Gabor invents holography, a means of producing a three-dimensional image. 5647
1947/--/-- Dennis Gabor invents holography, a means of producing a three-dimensional image. 7479
1947/--/-- Edwin Land demonstrates the single-step Polaroid Land Camera. 5646
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 1248
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 5642
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 7701
1947/--/-- French fashion designer Christian Dior opens his own couture house. 5643
1947/--/-- French literary figure Andre Gide wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5641
1947/--/-- Gheorghiu-Dej heads the Romanian Communist party; King Michael abdicates. 5638
1947/--/-- India becomes independent and is divided into the nations of India and Pakistan. 5636
1947/--/-- Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of India. 5637
1947/--/-- Marshall Plan 6916
1947/--/-- Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl sails on the balsa raft Kon Tiki from Peru to Polynesia. 5655
1947/--/-- Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire is produced. 5644
1947/--/-- The Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of ancient Hebrew documents, are discovered. 5654
1947/--/-- The first India-Pakistan War begins when Pakistani tribesmen invade Kashmir. 5656
1947/--/-- The story of a Jewish victim of the Nazis, The Diary of Anne Frank, is published. 5640
1947/--/-- The U.S. Marshall Plan for economic recovery in Europe is established. 5639
1947/--/-- The United Nations elect to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. 5635
1947/--/-- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, captured from Japan, administered by U.S. 6917
1947/--/-- U.S. contains spread of communism 6918
1947/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 482
1948/--/-- Alec Guinness stars as Fagin in the film of Dicken's Oliver Twist. 5674
1948/--/-- Alfred Kinsey publishes his report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. 5670
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 5672
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 7287
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 7702
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 1359
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 5676
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 7288
1948/--/-- Arab armies invade Israel in the first Arab-Israeli War. 5660
1948/--/-- Bell Labs invent transistor 6919
1948/--/-- Britain grants independence to Burma. 5658
1948/--/-- Communism quashed in US 6920
1948/--/-- Communist leader Kim Il Sung establishes the People's Republic of Korea (N. Korea). 5666
1948/--/-- Dutch track star Fanny Blankers-Koen wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games. 916
1948/--/-- Dutch track star Fanny Blankers-Koen wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games. 5671
1948/--/-- George Balanchine's Ballet Society is renamed the New York City Ballet. 5673
1948/--/-- Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. 1584
1948/--/-- Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. 5657
1948/--/-- Israel created 6921
1948/--/-- Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica directs The Bicycle Thieves. 5675
1948/--/-- NATO formed; Cold War begins 6922
1948/--/-- Palestinian Jews proclaim the independent state of Israel. 5659
1948/--/-- Stalin expels Yugoslavia from the Communist bloc. 5663
1948/--/-- The apartheid policy of racial segregation is made official in South Africa. 5667
1948/--/-- The apartheid policy of racial segregation is made official in South Africa. 7922
1948/--/-- The Communist party assumes power in Hungary under Matyas Rakosi. 5662
1948/--/-- The Malayan Communist party begins an insurrection against British rule. 5664
1948/--/-- The Republic of Korea (S. Korea) is inaugurated, Syngman Rhee becomes president. 5665
1948/--/-- The Soviets blockade West Berlin; Britain and the U.S. begin the Berlin Airlift. 5661
1948/--/-- The transistor is invented at Bell Laboratories in the U.S. 5668
1948/--/-- The transistor is invented at Bell Laboratories in the U.S. 7480
1948/--/-- The U.S. Air Force begins the Project Blue Book study of the UFO phenomenon. 5669
1948/10/-- World Series NL BOSTON (2) AL CLEVELAND (4) 483
1949/--/-- Abstract-Expressionism breaks out in NYC 6923
1949/--/-- Abstract artist Robert Motherwell begins his series Elegy to the Spanish Republic. 5690
1949/--/-- Abstract artist Robert Motherwell begins his series Elegy to the Spanish Republic. 7703
1949/--/-- Architect Philip Johnson designs the Glass House in New Caanan, Conn. 5691
1949/--/-- Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is produced. 1585
1949/--/-- Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is produced. 5685
1949/--/-- British abstract sculptor Henry Moore completes the bronze Family Group. 5692
1949/--/-- British abstract sculptor Henry Moore completes the bronze Family Group. 7704
1949/--/-- British author George Orwell publishes the futuristic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. 5694
1949/--/-- Civil war ends in Greece with the defeat of the Communist forces. 1360
1949/--/-- Civil war ends in Greece with the defeat of the Communist forces. 5686
1949/--/-- Communists under Mao defeat the Nationalists and form the People's Republic of China. 5677
1949/--/-- Communists under Mao defeat the Nationalists and form the People's Republic of China. 7836
1949/--/-- Konrad Adenauer becomes the first chancellor of West Germany. 5680
1949/--/-- Kurchatov develops first Soviet A-bomb 6924
1949/--/-- Miles Davis makes the first "cool" jazz records. 5689
1949/--/-- Nationalist Chinese forces under Chiang Kai-shek flee to the island of Taiwan. 5678
1949/--/-- Nationalist Chinese forces under Chiang Kai-shek flee to the island of Taiwan. 7837
1949/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical South Pacific is produced. 5693
1949/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical South Pacific is produced. 7705
1949/--/-- The first India-Pakistan War ends with the partition of Kashmir. 5684
1949/--/-- The Hashimite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed as Jordan. 5683
1949/--/-- The Netherlands grants independence to Indonesia (formerly the Dutch East Indies). 1586
1949/--/-- The Netherlands grants independence to Indonesia (formerly the Dutch East Indies). 5687
1949/--/-- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is formed to deter Soviet aggression. 5682
1949/--/-- The Republic of Germany (West Germany) is established by the Western powers. 5679
1949/--/-- The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb. 5688
1949/--/-- The Soviets establish the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). 5681
1949/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 484
1950/--/-- Adnan Menderes replaces Ismet Inonu as prime minister of Turkey. 5700
1950/--/-- Bette Davis stars in the film All About Eve. 5705
1950/--/-- Cartoonist Charles Schulz creates the Peanuts comic strip. 5707
1950/--/-- Chinese forces invade Tibet, which is officially annexed in 1951. 5695
1950/--/-- Chinese forces invade Tibet, which is officially annexed in 1951. 7838
1950/--/-- Communist North Korean forces invade South Korea. 5696
1950/--/-- George Burns and Gracie Allen star in The Burns and Allen Show television series. 5706
1950/--/-- Isaac Asimov publishes the science-fiction classic I Robot. 5708
1950/--/-- Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa achieves recognition with Rashomon. 5704
1950/--/-- Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa achieves recognition with Rashomon. 8033
1950/--/-- Korean "engagement" 1361
1950/--/-- President Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb. 5701
1950/--/-- Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his inquiry into un-American activities. 5702
1950/--/-- Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his inquiry into un-American activities. 7289
1950/--/-- The UN sanctions military aid for South Korea; MacArthur is appointed commander. 5697
1950/--/-- U.S. official Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury for denying that he knew a Soviet agent. 5703
1950/--/-- UN forces cross into North Korea but are repulsed by the Chinese army. 5699
1950/--/-- UN forces cross into North Korea but are repulsed by the Chinese army. 7839
1950/--/-- UN forces land at Inchon and drive the North Koreans out of South Korea. 5698
1950/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 485
1951/--/-- A frontline is stabilized at the 38th parallel in Korea; peace negotiations begin at Kaesong. 5711
1951/--/-- American novelist Kurt Vonnegut publishes Player Piano. 5731
1951/--/-- American novelist Kurt Vonnegut publishes Player Piano. 7292
1951/--/-- American poet Marianne Moore publishes her Collected Poems. 5730
1951/--/-- American poet Marianne Moore publishes her Collected Poems. 7291
1951/--/-- American writer J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye. 5732
1951/--/-- American writer J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye. 7293
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 1362
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 5729
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 7290
1951/--/-- Artist Stuart Davis uses words to function as abstract shapes in his painting Visa. 5725
1951/--/-- Artist Stuart Davis uses words to function as abstract shapes in his painting Visa. 7706
1951/--/-- Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. sign the mutual defense Anzus Treaty. 5712
1951/--/-- Auto racer Juan Fangio wins the world driving championship for the first time. 5724
1951/--/-- Boxer Sugar Ray Robinson defeats Jake La Motta for the middleweight title. 5723
1951/--/-- British Conservatives win a general election with Winston Churchill as leader. 5713
1951/--/-- British spies Burgess and Maclean escape to the Soviet Union. 5717
1951/--/-- Comedian Lucille Ball stars in the television series I Love Lucy. 5727
1951/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's opera The Rake's Progress is premiered. 5726
1951/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's opera The Rake's Progress is premiered. 7707
1951/--/-- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are sentenced to death for espionage against the U.S. 1588
1951/--/-- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are sentenced to death for espionage against the U.S. 5719
1951/--/-- King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist. 1587
1951/--/-- King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist. 5716
1951/--/-- Leopold III of Belgium is forced to abdicate because of his wartime conduct. 5715
1951/--/-- President Truman dismisses MacArthur as commander in Korea. 5710
1951/--/-- Prime minister Muhammad Mosaddeq nationalizes Iran's oil resources. 5714
1951/--/-- Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The King and I is produced. 5728
1951/--/-- Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The King and I is produced. 7708
1951/--/-- Teller tests H-bomb 6925
1951/--/-- Ten million television receivers have been installed in U.S. homes. 5722
1951/--/-- The 22nd Amendment restricts U.S. presidents to a maximum of two terms. 5718
1951/--/-- The first successful videotape for recording television images is demonstrated. 5720
1951/--/-- The UN General Assembly brands Communist China an aggressor in the Korean War. 5709
1951/--/-- The UN General Assembly brands Communist China an aggressor in the Korean War. 7840
1951/--/-- UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer, is accepted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. 5721
1951/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 486
1952/--/-- A bloodless coup returns Fulgencio Batista to power in Cuba. 5740
1952/--/-- Agatha Christie's record-breaking play The Mouse Trap opens in London. 5755
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 5752
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 7294
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 7709
1952/--/-- American writer E.B. White publishes the children's book Charlotte's Web. 5758
1952/--/-- American writer E.B. White publishes the children's book Charlotte's Web. 7295
1952/--/-- British architect Michael Ventris deciphers the ancient Greek Linear B script. 5745
1952/--/-- Chuck Yaeger sets a new air speed record of 1,650 mph in the X-1A research plane. 5747
1952/--/-- Communist POW riots in South Korea delay peace negotiations. 5737
1952/--/-- Czech runner Emil Zatopek wins 3 gold medals in the Helsinki Olympic Games. 917
1952/--/-- Czech runner Emil Zatopek wins 3 gold medals in the Helsinki Olympic Games. 5749
1952/--/-- Dancer Gene Kelly stars in the film Singin' in the Rain. 5756
1952/--/-- Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, dies in Argentina. 1589
1952/--/-- Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, dies in Argentina. 5736
1952/--/-- Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly star in the Western film High Noon. 5757
1952/--/-- Gordon Bunshaft designs the Lever House, an early International Style building. 5751
1952/--/-- Hostilities continue in Korea with increased UN air strikes against the north. 5733
1952/--/-- King Farouk of Egypt is overthrown in a revolution led by Gen. Muhammad Naguib. 5738
1952/--/-- Kwame Nkrumah is elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (Ghana). 5741
1952/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 5744
1952/--/-- Opera singer Maria Callas debuts at London's Covent Garden. 5753
1952/--/-- Opera singer Maria Callas debuts at London's Covent Garden. 7710
1952/--/-- Queen Elizabeth II ascends to the British throne on the death of her father George VI. 1590
1952/--/-- Queen Elizabeth II ascends to the British throne on the death of her father George VI. 5735
1952/--/-- Samuel Beckett's play Waiting For Godot is produced in Paris. 5754
1952/--/-- The British de Havilland Comet becomes the first jet airliner to enter service. 5748
1952/--/-- The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is formed with Luis Munoz Marin as governor. 5742
1952/--/-- The first automatic pinsetter is installed in a bowling alley in Brooklyn, N.Y. 5750
1952/--/-- The Mau Mau uprising begins in Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta is imprisoned. 5739
1952/--/-- The U.S. tests the first hydrogen bomb in the Pacific. 5746
1952/--/-- Turkey joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 5734
1952/--/-- Vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon makes his Checkers speech. 5743
1952/02/-- Elizabeth II succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. 8121
1952/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 487
1953/--/-- A Redstone rocket (based on the German V-2) is tested at Cape Canaveral. 5770
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 5774
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 7296
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 7481
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 887
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 5780
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 7297
1953/--/-- American writer Saul Bellow publishes The Adventures of Augie March. 5785
1953/--/-- American writer Saul Bellow publishes The Adventures of Augie March. 7298
1953/--/-- An armistice ends the Korean War; the country remains divided into North and South. 5764
1953/--/-- Arthur Miller writes The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. 5782
1953/--/-- Black writer James Baldwin publishes his first novel Go Tell It on the Mountain. 5783
1953/--/-- Communist statesman Imre Nagy becomes premier of Hungary. 5767
1953/--/-- Dag Hammarskjold succeeds Trygve Lie as secretary-general of the UN. 5768
1953/--/-- Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) becomes president of the United States 313
1953/--/-- Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay are the first to climb Mount Everest. 5778
1953/--/-- Eisenhower is inaugurated as the 34th U.S. president; Nixon becomes vice-president. 5759
1953/--/-- Fidel Castro leads an attack on an army barracks in Cuba; he is captured and imprisoned. 5766
1953/--/-- Golfer Ben Hogan wins the U.S. Open, Masters, and British Open tournaments. 5779
1953/--/-- Hugh Hefner publishes the first issue of Playboy magazine. 5784
1953/--/-- Hussein I succeeds his father as king of Jordan. 5760
1953/--/-- Israeli prime minister Ben-Gurion retires; he is succeeded by Moshe Sharett. 5765
1953/--/-- Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe the Trieste descends to a depth of 10,330 ft. 5775
1953/--/-- James Watson and Francis Crick propose the double helix structure of DNA. 5771
1953/--/-- John Foster Dulles is selected as the U.S. secretary of state. 5769
1953/--/-- Laos, formerly a part of French Indochina, is granted independence. 5761
1953/--/-- Laos, formerly a part of French Indochina, is granted independence. 7841
1953/--/-- Lavrenti Beria, head of the Soviet security service, is arrested and executed. 5763
1953/--/-- Marilyn Monroe stars in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. 5781
1953/--/-- Murray Gell-Mann proposes the strangeness property of some subatomic particles. 5772
1953/--/-- Physicist Donald Glaser invents the bubble chamber to detect subnuclear particles. 5776
1953/--/-- Physicist Donald Glaser invents the bubble chamber to detect subnuclear particles. 7482
1953/--/-- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies; Georgy M. Malenkov becomes the new premier. 1591
1953/--/-- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies; Georgy M. Malenkov becomes the new premier. 5762
1953/--/-- The first heart-lung machine is developed by Dr. John Gibbon. 5773
1953/--/-- The fossil remains of Piltdown man are proved a hoax 41 years after their discovery. 5777
1953/--/-- Watson & Crick DNA=double helix 6926
1953/06/-- Elizabeth II crowned Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at Westminster 8122
1953/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 488
1954/--/-- A Supreme Court decision prohibits racial segregation in U.S. public schools. 5791
1954/--/-- American novelist Evan Hunter publishes The Blackboard Jungle. 5802
1954/--/-- American novelist Evan Hunter publishes The Blackboard Jungle. 7299
1954/--/-- British artist Francis Bacon begins his Portrait of Pope Innocent X series. 5795
1954/--/-- British artist Francis Bacon begins his Portrait of Pope Innocent X series. 7711
1954/--/-- British novelist William Golding publishes Lord of the Flies. 5799
1954/--/-- Dylan Thomas' radio play Under Milk Wood is performed posthumously. 5796
1954/--/-- English runner Roger Bannister is first to run the mile in under 4 minutes. 1249
1954/--/-- English runner Roger Bannister is first to run the mile in under 4 minutes. 5794
1954/--/-- French forces are defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in North Vietnam. 5787
1954/--/-- Gamal Abdel Nasser ousts Gen. Muhammad Naguib as president of Egypt. 5786
1954/--/-- Ian Fleming publishes the first James Bond thriller Casino Royale. 5801
1954/--/-- Italian film-maker Federico Fellini directs La Strada. 5797
1954/--/-- Kingsley Amis, one of England's angry young men, publishes Lucky Jim. 1250
1954/--/-- Kingsley Amis, one of England's angry young men, publishes Lucky Jim. 5800
1954/--/-- Marlon Brando stars in Elia Kazan's film On the Waterfront. 5798
1954/--/-- National Liberation Front (FLN) raids on French property spark the Algerian War. 5789
1954/--/-- Senator McCarthy is discredited for failing to prove claims of communist penetration. 5790
1954/--/-- Television thrives; radio switches to music 6927
1954/--/-- The Geneva Conference establishes the partition of Vietnam into North and South. 5788
1954/--/-- The U.S. and Canada begin construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway. 5792
1954/--/-- The U.S. nuclear submarine the Nautilus is launched. 5793
1954/--/-- U.S. "Nautilus" first nuclear submarine 6928
1954/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL CLEVELAND (0) 489
1955/--/-- A military coup in Argentina deposes president Juan Peron. 5808
1955/--/-- AFL and CIO merge 6929
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 5813
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 7301
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 7712
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 5812
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 7300
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 7713
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 5815
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 7302
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 7714
1955/--/-- Anthony Eden succeeds Winston Churchill as prime minister of Great Britain. 5806
1955/--/-- Austria achieves independence; the four-power occupation is terminated. 5803
1955/--/-- Blacks boycott buses in Montgomery 6930
1955/--/-- British writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien completes The Lord of the Rings. 5819
1955/--/-- British writer Graham Greene publishes The Quiet American. 5818
1955/--/-- British writer Graham Greene publishes The Quiet American. 7303
1955/--/-- David Ben-Gurion returns as prime minister of Israel. 5807
1955/--/-- Film star James Dean is killed in a car crash. 1592
1955/--/-- Film star James Dean is killed in a car crash. 5816
1955/--/-- Jonas Salk's vaccine against polio comes into widespread use. 5810
1955/--/-- Marian Anderson becomes the first black to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. 5814
1955/--/-- Marian Anderson becomes the first black to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. 7715
1955/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. leads a boycott against racial segregation on buses. 5809
1955/--/-- Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov publishes the novel Lolita. 5820
1955/--/-- Satyajit Ray directs Pather Panchali, the first film in a trilogy on Bengali family life. 5817
1955/--/-- Supreme Court orders school desegregation 6931
1955/--/-- The Federal Republic of Germany joins NATO. 5804
1955/--/-- The Warsaw Pact establishes a military alliance of European Communist nations. 5805
1955/--/-- Theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin publishes The Phenomenon of Man. 5811
1955/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 490
1956/--/-- American beat poet Allen Ginsberg publishes Howl and Other Poems. 5844
1956/--/-- American beat poet Allen Ginsberg publishes Howl and Other Poems. 7305
1956/--/-- American television news show The Huntley-Brinkley Report begins. 5836
1956/--/-- American television news show The Huntley-Brinkley Report begins. 7304
1956/--/-- American writer Grace Metalious publishes Peyton Place. 5845
1956/--/-- American writer Grace Metalious publishes Peyton Place. 7306
1956/--/-- Anglo-French forces invade Egypt but withdraw after protests from the U.S. 5828
1956/--/-- Archbishop Makarios III is deported from Cyprus by the British. 5823
1956/--/-- Brendan Behan's play The Quare Fellow opens in London. 5841
1956/--/-- Britain, France and Israel agree on a secret joint action against Egypt. 5826
1956/--/-- British artist Richard Hamilton produces the first pop art work. 5835
1956/--/-- British artist Richard Hamilton produces the first pop art work. 7716
1956/--/-- David Niven stars in the film Around the World in Eighty Days. 5839
1956/--/-- Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey Into Night is produced. 5840
1956/--/-- Fidel Castro and Che Guevara land in Cuba and begin a guerrilla war. 5830
1956/--/-- Film actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco. 5838
1956/--/-- Heavyweight boxing champion Rocky Marciano retires without being defeated. 5834
1956/--/-- Israeli forces under Moshe Dayan seize the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. 5827
1956/--/-- John Osborne's first play Look Back In Anger is produced in London. 5842
1956/--/-- Lerner and Loewe's musical My Fair Lady opens in New York. 5843
1956/--/-- Lerner and Loewe's musical My Fair Lady opens in New York. 7717
1956/--/-- President Anastasio Somoza Garcia is assassinated in Nicaragua. 1593
1956/--/-- President Anastasio Somoza Garcia is assassinated in Nicaragua. 5829
1956/--/-- President Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal before the British lease expires. 5825
1956/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to hold elections in South Vietnam. 5824
1956/--/-- Rock 'n roll singer Elvis Presley records his first hit Heartbreak Hotel. 5837
1956/--/-- Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev denounces the crimes of the Stalin era. 5821
1956/--/-- Sudan gains independence from Anglo-Egyptian rule. 5822
1956/--/-- The Hungarian Uprising is suppressed by Soviet troops. 5831
1956/--/-- The Italian ocean liner Andrea Doria sinks off the U.S. coast after a collision in fog. 5833
1956/--/-- Tunisia and Morocco are granted independence by France. 5832
1956/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 491
1957/--/-- Beat generation writer Jack Kerouac publishes On The Road. 5862
1957/--/-- Black tennis player Althea Gibson wins the U.S. Open and Wimbledon championships. 888
1957/--/-- Black tennis player Althea Gibson wins the U.S. Open and Wimbledon championships. 5857
1957/--/-- British philosopher A.J. Ayer publishes The Problem of Knowledge. 5849
1957/--/-- British prime minister Anthony Eden resigns; is succeeded by Harold Macmillan. 5850
1957/--/-- Dr. Seuss publishes the children's book The Cat in the Hat. 5860
1957/--/-- Francois Duvalier (known as Papa Doc) is elected president of Haiti. 5854
1957/--/-- Ghana gains independence; Kwame Nkrumah becomes the first prime minister. 5853
1957/--/-- Jack Kerouac "On the Road" 6932
1957/--/-- Jerome Robbins is director-choreographer of the musical West Side Story. 5859
1957/--/-- Jerome Robbins is director-choreographer of the musical West Side Story. 7718
1957/--/-- John G. Diefenbaker succeeds Louis St. Laurent as prime minister of Canada. 5848
1957/--/-- Lawrence Durrell publishes Justine, the first of The Alexandria Quartet novels. 5861
1957/--/-- Scientists from 67 nations work together during the International Geophysical Year. 5856
1957/--/-- Soviet leaders Malenkov and Molotov fail in an attempt to oust Khrushchev from power. 5847
1957/--/-- Soviets launch "Sputnik", first artificial satellite 6933
1957/--/-- Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman directs The Seventh Seal. 5858
1957/--/-- The Israeli army withdraws from Egypt; the Gaza Strip is policed by UN forces. 5851
1957/--/-- The USSR launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite. 5855
1957/--/-- The Viet Cong begin acts of rebellion in South Vietnam. 5846
1957/--/-- Tunku Abdul Rahman becomes the first prime minister of independent Malaya (Malaysia). 5852
1957/10/-- World Series NL MILWAUKEE (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 492
1958/--/-- American economist J.K. Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society. 5871
1958/--/-- American economist J.K. Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society. 7307
1958/--/-- American golfer Arnold Palmer wins the Masters tournament for the first time. 5878
1958/--/-- American golfer Arnold Palmer wins the Masters tournament for the first time. 7308
1958/--/-- American playwright Edward Albee writes The Zoo Story. 5882
1958/--/-- American playwright Edward Albee writes The Zoo Story. 7309
1958/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes the novella Breakfast At Tiffany's. 5883
1958/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes the novella Breakfast At Tiffany's. 7310
1958/--/-- Bertrand Russell founds the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in Britain. 5872
1958/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon; it is ended when U.S. Marines land at Beirut. 1363
1958/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon; it is ended when U.S. Marines land at Beirut. 5865
1958/--/-- Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic. 5864
1958/--/-- Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan seizes control in Pakistan. 5868
1958/--/-- Leonard Bernstein becomes the conductor of the New York Philharmonic orchestra. 5880
1958/--/-- Nikita Khrushchev replaces Nikolai Bulganin as Soviet premier. 5863
1958/--/-- Prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd extends South Africa's apartheid laws. 5869
1958/--/-- Prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd extends South Africa's apartheid laws. 7923
1958/--/-- Russian writer Boris Pasternak publishes the novel Doctor Zhivago. 5881
1958/--/-- Soccer player Pele leads Brazil to victory in the World Cup. 903
1958/--/-- Soccer player Pele leads Brazil to victory in the World Cup. 5879
1958/--/-- The Algerian crisis prompts the recall of Charles de Gaulle as president of France. 5867
1958/--/-- The European Economic Community (EEC) is established. 5870
1958/--/-- The first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is launched in the U.S. 5875
1958/--/-- The French army and settlers in Algiers revolt over the Algerian War stalemate. 5866
1958/--/-- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is founded. 5876
1958/--/-- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is founded. 7391
1958/--/-- The nuclear submarine Nautilus reaches the North Pole under the Polar ice cap. 5874
1958/--/-- The U.S. launches the Explorer I and Vanguard I scientific satellites. 5873
1958/--/-- Wilson Greatbatch invents an artificial pacemaker to control heartbeats. 5877
1958/--/-- Wilson Greatbatch invents an artificial pacemaker to control heartbeats. 7483
1958/10/-- World Series NL MILWAUKEE (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 493
1959/--/-- Alaska is inaugurated as the 49th state of the Union. 5888
1959/--/-- Alaska is inaugurated as the 49th state of the Union. 7043
1959/--/-- American writer Leon Uris publishes Exodus, a novel on the founding of Israel. 5907
1959/--/-- American writer Leon Uris publishes Exodus, a novel on the founding of Israel. 7311
1959/--/-- American writer William Burroughs publishes The Naked Lunch. 5909
1959/--/-- American writer William Burroughs publishes The Naked Lunch. 7312
1959/--/-- Anthropologists Richard and Mary Leakey discover an Australopithecus skull in Africa. 5895
1959/--/-- Anthropologists Richard and Mary Leakey discover an Australopithecus skull in Africa. 7924
1959/--/-- Artist Robert Rauschenberg creates the three-dimensional collage Monogram. 5897
1959/--/-- Artist Robert Rauschenberg creates the three-dimensional collage Monogram. 7719
1959/--/-- Cyprus gains independence from Britain; Archbishop Makarios becomes president. 5886
1959/--/-- Fidel Castro ousts Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista in a communist revolution. 5884
1959/--/-- Film actor Charlton Heston wins the Academy Award for his role in Ben-Hur. 5903
1959/--/-- French filmmaker Alain Resnais directs Hiroshima Mon Amour. 5900
1959/--/-- French filmmaker Francois Truffaut directs The 400 Blows. 5904
1959/--/-- French New Wave filmmaker Jean Luc Godard directs Breathless. 5901
1959/--/-- German writer Gunter Grass publishes his first novel The Tin Drum. 5908
1959/--/-- Hawaii is inaugurated as the 50th state of the Union. 5889
1959/--/-- Hawaii is inaugurated as the 50th state of the Union. 7044
1959/--/-- Jack Lemon, Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe star in the film Some Like it Hot. 5902
1959/--/-- Jean-Luc Godard's New Wave "Breathless" 6934
1959/--/-- Lee Kuan Yew becomes prime minister of Singapore. 5887
1959/--/-- Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun is the first Broadway play by a black woman. 5905
1959/--/-- NASA selects the first seven U.S. astronauts. 5894
1959/--/-- Rock 'n roll star Buddy Holly is killed in a plane crash. 1594
1959/--/-- Rock 'n roll star Buddy Holly is killed in a plane crash. 5898
1959/--/-- Rod Serling hosts the Twilight Zone television series. 5899
1959/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The Sound of Music is produced. 5906
1959/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The Sound of Music is produced. 7720
1959/--/-- Sir Christopher Cockerell tests the first air-cushion vehicle. 5893
1959/--/-- The Boeing 707 jet airliner enters service. 5890
1959/--/-- The Dalai Lama flees to India after China crushes an uprising in Tibet. 5885
1959/--/-- The Dalai Lama flees to India after China crushes an uprising in Tibet. 7842
1959/--/-- The first flight is made by the X-15 rocket-powered research aircraft. 5891
1959/--/-- The Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, opens in New York City. 5896
1959/--/-- The Soviet Union sends a series of Luna space probes to the Moon. 5892
1959/--/-- The Soviet Union sends a series of Luna space probes to the Moon. 7392
1959/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL CHICAGO (2) 494
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 1596
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 5916
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 7926
1960/--/-- A military coup takes place in Turkey; prime minister Adnan Menderes is executed (1961). 5914
1960/--/-- A student uprising forces the resignation of Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea. 5919
1960/--/-- American author John Updike publishes the novel Rabbit Run. 5940
1960/--/-- American author John Updike publishes the novel Rabbit Run. 7315
1960/--/-- American physicist Theodore H. Maiman demonstrates the first successful laser. 5930
1960/--/-- American physicist Theodore H. Maiman demonstrates the first successful laser. 7313
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 918
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 5934
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 7314
1960/--/-- An earthquake kills 15,000 at Agadir in Morocco. 1597
1960/--/-- An earthquake kills 15,000 at Agadir in Morocco. 5926
1960/--/-- Belgium grants independence to the Congo (Zaire); Patrice Lumumba becomes premier. 5911
1960/--/-- Britain grants independence to Nigeria; Abubakar Balewa continues as prime minister. 5913
1960/--/-- Civil Rights movement 6935
1960/--/-- Congo (Zaire) premier Patrice Lumumba is ousted by Joseph Mobutu and murdered. 1595
1960/--/-- Congo (Zaire) premier Patrice Lumumba is ousted by Joseph Mobutu and murdered. 5918
1960/--/-- Filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock directs the suspense thriller Psycho. 5938
1960/--/-- Former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann is abducted to Israel. 5915
1960/--/-- France grants independence to the Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, and Gabon. 5910
1960/--/-- France grants independence to the Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, and Gabon. 7925
1960/--/-- Harold Pinter's play The Caretaker is produced. 5937
1960/--/-- Italian filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni directs La Notte (The Night). 5939
1960/--/-- Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend to 35,800 ft in the bathyscaphe Trieste. 5928
1960/--/-- Maiman makes first laser 6936
1960/--/-- NASA launches the first TIROS weather satellite. 5933
1960/--/-- Religious broadcaster Pat Robertson founds the Christian Broadcasting Network. 5936
1960/--/-- Sirimavo Bandaranaike becomes the world's first woman prime minister in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 5920
1960/--/-- South African civil rights leader Albert Luthuli wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 5925
1960/--/-- South African civil rights leader Albert Luthuli wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 7928
1960/--/-- The Congo crisis begins with the secession of Katanga province under Moise Tshombe. 5912
1960/--/-- The Echo 1 experimental communications satellite is launched. 5932
1960/--/-- The first quasars, the most luminous known objects in the universe, are discovered. 5931
1960/--/-- The first submerged firing is made of a Polaris submarine-launched missile. 5929
1960/--/-- The Motown record company is founded in Detroit by Berry Gordy. 5935
1960/--/-- The planned city of Brasilia becomes the new capital of Brazil. 5927
1960/--/-- The presidential debates of John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon are televised. 5924
1960/--/-- The South African government bans the African National Congress (ANC). 5917
1960/--/-- The South African government bans the African National Congress (ANC). 7927
1960/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a U-2 spy plane; U.S. pilot Francis Gary Powers is captured. 5923
1960/--/-- Viet Cong groups unite into the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV). 5921
1960/--/-- Walter Ulbricht becomes head of East Germany. 5922
1960/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 495
1961/--/-- Agostinho Neto and Holden Roberto lead insurrections in Portuguese Angola. 5942
1961/--/-- American-aided Cuban exiles attempt the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. 5950
1961/--/-- American-aided Cuban exiles attempt the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. 7316
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 1364
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 5966
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 7317
1961/--/-- Astronaut Alan Shepard makes the first U.S. suborbital space flight. 5953
1961/--/-- Astronaut Alan Shepard makes the first U.S. suborbital space flight. 7393
1961/--/-- Britain grants independence to Tanganyika (Tanzania) with Julius Nyerere as prime minister. 5943
1961/--/-- British novelist Iris Murdoch publishes A Severed Head. 5965
1961/--/-- English writer Muriel Spark publishes The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. 1251
1961/--/-- English writer Muriel Spark publishes The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. 5964
1961/--/-- French filmmaker Francois Truffaut directs Jeanne Moreau in Jules and Jim. 5960
1961/--/-- India annexes the Portugese territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu. 5945
1961/--/-- Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica directs Sophia Loren in Alberto Moravia's Two Women. 5961
1961/--/-- Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti debuts in Puccini's La Boheme. 5958
1961/--/-- Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti debuts in Puccini's La Boheme. 7721
1961/--/-- John F. Kennedy (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 314
1961/--/-- Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president. 5941
1961/--/-- Kennedy launches "Apollo" project; man lands on the moon 6937
1961/--/-- Peace Corps 6938
1961/--/-- President Kennedy begins to increase the U.S. military presence in Vietnam. 5946
1961/--/-- President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps. 5951
1961/--/-- President Kennedy sets a goal for landing a man on the Moon within the decade. 5954
1961/--/-- President Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in the Dominican Republic. 1598
1961/--/-- President Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in the Dominican Republic. 5944
1961/--/-- Roger Maris breaks Babe Ruth's home-run baseball record with a season total of 61. 866
1961/--/-- Roger Maris breaks Babe Ruth's home-run baseball record with a season total of 61. 5956
1961/--/-- Science fiction writer Robert Heinlein publishes Stranger in a Strange Land. 5963
1961/--/-- Soviet ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev defects to the West. 5957
1961/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbits the earth. 5952
1961/--/-- Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman directs Max Von Sydow in Through a Glass Darkly. 5959
1961/--/-- The Berlin Wall is constructed, separating East and West Berlin. 5948
1961/--/-- The drug thalidomide is found to cause malformations in new born babies. 5955
1961/--/-- The Kurds begin a guerrilla war against Iraq to gain independence for Kurdistan. 5949
1961/--/-- The Kurds begin a guerrilla war against Iraq to gain independence for Kurdistan. 1365
1961/--/-- UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold is killed in a plane crash in the Congo (Zaire). 1599
1961/--/-- UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold is killed in a plane crash in the Congo (Zaire). 5947
1961/--/-- V.S. Naipaul writes about West Indian life in A House for Mr. Biswas. 5962
1961/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 496
1962/--/-- Actor Laurence Olivier becomes the first director of the National Theatre in London. 5993
1962/--/-- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes One Day In the Life of Ivan Denisovich. 5997
1962/--/-- Algeria gains independence from France; Ahmed ben Bella becomes prime minister. 5970
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 5983
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 7320
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 7722
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 1600
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 5991
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 7321
1962/--/-- American historian Barbara Tuchman publishes The Guns of August. 5979
1962/--/-- American historian Barbara Tuchman publishes The Guns of August. 7319
1962/--/-- American writer Katherine Anne Porter publishes the novel Ship of Fools. 5998
1962/--/-- American writer Katherine Anne Porter publishes the novel Ship of Fools. 7323
1962/--/-- American writer Ken Kesey publishes One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. 5994
1962/--/-- American writer Ken Kesey publishes One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. 7322
1962/--/-- Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. 5975
1962/--/-- Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. 7318
1962/--/-- Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain scores a record 100 points in one game. 871
1962/--/-- Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain scores a record 100 points in one game. 5981
1962/--/-- Britain grants independence to Trinidad and Tobago with Eric Williams as chief minister. 5972
1962/--/-- Britain grants independence to Uganda; Milton Obote becomes prime minister. 5967
1962/--/-- British filmmaker David Lean directs Lawrence of Arabia. 5988
1962/--/-- British writer Anthony Burgess publishes the futuristic novel A Clockwork Orange. 5995
1962/--/-- Burmese diplomat U Thant becomes the first Asian secretary general of the UN. 5968
1962/--/-- Cuban missile crisis 6939
1962/--/-- Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf is produced on Broadway. 5992
1962/--/-- Fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent opens his Parisian fashion house. 5982
1962/--/-- Folk-rock singer and composer Bob Dylan writes Blowin' in the Wind. 5986
1962/--/-- Georges Pompidou becomes premier of France's Fifth Republic. 5971
1962/--/-- Polish filmmaker Roman Polanski directs his first film Knife in the Water. 5990
1962/--/-- Pop Art 6940
1962/--/-- Pop artist Andy Warhol begins making silk screen prints of mass-media images. 5984
1962/--/-- Pop artist Andy Warhol begins making silk screen prints of mass-media images. 7723
1962/--/-- Rachel Carson criticizes indiscriminate use of pesticides in her book Silent Spring. 5978
1962/--/-- Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor star in Cleopatra, the most expensive film to date. 5989
1962/--/-- Science fiction writer J.G. Ballard publishes The Drowned World. 5996
1962/--/-- Sonny Liston defeats Floyd Patterson to become heavyweight boxing champion. 5980
1962/--/-- Television journalist Walter Cronkite is made anchorman of CBS Evening News. 5987
1962/--/-- The British pop group The Beatles make their first recordings. 5985
1962/--/-- The Cuban Missile Crisis begins; Soviet missiles are withdrawn from Cuba. 5969
1962/--/-- The Mariner 2 spacecraft passes within 21,598 miles of Venus. 5977
1962/--/-- The Mariner 2 spacecraft passes within 21,598 miles of Venus. 7394
1962/--/-- The U.S. launches Telstar, the first commercial communications satellite. 5976
1962/--/-- The U.S. Supreme Court rules that school prayers are a violation of the 1st Amendment. 5974
1962/--/-- The University of Mississippi is forced to admit black student James Meredith. 5973
1962/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 497
1963/--/-- A limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is signed by Britain, the U.S., and the USSR. 6003
1963/--/-- A UN peace keeping force ends the secession attempt of Katanga province (Shaba). 5999
1963/--/-- American pop vocal group the Beach Boys release the record Surfin' U.S.A. 6024
1963/--/-- American pop vocal group the Beach Boys release the record Surfin' U.S.A. 7325
1963/--/-- American writer Mary McCarthy publishes The Group. 6031
1963/--/-- American writer Mary McCarthy publishes The Group. 7326
1963/--/-- Arecibo Observatory begins observations with a 1,000-ft wide radio telescope. 6018
1963/--/-- Black nationalist Joshua Nkomo is imprisoned in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 6005
1963/--/-- Britain's entry to the European Economic Community is blocked by France. 6002
1963/--/-- British filmmaker Joseph Losey directs The Servant. 6028
1963/--/-- British spy Harold (Kim) Philby defects to the USSR. 6012
1963/--/-- Czech dissident playwright Vaclav Havel writes The Garden Party. 6030
1963/--/-- English writer John Le Carre publishes The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. 1252
1963/--/-- English writer John Le Carre publishes The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. 6032
1963/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs the anti-war film Dr. Strangelove. 1366
1963/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs the anti-war film Dr. Strangelove. 6027
1963/--/-- Football running back Jim Brown sets a record for rushes of 1,863 yards. 877
1963/--/-- Football running back Jim Brown sets a record for rushes of 1,863 yards. 6021
1963/--/-- Jack Nicklaus becomes the youngest golfer to win the Masters Tournament. 6020
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 1601
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 1604
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 6014
1963/--/-- Kennedy assassinated 6941
1963/--/-- Kenya gains independence from Britain; Jomo Kenyatta becomes prime minister. 6004
1963/--/-- Levi Eshkol succeeds David Ben-Gurion as prime minister of Israel. 6013
1963/--/-- Ludwig Erhard succeeds Konrad Adenauer as chancellor of West Germany. 6009
1963/--/-- Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 315
1963/--/-- Lyndon B. Johnson is inaugurated as the 36th President of the U.S. 6008
1963/--/-- Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah form the Federation of Malaysia. 6001
1963/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. 6015
1963/--/-- Peter Sellers stars as Inspector Clouseau in the film The Pink Panther. 6029
1963/--/-- Pop artist Claes Oldenburg creates the kapok-filled sculpture Soft Typewriter. 6023
1963/--/-- Pop artist Claes Oldenburg creates the kapok-filled sculpture Soft Typewriter. 7724
1963/--/-- Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein completes the comic strip painting Whaam. 6022
1963/--/-- Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein completes the comic strip painting Whaam. 7725
1963/--/-- President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. 1602
1963/--/-- President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. 6007
1963/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam is assassinated. 1603
1963/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam is assassinated. 6000
1963/--/-- Race-car driver Jim Clark wins seven Grand Prix events and the world title. 6019
1963/--/-- Sir Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as British prime minister. 6011
1963/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space. 6017
1963/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space. 7395
1963/--/-- Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar is published in the year of her death. 1605
1963/--/-- Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar is published in the year of her death. 6033
1963/--/-- The American X-15 research aircraft establishes an altitude record of 67 miles. 6016
1963/--/-- The American X-15 research aircraft establishes an altitude record of 67 miles. 7324
1963/--/-- The first James Bond film Dr. No is produced. 6026
1963/--/-- The Organization of African Unity (OAU) is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 6006
1963/--/-- The Organization of African Unity (OAU) is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 7929
1963/--/-- The Profumo sex scandal undermines the Conservative government in Britain. 6010
1963/--/-- The Rolling Stones rock band is formed in Britain. 6025
1963/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 498
1964/--/-- An earthquake in Alaska causes extensive damage and 114 fatalities. 6056
1964/--/-- ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa. 6037
1964/--/-- ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa. 7930
1964/--/-- Architect Eero Saarinen's St. Louis Arch memorial is completed. 6062
1964/--/-- Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover the existence of background radiation. 6059
1964/--/-- Beatlemania develops during the first U.S. tour of the Beatles pop group. 6066
1964/--/-- Black female group the Supremes record the hit song Where Did Our Love Go. 6067
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Malawi; H. Kamuzu Banda becomes prime minister. 6043
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Zambia; Kenneth D. Kaunda becomes president. 6044
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Zanzibar. 6034
1964/--/-- Clint Eastwood stars in Sergio Leone's "spaghetti western" A Fistful of Dollars. 6069
1964/--/-- Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted for giving an obscene performance. 6065
1964/--/-- Craig Breedlove sets a land speed record of 600 mph in a jet-powered vehicle. 6063
1964/--/-- Faisal succeeds his brother Saud as king of Saudi Arabia. 6048
1964/--/-- Fighting breaks out on Cyprus between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. 6035
1964/--/-- FRELIMO begins a war of independence against the Portuguese in Mozambique. 1367
1964/--/-- FRELIMO begins a war of independence against the Portuguese in Mozambique. 6038
1964/--/-- General Westmoreland is appointed to command the U.S. forces in South Vietnam. 6041
1964/--/-- Gulf of Tonkin Incident 6942
1964/--/-- Gustavo Diaz Ordaz becomes president of Mexico. 6047
1964/--/-- Ian Smith becomes prime minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 6045
1964/--/-- Illustrator Maurice Sendak wins a Caldecott Medal for Where the Wild Things Are. 6071
1964/--/-- Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru dies; he is succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri. 1607
1964/--/-- Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru dies; he is succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri. 6042
1964/--/-- Johnson is reeelected as U.S. president; Humphrey becomes vice-president (1965). 6051
1964/--/-- Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke star in the film Mary Poppins. 6068
1964/--/-- Muhammad Ali defeats Sonny Liston for the heavyweight boxing championship. 6064
1964/--/-- North Vietnam allegedly attacks U.S. vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin. 6039
1964/--/-- Peter Weiss' play Marat/ Sade is produced by British director Peter Brook. 6070
1964/--/-- Physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig propose the quark theory. 6058
1964/--/-- Soviet leader NikitaKhrushchev is forced from office; Aleksei Kosygin becomes premier. 6050
1964/--/-- Tanganyika joins with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. 6036
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 6057
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 7327
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 7396
1964/--/-- The Labour party is elected to power in Britain; Harold Wilson becomes prime minister. 6046
1964/--/-- The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed to represent Palestinians. 6049
1964/--/-- The Soviet Voskhod 1 spacecraft is launched with a three-man crew. 6061
1964/--/-- The Soviet Voskhod 1 spacecraft is launched with a three-man crew. 7397
1964/--/-- The SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft is flown for the first time. 6060
1964/--/-- The Tonkin Gulf Resolution escalates the use of U.S. personnel in Vietnam. 6040
1964/--/-- The U.S. Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in employment. 6054
1964/--/-- The U.S. Surgeon General reports that cigarette smoking is a health hazard. 6053
1964/--/-- The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opens in New York. 6055
1964/--/-- The Warren Commission decides that Oswald was the sole assassin of John F. Kennedy. 1606
1964/--/-- The Warren Commission decides that Oswald was the sole assassin of John F. Kennedy. 6052
1964/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 499
1965/--/-- Actress and singer Barbara Streisand stars in the Broadway musical Funny Girl. 6096
1965/--/-- Actress and singer Barbara Streisand stars in the Broadway musical Funny Girl. 7726
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 6095
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 7329
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 7727
1965/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes An American Dream. 6098
1965/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes An American Dream. 7330
1965/--/-- An attempted communist coup leads to military rule in Indonesia under Suharto. 6077
1965/--/-- An electrical blackout in the northeastern U.S. affects 30 million people. 6087
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 6091
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 7328
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 7400
1965/--/-- Astronauts Virgil Grissom and John Young orbit the Earth in the first Gemini spacecraft. 6089
1965/--/-- Astronauts Virgil Grissom and John Young orbit the Earth in the first Gemini spacecraft. 7398
1965/--/-- Bob Dylan "Like a Rolling Stone" 6943
1965/--/-- British fashion designer Mary Quant introduces the miniskirt. 6094
1965/--/-- Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic; U.S. troops restore order. 1368
1965/--/-- Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic; U.S. troops restore order. 6082
1965/--/-- Demonstrations against Vietnam War 6944
1965/--/-- Gemini 6 and 7 spacecraft make the first rendezvous in space. 6093
1965/--/-- Gemini 6 and 7 spacecraft make the first rendezvous in space. 7402
1965/--/-- Houari Boumedienne deposes President Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria. 6081
1965/--/-- Irish writer Edna O'Brien publishes August Is a Wicked Month. 6099
1965/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. leads a civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. 6085
1965/--/-- Mobutu Sese Seko seizes control in the Congo (Zaire) for the second time. 6079
1965/--/-- More than 180,000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnam by the end of the year. 6075
1965/--/-- Neil Simon's play The Odd Couple opens on Broadway starring Walter Matthau. 6097
1965/--/-- Nicolae Ceausescu succeeds Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej as Romanian leader. 6072
1965/--/-- North Vietnamese army units are in action in South Vietnam for the first time. 6074
1965/--/-- Race riots begin in the Watts section of Los Angeles. 6084
1965/--/-- Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) makes a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. 6076
1965/--/-- Singapore secedes from Malaysia; Lee Kuan Yew remains as prime minister. 6078
1965/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov makes the first space walk. 6090
1965/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov makes the first space walk. 7399
1965/--/-- The Black Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City. 1608
1965/--/-- The Black Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City. 6083
1965/--/-- The Houston Astrodome, the first covered stadium, is completed in Texas. 6088
1965/--/-- The Mariner 4 spacecraft passes within 6,118 miles of the planet Mars. 6092
1965/--/-- The Mariner 4 spacecraft passes within 6,118 miles of the planet Mars. 7401
1965/--/-- The Second India-Pakistan War begins in Kashmir. 6080
1965/--/-- The U.S. government establishes Medicare and Medicaid health programs. 6086
1965/--/-- The Vietnam War escalates as the U.S. begins bombing North Vietnam. 6073
1965/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL MINNESOTA (3) 500
1966/--/-- American writer Bernard Malamud publishes The Fixer. 6118
1966/--/-- American writer Bernard Malamud publishes The Fixer. 7333
1966/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes In Cold Blood. 6117
1966/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes In Cold Blood. 7332
1966/--/-- Art treasures are ruined during severe floods in Florence, Italy. 6114
1966/--/-- Gen. Yakubu Gowon heads a military government after a countercoup in Nigeria. 6103
1966/--/-- Hippie movement 6945
1966/--/-- Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies; he is succeeded by Indira Gandhi. 1610
1966/--/-- Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies; he is succeeded by Indira Gandhi. 6107
1966/--/-- John Jack Lynch becomes prime minister of Ireland. 6108
1966/--/-- John V. Lindsay becomes mayor of New York City. 6110
1966/--/-- Mao Tse-tung begins China's Cultural Revolution. 6105
1966/--/-- Mao Tse-tung begins China's Cultural Revolution. 7843
1966/--/-- Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is killed in a military coup. 1611
1966/--/-- Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is killed in a military coup. 6102
1966/--/-- President De Gaulle withdraws French forces from NATO. 6100
1966/--/-- President Kwame Nkrumah is ousted in a military coup in Ghana. 6104
1966/--/-- Realist sculptor George Segal completes the direct-cast plaster group The Diner. 6115
1966/--/-- Realist sculptor George Segal completes the direct-cast plaster group The Diner. 7728
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 1609
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 6106
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 7931
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 6112
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 7331
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 7404
1966/--/-- The British Hawker Harrier becomes the first VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft. 6113
1966/--/-- The first major rally against the Vietnam War takes place in Washington, D.C. 6109
1966/--/-- The Soviet Luna 9 space probe makes the first landing on the Moon. 6111
1966/--/-- The Soviet Luna 9 space probe makes the first landing on the Moon. 7403
1966/--/-- The Soviets mediate to end the India-Pakistan War. 6101
1966/--/-- Tom Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is produced. 6116
1966/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (0) AL BALTIMORE (4) 501
1967/--/-- A civil war breaks out in Nigeria after the secession of the state of Biafra. 1369
1967/--/-- A civil war breaks out in Nigeria after the secession of the state of Biafra. 6120
1967/--/-- A fire kills U.S. astronauts White, Grissom and Chaffee during a launch test. 1612
1967/--/-- A fire kills U.S. astronauts White, Grissom and Chaffee during a launch test. 6130
1967/--/-- A military junta seizes control in Greece; King Constantine II is exiled. 6121
1967/--/-- American writer Joyce Carol Oates publishes A Garden of Earthly Delights. 6143
1967/--/-- American writer Joyce Carol Oates publishes A Garden of Earthly Delights. 7336
1967/--/-- Britain grants Aden independence as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. 6122
1967/--/-- Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez publishes One Hundred Years of Solitude. 6144
1967/--/-- Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the first successful human heart transplant. 6132
1967/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in Mike Nichols' film The Graduate. 6142
1967/--/-- Gen. Anastasio Somoza Debayle is elected president of Nicaragua. 6125
1967/--/-- Israeli 6-day war 6946
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 1613
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 6126
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 7334
1967/--/-- Nguyen Van Thieu becomes president of South Vietnam. 6124
1967/--/-- Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper star in the motorcycle film Easy Rider. 6139
1967/--/-- Quarterback Joe Namath sets a one-season record by passing for 4,007 yards. 6135
1967/--/-- R. Buckminster Fuller designs a geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '67. 6137
1967/--/-- Radio astronomers Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discover the first pulsar. 6129
1967/--/-- Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger star in the film In the Heat of the Night. 6141
1967/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov is killed during the landing of Soyuz 1. 1614
1967/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov is killed during the landing of Soyuz 1. 6131
1967/--/-- Tennis player Billie Jean King wins the U.S. Open championship for the first time. 889
1967/--/-- Tennis player Billie Jean King wins the U.S. Open championship for the first time. 6134
1967/--/-- The Beatles "Sgt. Pepper" 6947
1967/--/-- The hippie musical revue Hair is produced. 6138
1967/--/-- The hippie musical revue Hair is produced. 7729
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 904
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 6136
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 7335
1967/--/-- The residents of Gibraltar vote to remain a British crown colony. 6123
1967/--/-- The Six-Day War between Israel and the Arab states ends with Israeli victory. 6119
1967/--/-- The X-15 research aircraft establishes a speed record of Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph). 6128
1967/--/-- Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black member of the U.S. Supreme Court. 6127
1967/--/-- Warren Beaty and Faye Dunaway star in Arthur Penn's film Bonnie and Clyde. 6140
1967/--/-- Yachtsman Francis Chichester completes the first solo voyage around the world. 6133
1967/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL BOSTON (3) 502
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 919
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 6165
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 7337
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 921
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 6167
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 7338
1968/--/-- American writer Tom Wolfe publishes The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 6176
1968/--/-- American writer Tom Wolfe publishes The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 7339
1968/--/-- Anti-war demonstrators clash with police at the Democratic convention in Chicago. 1370
1968/--/-- Anti-war demonstrators clash with police at the Democratic convention in Chicago. 6159
1968/--/-- Arthur Ashe becomes the first black player to win a major men's tennis title. 890
1968/--/-- Arthur Ashe becomes the first black player to win a major men's tennis title. 6169
1968/--/-- Carlos Castaneda publishes The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge. 6175
1968/--/-- Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated. 1615
1968/--/-- Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated. 6157
1968/--/-- Dick Fosbury uses the Fosbury flop to win the Olympic gold medal for the high jump. 922
1968/--/-- Dick Fosbury uses the Fosbury flop to win the Olympic gold medal for the high jump. 6168
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Mel Brooks directs, produces and appears in The Producers. 6174
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs 2001: A Space Odyssey. 6172
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs 2001: A Space Odyssey. 7407
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 920
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 1617
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 6166
1968/--/-- French filmmaker Henri Costa-Gavras directs Z. 6171
1968/--/-- Jacqueline Kennedy marries the Greek shipping millionaire Aristotle Onassis. 6161
1968/--/-- Kubrick "2001" 6948
1968/--/-- May Days mini-revolution 6949
1968/--/-- More than 500,000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnam. 6146
1968/--/-- Oceanographic ship Glomar Challenger begins the Deep-Sea Drilling Project. 6164
1968/--/-- Omar Torrijos Herrera overthrows the government of Arnulfo Arias in Panama. 6152
1968/--/-- Pierre Trudeau succeeds Lester Pearson as prime minister of Canada. 6154
1968/--/-- Polish filmmaker Roman Polanski directs Rosemary's Baby. 6173
1968/--/-- Portuguese dictator Antonio de Oliveira Salazar is succeeded by Marcello Caetano. 6155
1968/--/-- President Johnson announces he will not seek a second term of office. 6156
1968/--/-- Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated. 1616
1968/--/-- Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated. 6158
1968/--/-- Spain grants independence to Equatorial Guinea. 6151
1968/--/-- Spanish operatic tenor Placido Domingo debuts at the Metropolitan Opera. 6170
1968/--/-- Spanish operatic tenor Placido Domingo debuts at the Metropolitan Opera. 7730
1968/--/-- Student-worker revolts almost topple the goverment of Charles de Gaulle in France. 6153
1968/--/-- The Apollo 8 spacecraft makes the first manned orbit of the Moon. 6163
1968/--/-- The Apollo 8 spacecraft makes the first manned orbit of the Moon. 7406
1968/--/-- The Catholic minority in Northern Ireland demonstrate for British rights. 6150
1968/--/-- The Federal Gun Control Act regulates the interstate commerce in firearms. 6160
1968/--/-- The Saturn rocket lifts the Apollo 7 spacecraft into low Earth orbit. 6162
1968/--/-- The Saturn rocket lifts the Apollo 7 spacecraft into low Earth orbit. 7405
1968/--/-- The U.S. Navy intelligence gathering ship Pueblo is seized by North Korea. 6149
1968/--/-- The Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive in Vietnam. 6147
1968/--/-- U.S. troops massacre Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 6148
1968/--/-- Vietnam War begins 1371
1968/--/-- Warsaw Pact forces invade Czechoslovakia to counter increasing liberalization. 6145
1968/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL DETROIT (4) 503
1969/--/-- A rock-music festival at Woodstock, N.Y, attracts a crowd of 500,000. 6197
1969/--/-- A rock-music festival at Woodstock, N.Y, attracts a crowd of 500,000. 7731
1969/--/-- American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the Moon. 6192
1969/--/-- American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the Moon. 7340
1969/--/-- American writer Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes Slaughterhouse-Five. 6203
1969/--/-- American writer Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes Slaughterhouse-Five. 7341
1969/--/-- Australian Rod Laver becomes the only tennis player to win the Grand Slam twice. 891
1969/--/-- Australian Rod Laver becomes the only tennis player to win the Grand Slam twice. 6194
1969/--/-- British filmmaker Ken Russell directs Glenda Jackson in Women in Love. 6199
1969/--/-- British writer John Fowles publishes The French Lieutenant's Woman. 6202
1969/--/-- Catholics and Protestants clash in Northern Ireland; British troops restore order. 6178
1969/--/-- Charles Manson and his followers kill actress Sharon Tate and six of her friends. 1618
1969/--/-- Charles Manson and his followers kill actress Sharon Tate and six of her friends. 6190
1969/--/-- Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi seizes control in Libya; King Idris is deposed. 6181
1969/--/-- Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight star in John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy. 6200
1969/--/-- Edward Kennedy's female companion dies in a car accident off the Chappaquiddick bridge. 1619
1969/--/-- Edward Kennedy's female companion dies in a car accident off the Chappaquiddick bridge. 6191
1969/--/-- Gen. Gaafar al-Nimeiry seizes power in Sudan. 6183
1969/--/-- General de Gaulle resigns; Georges Pompidou becomes president of France. 6185
1969/--/-- Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel after the death of Levi Eshkol. 1620
1969/--/-- Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel after the death of Levi Eshkol. 6186
1969/--/-- IRA provisionals launch a terrorist campaign against British troops in Ireland. 6179
1969/--/-- Liberal Czech leader Alexander Dubcek is replaced by Gustav Husak. 6182
1969/--/-- Nixon is inaugurated as the 37th U.S. president; Agnew becomes vice-president. 6177
1969/--/-- Nudity shocks audiences in Kenneth Tynan's Broadway revue Oh! Calcutta!. 6201
1969/--/-- Paul Newman and Robert Redford star in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. 6198
1969/--/-- President Ayub Khan is deposed by Gen. Muhammad Yahya Khan in Pakistan. 6188
1969/--/-- President Nixon begins to withdraw U.S. forces from Vietnam. 6189
1969/--/-- Richard M. Nixon (Republican) becomes president of the United States 316
1969/--/-- The Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde makes its first flight. 6193
1969/--/-- The Children's Television Workshop series Sesame Street is first shown. 6196
1969/--/-- The immigration of Salvadorans into Honduras leads to a brief border war. 6187
1969/--/-- The Monty Python's Flying Circus television program premiers in Britain. 6195
1969/--/-- Willy Brandt succeeds Kurt Kiesinger as chancellor of West Germany. 6184
1969/--/-- Yasir Arafat becomes chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). 6180
1969/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL BALTIMORE (1) 504
1970/--/-- American writer Maya Angelou publishes I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 6232
1970/--/-- American writer Maya Angelou publishes I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 7342
1970/--/-- Australian tennis player Margaret Smith Court wins the Grand Slam. 892
1970/--/-- Australian tennis player Margaret Smith Court wins the Grand Slam. 6223
1970/--/-- Britain grants independence to Fiji. 6209
1970/--/-- Bruno Kreisky succeeds Josef Klaus as chancellor of Austria. 6210
1970/--/-- Cartoonist Garry Trudeau begins satirizing public figures and politics in Doonesbury. 6230
1970/--/-- Civil war begins in Jordan between government forces and Palestinian guerrillas. 6207
1970/--/-- Civil war begins in Jordan between government forces and Palestinian guerrillas. 1372
1970/--/-- Donald Sutherland stars in Robert Altman's anti-war film M*A*S*H. 1373
1970/--/-- Donald Sutherland stars in Robert Altman's anti-war film M*A*S*H. 6227
1970/--/-- Edward Heath becomes Conservative prime minister of Britain. 6208
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 1374
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 1621
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 6211
1970/--/-- EPA established to enforce Clean Air Act 6950
1970/--/-- Former defense minister Hafez al-Assad seizes power in Syria. 6204
1970/--/-- French filmmaker Eric Rohmer directs Claire's Knee. 6228
1970/--/-- George C. Scott stars in the Academy Award winning film Patton. 6229
1970/--/-- Marxist leader Salvadore Allende is elected president of Chile. 6212
1970/--/-- Norman Borlaug wins the Nobel Peace Prize for breeding miracle wheat strains. 6222
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 1375
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 1622
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 6215
1970/--/-- President Nixon orders an incursion into Cambodia to combat the Khmer Rouge. 6214
1970/--/-- Riots in Poland force Wladyslaw Gomulka to resign in favor of Edward Gierek. 6206
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 1623
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 6226
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 7732
1970/--/-- Sihanouk is deposed in Cambodia; Khmer Rouge seize the western provinces. 6213
1970/--/-- Sixties energy wins smaller battles: feminism, ecology... 6951
1970/--/-- Songwriting duo Simon and Garfunkel record Bridge Over Troubled Water. 6225
1970/--/-- The Amtrak intercity rail passenger service is created by Act of Congress. 6217
1970/--/-- The Apollo 13 crew return to earth after an explosion aboard their command module. 6221
1970/--/-- The Beatles pop group is disbanded. 6224
1970/--/-- The Boeing 747 Jumbo jet airliner enters service. 6218
1970/--/-- The building of the Aswan High Dam is completed in Egypt. 6219
1970/--/-- The civil war ends between Nigeria and the breakaway state of Biafra. 1376
1970/--/-- The civil war ends between Nigeria and the breakaway state of Biafra. 6205
1970/--/-- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established in the U.S. 6216
1970/--/-- The Soviet space probe Venera 7 transmits the first data from the surface of Venus. 6220
1970/--/-- The Soviet space probe Venera 7 transmits the first data from the surface of Venus. 7408
1970/--/-- U.S. invades Cambodia 6952
1970/--/-- Writer and feminist Germaine Greer publishes The Female Eunuch. 6231
1970/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (1) AL BALTIMORE (4) 505
1971/--/-- Alistair Cooke begins hosting the PBS television series Masterpiece Theatre. 6250
1971/--/-- American film actor and director Clint Eastwood stars in Dirty Harry. 6253
1971/--/-- American film actor and director Clint Eastwood stars in Dirty Harry. 7343
1971/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock-opera Jesus Christ Superstar opens on Broadway. 6251
1971/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock-opera Jesus Christ Superstar opens on Broadway. 7733
1971/--/-- Austrian Kurt Waldheim succeeds U Thant as UN secretary general. 6242
1971/--/-- British actor Dirk Bogard stars in Luchino Visconti's film Death in Venice. 6252
1971/--/-- Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6254
1971/--/-- Col. Hugo Banzer Suarez seizes power in Bolivia in a military coup. 6235
1971/--/-- Daniel Ellsberg releases copies of the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times. 6245
1971/--/-- East Pakistan declares its independence from West Pakistan, beginning a civil war. 6233
1971/--/-- Erich Honecker becomes the head of state for East Germany. 6243
1971/--/-- Ice hockey player Phil Esposito scores a record 76 goals in 78 games. 910
1971/--/-- Ice hockey player Phil Esposito scores a record 76 goals in 78 games. 6249
1971/--/-- Jean Claude Duvalier succeeds his father as president of Haiti. 6237
1971/--/-- Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali for the heavyweight boxing title. 6248
1971/--/-- Lt. William Calley is found guilty of killing Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 1624
1971/--/-- Lt. William Calley is found guilty of killing Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 6244
1971/--/-- Prime minister Brian Faulkner begins the internment of IRA suspects in Northern Ireland. 6239
1971/--/-- Prime minister Milton Obote is ousted by Idi Amin Dada in Uganda. 6241
1971/--/-- South Vietnamese troops and U.S. aircraft combat Communist forces in Laos. 6238
1971/--/-- Soviet "Salyut 1" space station 6953
1971/--/-- Soyuz 11 docks with Salyut 1; three cosmonauts die during the return to earth. 6247
1971/--/-- The Congo is renamed as the Republic of Zaire. 6236
1971/--/-- The Lunar Rover explores the Moon's surface during the Apollo 15 mission. 6246
1971/--/-- The Republic of China (Taiwan) loses its UN seat; Communist China is admitted. 6240
1971/--/-- The Republic of China (Taiwan) loses its UN seat; Communist China is admitted. 7844
1971/--/-- The support of India wins independence for East Pakistan (renamed as Bangladesh). 6234
1971/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL BALTIMORE (3) 506
1972/--/-- Alabama governor George Wallace is shot in an assassination attempt. 1625
1972/--/-- Alabama governor George Wallace is shot in an assassination attempt. 6265
1972/--/-- American B-52 aircraft bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam. 6256
1972/--/-- American B-52 aircraft bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam. 7344
1972/--/-- American Bobby Fischer defeats Russian world chess champion Boris Spassky. 6267
1972/--/-- American Bobby Fischer defeats Russian world chess champion Boris Spassky. 7345
1972/--/-- American feminist Gloria Steinem founds Ms. magazine. 6278
1972/--/-- American feminist Gloria Steinem founds Ms. magazine. 7347
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 924
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 6272
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 7346
1972/--/-- An earthquake kills 10,000 in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua. 1627
1972/--/-- An earthquake kills 10,000 in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua. 6268
1972/--/-- Apollo 17 makes the last manned Moon landing. 6270
1972/--/-- Ceylon changes its name to Sri Lanka (meaning beautiful island). 6261
1972/--/-- DDT insecticide is banned in the U.S. 6269
1972/--/-- DDT is banned 6954
1972/--/-- Filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola directs Marlon Brando in The Godfather. 6274
1972/--/-- German writer Heinrich Boll receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. 6279
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 1626
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 6277
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 8034
1972/--/-- Liza Minnelli stars in Bob Fosse's film Cabaret. 6275
1972/--/-- Marlon Brando stars in Bernardo Bertolucci's film Last Tango in Paris. 6276
1972/--/-- Mujibur Rahman becomes prime minister of Bangladesh. 6259
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 923
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 1628
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 6262
1972/--/-- President Ferdinand Marcos imposes martial law in the Philippines. 6260
1972/--/-- President Nixon authorizes the Space Shuttle program. 6271
1972/--/-- President Nixon authorizes the Space Shuttle program. 7409
1972/--/-- President Nixon makes his historic trip to Peking to meet Mao Tse-tung. 6263
1972/--/-- Richard Leakey discovers a hominid skull 2.6 million years old in northern Kenya. 6266
1972/--/-- Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut wins three Olympic gold medals. 925
1972/--/-- Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut wins three Olympic gold medals. 6273
1972/--/-- The British government assumes direct rule of Northern Ireland. 6258
1972/--/-- The Labor party is elected in Australia with Gough Whitlam as prime minister. 6257
1972/--/-- The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese renew their offensive in South Vietnam. 6255
1972/--/-- The Watergate affair begins with the arrest of five burglars at Democratic party headquarters. 6264
1972/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (3) AL OAKLAND (4) 507
1973/--/-- A right-wing military coup in Chile overthrows Allende's Marxist government. 6284
1973/--/-- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes the first volume of the Gulag Archipelago. 6304
1973/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Gravity's Rainbow. 6305
1973/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Gravity's Rainbow. 7349
1973/--/-- American playwright Thornton Wilder publishes the novel Theophilus North. 6307
1973/--/-- American playwright Thornton Wilder publishes the novel Theophilus North. 7350
1973/--/-- Animal behavioralists Lorenz, Tinbergen and von Frisch share the Nobel Prize. 6296
1973/--/-- Billy Friedkin "The Exorcist" 6955
1973/--/-- Britain grants independence to the Bahama Islands. 6286
1973/--/-- Charles XVI Gustav succeeds Gustav VI Adolf as king of Sweden. 6287
1973/--/-- Congress passes the Endangered Species Act. 6295
1973/--/-- Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur (a Jewish religious holiday). 6282
1973/--/-- Endangered Species Act 6956
1973/--/-- Film actor Al Pacino stars as an undercover policeman in Serpico. 6301
1973/--/-- Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland become full-fledged members of the EEC. 6288
1973/--/-- Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho share the Nobel Peace Prize. 6293
1973/--/-- Juan D. Peron returns to power as president of Argentina. 6285
1973/--/-- Nixon resigns over Watergate 6957
1973/--/-- Novelist, poet, and feminist Erica Jong publishes Fear of Flying. 6306
1973/--/-- OPEC begins an oil embargo against Europe, the U.S. and Japan. 6289
1973/--/-- OPEC begins an oil embargo against Europe, the U.S. and Japan. 8035
1973/--/-- Pop recording artist Billy Joel releases his first album Piano Man. 6300
1973/--/-- Pop recording artist Billy Joel releases his first album Piano Man. 7734
1973/--/-- Senator Sam Ervin, Jr. heads a committee to investigate the Watergate break-in. 6291
1973/--/-- Solzhenitsyn "Gulag Archipelago" 6958
1973/--/-- Swedish actor Max Von Sydow stars in the supernatural film The Exorcist. 6302
1973/--/-- The American Indian Movement occupy the site of Wounded Knee in a political protest. 6294
1973/--/-- The American Indian Movement occupy the site of Wounded Knee in a political protest. 7348
1973/--/-- The Arab-Israeli War ends after 18 days with a UN negotiated cease-fire. 6283
1973/--/-- The Paris Peace Accords end the Vietnam War. 6280
1973/--/-- The Pioneer 10 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 6297
1973/--/-- The Pioneer 10 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 7410
1973/--/-- The Skylab manned orbiting laboratory is launched. 6298
1973/--/-- The U.S. begins a total military withdrawal from South Vietnam. 6281
1973/--/-- The Washington Post receives the Pulitzer Prize for reporting the Watergate scandal. 6303
1973/--/-- The World Trade Center in New York City becomes the tallest building in the world. 6299
1973/--/-- Vice-President Spiro Agnew resigns after he is charged with accepting bribes. 6290
1973/--/-- Vietnam War ends 1377
1973/--/-- War Powers Act 6959
1973/--/-- Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox is dismissed for demanding the Nixon tapes. 6292
1973/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL OAKLAND (4) 508
1974/--/-- A military coup in Portugal leads to democratic reforms. 6308
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 893
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 6330
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 7351
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 894
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 6331
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 7352
1974/--/-- American writer Stephen King publishes the horror novel Carrie. 6333
1974/--/-- American writer Stephen King publishes the horror novel Carrie. 7353
1974/--/-- An army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in a Ch'in dynasty tomb in China. 6327
1974/--/-- An army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in a Ch'in dynasty tomb in China. 7845
1974/--/-- Archbishop Makarios is deposed, prompting a Turkish invasion of Cyprus. 6311
1974/--/-- Baseball player Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruth's record of 714 home-runs. 867
1974/--/-- Baseball player Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruth's record of 714 home-runs. 6329
1974/--/-- Emperor Haile Selassie is deposed in a military coup in Ethiopia. 6317
1974/--/-- Former astronaut John Glenn is elected to the U.S. Senate. 6322
1974/--/-- General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte becomes president of Chile. 6310
1974/--/-- Gerald R. Ford (Republican) becomes president of the United States 317
1974/--/-- Helmut Schmidt becomes chancellor of West Germany. 6315
1974/--/-- Isabel Peron becomes president of Argentina after the death of her husband. 1629
1974/--/-- Isabel Peron becomes president of Argentina after the death of her husband. 6319
1974/--/-- James Michener publishes Centennial, a historical novel of the American West. 6334
1974/--/-- James Michener publishes Centennial, a historical novel of the American West. 7354
1974/--/-- Konstantinos G. Karamanlis becomes prime minister of Greece. 6313
1974/--/-- Patricia Hearst is abducted by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). 6324
1974/--/-- Portugal recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau. 6309
1974/--/-- President Ford grants Richard Nixon a pardon for any crimes committed in office. 6323
1974/--/-- President Giscard d'Estaing appoints Jacques Chirac prime minister of France. 6316
1974/--/-- President Nixon resigns; Gerald R. Ford is inaugurated as the 38th U.S. president. 6321
1974/--/-- Reiner Werner Fassbinder "Ali-- Fear Eats the Soul" 6960
1974/--/-- South African golfer Gary Player achieves the Grand Slam. 6328
1974/--/-- South African golfer Gary Player achieves the Grand Slam. 7932
1974/--/-- Soviet ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov defects to the West. 6332
1974/--/-- The crisis on Cyprus causes the collapse of the military regime in Greece. 6312
1974/--/-- The House Judiciary Committee votes to impeach President Nixon. 6320
1974/--/-- The Mariner 10 spacecraft passes within 438 miles of the planet Mercury. 6325
1974/--/-- The Mariner 10 spacecraft passes within 438 miles of the planet Mercury. 7411
1974/--/-- The Sears Tower in Chicago surpasses the World Trade Center as the tallest building. 6326
1974/--/-- Willy Brandt is forced to resign after an East German spy is discovered on his staff. 6314
1974/--/-- Yitzhak Rabin succeeds Golda Meir as prime minister of Israel. 6318
1974/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (1) AL OAKLAND (4) 509
1975/--/-- American novelist Saul Bellow publishes Humboldt's Gift. 6367
1975/--/-- American novelist Saul Bellow publishes Humboldt's Gift. 7355
1975/--/-- American writer E.L. Doctorow publishes Ragtime. 6368
1975/--/-- American writer E.L. Doctorow publishes Ragtime. 7356
1975/--/-- Bobby Fischer refuses to defend his chess title; Anatoly Karpov is made champion. 6362
1975/--/-- Brazilian soccer star Pele ends his retirement to play for the New York Cosmos. 905
1975/--/-- Brazilian soccer star Pele ends his retirement to play for the New York Cosmos. 6359
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out after the Portuguese withdraw from Angola. 1378
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out after the Portuguese withdraw from Angola. 6347
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon between Muslim and Christian forces. 1379
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon between Muslim and Christian forces. 6349
1975/--/-- Communist Pathet Lao declare Laos the People's Democratic Republic. 6340
1975/--/-- Cyprus is partitioned into Greek and Turkish zones. 6341
1975/--/-- Czech tennis star Martina Navratilova defects to the U.S. 895
1975/--/-- Czech tennis star Martina Navratilova defects to the U.S. 6361
1975/--/-- Dutch Guiana gains its independence as the Republic of Suriname. 6351
1975/--/-- Eritrean rebels begin their fight for independence in Ethiopia. 6348
1975/--/-- Football player O.J. Simpson scores a record 23 touchdowns in one season. 878
1975/--/-- Football player O.J. Simpson scores a record 23 touchdowns in one season. 6360
1975/--/-- Gen. Yakubu Gowon is deposed in a military coup in Nigeria. 6345
1975/--/-- Juan Carlos I becomes king of Spain after the death of General Francisco Franco. 1631
1975/--/-- Juan Carlos I becomes king of Spain after the death of General Francisco Franco. 6355
1975/--/-- Michael Bennett directs and choreographs the Broadway musical A Chorus Line. 6366
1975/--/-- Michael Bennett directs and choreographs the Broadway musical A Chorus Line. 7735
1975/--/-- Mozambique wins independence from Portugal; Samora Machel becomes the president. 6343
1975/--/-- North Vietnamese forces overrun Saigon, which is renamed as Ho Chi Minh City. 6335
1975/--/-- Papua New Guinea becomes independent from Australian administration. 6352
1975/--/-- President Mujibur Rahman is killed in a military coup in Bangladesh. 1632
1975/--/-- President Mujibur Rahman is killed in a military coup in Bangladesh. 6342
1975/--/-- President N'Garta Tombalbaye of Chad is killed in a coup d'etat. 1633
1975/--/-- President N'Garta Tombalbaye of Chad is killed in a coup d'etat. 6344
1975/--/-- Prime Minister Pol Pot begins a reign of terror in Kampuchea. 6338
1975/--/-- Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer begin the PBS MacNeil/Lehrer news analysis program. 6363
1975/--/-- Saudi King Faisal is assassinated; he is succeeded by his brother Khalid. 1630
1975/--/-- Saudi King Faisal is assassinated; he is succeeded by his brother Khalid. 6346
1975/--/-- Singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen releases the rock album Born to Run. 6364
1975/--/-- South Vietnam capitulates; a mass exodus of Boat People begins. 6336
1975/--/-- South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam 6961
1975/--/-- Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 6358
1975/--/-- Steven Spielberg's film Jaws sets new box-office records. 6365
1975/--/-- Taiwanese leader Chiang Kai-shek dies; he is succeeded by Chiang Ching-kuo. 1634
1975/--/-- Taiwanese leader Chiang Kai-shek dies; he is succeeded by Chiang Ching-kuo. 6356
1975/--/-- The Helsinki accords pledge the signatory nations to respect human rights. 6353
1975/--/-- The Khmer Rouge win control of Cambodia and rename the country Kampuchea. 6337
1975/--/-- The Republic of Comoros declares its independence from France. 6350
1975/--/-- The Suez Canal reopens after being closed to shipping for eight years. 6354
1975/--/-- U.S. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts linkup during the Apollo-Soyuz mission. 6357
1975/--/-- U.S. Marines recapture the U.S. freighter Mayaguez from Kampuchean forces. 6339
1975/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL BOSTON (3) 510
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 1635
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 6380
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 7846
1976/--/-- Actor Jack Nicholson wins the Academy Award for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. 6389
1976/--/-- Artist Christo completes Running Fence, a curtain spanning 24 miles of countryside. 6386
1976/--/-- Artist Christo completes Running Fence, a curtain spanning 24 miles of countryside. 7736
1976/--/-- Black American writer Alex Haley publishes Roots: The Saga of an American Family. 6392
1976/--/-- Black American writer Alex Haley publishes Roots: The Saga of an American Family. 7357
1976/--/-- Black student protestors are massacred at Soweto in South Africa. 6369
1976/--/-- Black student protestors are massacred at Soweto in South Africa. 7933
1976/--/-- Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung die; Hua Kuo-feng assumes power. 6376
1976/--/-- Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung die; Hua Kuo-feng assumes power. 7847
1976/--/-- Finnish runner Lasse Viren wins the Olympic 5,000- and 10,000-m races for the second time. 927
1976/--/-- Finnish runner Lasse Viren wins the Olympic 5,000- and 10,000-m races for the second time. 6385
1976/--/-- Isabel Peron is deposed; Jorge Rafael Videla becomes president of Argentina. 6375
1976/--/-- Israeli commandos rescue hijacked airplane passengers at Entebbe, Uganda. 6379
1976/--/-- James Callaghan succeeds Harold Wilson as prime minister of Britain. 6374
1976/--/-- Jim Henson's Muppet Show debuts on television. 6387
1976/--/-- Jose Lopez Portillo y Pacheco is elected president of Mexico. 6378
1976/--/-- Mario Soares is elected prime minister of Portugal for the first time. 6373
1976/--/-- Robert De Niro stars in Martin Scorcese's film Taxi Driver. 6390
1976/--/-- Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci wins three gold medals at the Montreal Olympics. 926
1976/--/-- Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci wins three gold medals at the Montreal Olympics. 6384
1976/--/-- Separatist leader Rene Levesque becomes premier of Quebec. 6372
1976/--/-- Suarez Gonzalez becomes prime minister of Spain after the first election in 41 years. 6393
1976/--/-- Swedish tennis star Bjorn Borg wins the first of five Wimbledon championships. 896
1976/--/-- Swedish tennis star Bjorn Borg wins the first of five Wimbledon championships. 6383
1976/--/-- Sylvester Stallone's film Rocky wins the Academy Award as best picture. 6391
1976/--/-- The first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurs in Philadelphia. 6382
1976/--/-- The pro-Soviet MPLA government seizes power in Angola aided by Cuban troops. 6370
1976/--/-- The Sex Pistols punk rock group is formed in England. 1253
1976/--/-- The Sex Pistols punk rock group is formed in England. 6388
1976/--/-- The South African homeland of Transkei becomes independent. 6377
1976/--/-- The South African homeland of Transkei becomes independent. 7934
1976/--/-- The U.S. celebrates its Bicentennial. 6371
1976/--/-- U.S. Viking spacecraft land on Mars. 6381
1976/--/-- U.S. Viking spacecraft land on Mars. 7412
1976/--/-- Viking 1 & 2 land on Mars 6962
1976/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 511
1977/--/-- American golfer Tom Watson wins the Masters and British Open tournaments. 6405
1977/--/-- American golfer Tom Watson wins the Masters and British Open tournaments. 7358
1977/--/-- American hurdler Edwin Moses begins a winning streak of 90 consecutive races. 6407
1977/--/-- American hurdler Edwin Moses begins a winning streak of 90 consecutive races. 7360
1977/--/-- American poet and novelist Wendell Berry, publishes The Unsettling of America. 6412
1977/--/-- American poet and novelist Wendell Berry, publishes The Unsettling of America. 7361
1977/--/-- Black politician Andrew Young is appointed as U.S. ambassador to the UN. 6395
1977/--/-- Carter is inaugurated as the 39th U.S. president; Mondale becomes vice-presicent. 6394
1977/--/-- Comedian and filmmaker Woody Allen directs Diane Keaton in Annie Hall. 6410
1977/--/-- Edward (Ed) Koch becomes mayor of New York City for the first time. 6396
1977/--/-- General Zia ul-Haq deposes prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Pakistan. 6398
1977/--/-- George Lucas "Star Wars" 6963
1977/--/-- George Lucas directs the first Star Wars space fantasy film. 6409
1977/--/-- George Lucas directs the first Star Wars space fantasy film. 7413
1977/--/-- James E. Carter, Jr. (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 318
1977/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is crowned Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. 6401
1977/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is crowned Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. 7935
1977/--/-- John Travolta stars in the disco film Saturday Night Fever. 6411
1977/--/-- Menachem Begin succeeds Yitzhak Rabin as prime minister of Israel. 6397
1977/--/-- Morarji Randchhadji Desai succeeds Indira Gandhi as prime minister of India. 6399
1977/--/-- Rock 'n roll performer Elvis Presley dies. 1636
1977/--/-- Rock 'n roll performer Elvis Presley dies. 6408
1977/--/-- Seveteen-year old American jockey Steve Cauthen rides a record 487 winners. 6406
1977/--/-- Seveteen-year old American jockey Steve Cauthen rides a record 487 winners. 7359
1977/--/-- South Africa grants independence to the African homeland of Bophuthatswana. 6403
1977/--/-- South Africa grants independence to the African homeland of Bophuthatswana. 7936
1977/--/-- The Fianna Fail party returns to power under John Lynch in the Republic of Ireland. 6402
1977/--/-- The first Apple II personal computer is marketed in the U.S. 6404
1977/--/-- The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas becomes independent as Djibouti. 6400
1977/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 512
1978/--/-- Afghanistan president Mohammad Daud Khan is killed in a Marxist coup. 1640
1978/--/-- Afghanistan president Mohammad Daud Khan is killed in a Marxist coup. 6416
1978/--/-- American auto racer Mario Andretti wins the Formula One Grand Prix championship. 6427
1978/--/-- American auto racer Mario Andretti wins the Formula One Grand Prix championship. 7363
1978/--/-- American golfer Nancy Lopez wins a record five straight tournaments. 6426
1978/--/-- American golfer Nancy Lopez wins a record five straight tournaments. 7362
1978/--/-- American writer John Irving publishes The World According to Garp. 6430
1978/--/-- American writer John Irving publishes The World According to Garp. 7364
1978/--/-- Antonio Guzman becomes president of the Dominican Republic. 6418
1978/--/-- Boxer Larry Holmes defeats Ken Norton for the heavyweight championship. 6428
1978/--/-- Britain grants independence to Tuvalu, Dominica, and the Solomon Islands. 6415
1978/--/-- Italian politician Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by Red Brigade terrorists. 1637
1978/--/-- Italian politician Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by Red Brigade terrorists. 6420
1978/--/-- Jerry Falwell founds the Moral Majority 6964
1978/--/-- Michael Cimino directs the controversial Vietnam War film The Deer Hunter. 6429
1978/--/-- More than 900 members of a religious cult commit suicide at Jonestown, Guyana. 1638
1978/--/-- More than 900 members of a religious cult commit suicide at Jonestown, Guyana. 6424
1978/--/-- personal computer 6965
1978/--/-- Pieter Willem Botha becomes prime minister of South Africa. 6417
1978/--/-- Pieter Willem Botha becomes prime minister of South Africa. 7937
1978/--/-- Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian Pope in more than 500 years. 6421
1978/--/-- President Carter oversees the Camp David peace accords between Egypt and Israel. 6413
1978/--/-- Punk Rock 6966
1978/--/-- The balloon Double Eagle II completes the first Atlantic crossing. 6423
1978/--/-- The first human test-tube baby is born in England. 1254
1978/--/-- The first human test-tube baby is born in England. 6422
1978/--/-- The murder of opposition leader Pedro Joaquin Chamorro sparks uprisings in Nicaragua. 1639
1978/--/-- The murder of opposition leader Pedro Joaquin Chamorro sparks uprisings in Nicaragua. 6419
1978/--/-- The Pompidou Center art museum (the Beaubourg) is opened in Paris. 6425
1978/--/-- The United States and Panama renew the Panama Canal treaties. 6414
1978/--/-- Yiddish-language writer Isaac Bashevis Singer wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6431
1978/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 513
1979/--/-- Abel Muzorewa becomes the first black prime minister of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). 6444
1979/--/-- Algerian president Houari Boumedienne dies; he is succeeded by Chadli Benjedid. 1643
1979/--/-- Algerian president Houari Boumedienne dies; he is succeeded by Chadli Benjedid. 6438
1979/--/-- American novelist William Styron publishes Sophie's Choice. 6465
1979/--/-- American novelist William Styron publishes Sophie's Choice. 7367
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 898
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 6460
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 7366
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 897
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 6459
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 7365
1979/--/-- An accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant causes a near-disaster. 6452
1979/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita opens on Broadway. 6463
1979/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita opens on Broadway. 7737
1979/--/-- British runner Sebastian Coe sets world records at 800 m, 1,500 m, and the mile. 6462
1979/--/-- Charles Haughey succeeds John Lynch as president of the Republic of Ireland. 6440
1979/--/-- Dutch soccer star Johan Cruyff plays for the L.A. Aztecs. 906
1979/--/-- Dutch soccer star Johan Cruyff plays for the L.A. Aztecs. 6458
1979/--/-- Ex-prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is executed in Pakistan. 6439
1979/--/-- Francis Ford Coppola directs the Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now. 6464
1979/--/-- Gen. Saddam Hussein succeeds Gen. al-Bakr as president of Iraq. 6437
1979/--/-- IRA terrorists assassinate Lord Mountbatten in Ireland. 1641
1979/--/-- IRA terrorists assassinate Lord Mountbatten in Ireland. 6450
1979/--/-- Islamic fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran. 6432
1979/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is deposed in the Central African Republic. 6436
1979/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is deposed in the Central African Republic. 7938
1979/--/-- Jose Eduardo dos Santos succeeds Agostinho Neto as president of Angola. 6435
1979/--/-- Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first woman prime minister. 6441
1979/--/-- Morocco annexes Western Sahara; the Polisario Front fight for independence. 6447
1979/--/-- Mother Teresa of Calcutta is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 6453
1979/--/-- Pioneer 11 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 6454
1979/--/-- Pioneer 11 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 7414
1979/--/-- Quarterback Roger Staubach leads NFL passing, completing 267 out of 461 passes. 6461
1979/--/-- Revolution in Iran; Americans held hostage 6967
1979/--/-- Shehu Shagari becomes president of Nigeria. 6443
1979/--/-- Sixty-six U.S. embassy employees are taken hostage by Iranian students in Tehran. 6451
1979/--/-- South Korean president Park Chung Hee is assassinated. 1642
1979/--/-- South Korean president Park Chung Hee is assassinated. 6446
1979/--/-- Soviet troops occupy Afghanistan in support of Babrak Karmal's Marxist regime. 6448
1979/--/-- Soviets lose war in Afganistan 6968
1979/--/-- Tanzanians and Ugandan exiles invade Uganda; dictator Idi Amin Dada flees. 6442
1979/--/-- The first case of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is reported. 6457
1979/--/-- The Gossamer Albatross flies across the English Channel under human-power. 1255
1979/--/-- The Gossamer Albatross flies across the English Channel under human-power. 6456
1979/--/-- The Mujaheddin begin a guerrilla war against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan. 1380
1979/--/-- The Mujaheddin begin a guerrilla war against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan. 6449
1979/--/-- The Sandinistas seize control in Nicaragua. 6434
1979/--/-- The Shah of Iran flees the country; Iran is proclaimed an Islamic republic. 6433
1979/--/-- Vietnamese forces invade Kampuchea and overthrow the Pol Pot government. 6445
1979/--/-- Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 6455
1979/--/-- Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 7415
1979/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL BALTIMORE (3) 514
1980/--/-- "War on Drugs" jails 1/5 of young black men 6969
1980/--/-- An earthquake in Algeria kills 20,000. 1645
1980/--/-- An earthquake in Algeria kills 20,000. 6483
1980/--/-- Border disputes erupt into the Gulf war between Iran and Iraq. 1381
1980/--/-- Border disputes erupt into the Gulf war between Iran and Iraq. 6466
1980/--/-- Boxer Sugar Ray Leonard regains the world welterweight title from Roberto Duran. 6485
1980/--/-- British writer D.M. Thomas publishes The White Hotel. 6491
1980/--/-- CD, VCR, & cable become common 6970
1980/--/-- Chun Doo Hwan becomes president of South Korea. 6473
1980/--/-- Ex-Beatle John Lennon is fatally shot outside his Manhattan apartment. 6482
1980/--/-- Ex-Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated. 1644
1980/--/-- Ex-Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated. 6470
1980/--/-- Gen. Kenan Evren leads a military coup in Turkey. 6471
1980/--/-- Hollywood remakes B-movies and comix 6971
1980/--/-- Jose Napoleon Duarte becomes president of El Salvador; the guerilla war continues. 1382
1980/--/-- Jose Napoleon Duarte becomes president of El Salvador; the guerilla war continues. 6474
1980/--/-- Lech Walesa heads Solidarity, the first union movement in a communist country. 6478
1980/--/-- Liberian president William R. Tolbert is killed in a military coup led by Samuel Doe. 1646
1980/--/-- Liberian president William R. Tolbert is killed in a military coup led by Samuel Doe. 6472
1980/--/-- Love Canal, a chemically contaminated area in N.Y., is declared a disaster area. 6476
1980/--/-- Meryl Streep and Dustin Hoffman star in the film Kramer v. Kramer. 6489
1980/--/-- Milton Obote is reelected as president of Uganda. 6468
1980/--/-- Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington state killing eight people. 1647
1980/--/-- Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington state killing eight people. 6484
1980/--/-- Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus is produced. 6488
1980/--/-- Rhodesia is renamed Zimbabwe; Robert Mugabe becomes prime minister. 6467
1980/--/-- Robert Redford directs the Academy Award winning film Ordinary People. 6490
1980/--/-- Solidarity in Poland 6972
1980/--/-- Ted Turner begins the Cable News Network, offering round-the-clock news. 6487
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 6486
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 7368
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 7738
1980/--/-- The Castro regime deports more than 120,000 Cubans to Florida. 6477
1980/--/-- The FBI's ABSCAM investigation convicts seven members of the U.S. Congress. 6475
1980/--/-- The New Hebrides become independent from Britain and France as Vanuatu. 6479
1980/--/-- The U.S. boycotts the Moscow Olympics to protest the invasion of Afghanistan. 928
1980/--/-- The U.S. boycotts the Moscow Olympics to protest the invasion of Afghanistan. 6480
1980/--/-- The U.S. makes an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the Iranian hostages. 6469
1980/--/-- The Voyager 1 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 6481
1980/--/-- The Voyager 1 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 7416
1980/01/20 President Carter announces that U.S. athletes will not attend Summer Olympics in Moscow unless Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan. 9348
1980/02/02 FBI's undercover bribery investigation, code named Abscam, implicates a U.S. senator, seven members of the House, and 31 other public officials. 9349
1980/04/25 920-U.S. mission to rescue hostages in Iran is aborted after a helicopter and cargo plane collide at the staging site in a remote part of Iran and 8 serviceme 9350
1980/04/25 921-are killed. 9351
1980/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (4) AL KANSAS CITY (2) 515
1981/--/-- Andreas Panpandreou becomes prime minister of Greece. 6497
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 1383
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 1648
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 6503
1981/--/-- Argentinian president Roberto Viola is ousted from power by General Galtieri. 6505
1981/--/-- Black American novelist Toni Morrison publishes Tar Baby. 6516
1981/--/-- Black American novelist Toni Morrison publishes Tar Baby. 7369
1981/--/-- Britain grants independence to Belize. 6494
1981/--/-- Burt Lancaster stars in Louis Malle's film Atlantic City. 6512
1981/--/-- Dan Rather replaces Walter Cronkite as anchorman for the CBS Evening News. 6514
1981/--/-- Filmmaker Steven Spielberg directs Raiders of the Lost Ark. 6513
1981/--/-- Francois Mitterand succeeds Valery Giscard d'Estaing as president of France. 6500
1981/--/-- Garret FitzGerald becomes prime minister of Ireland. 6498
1981/--/-- Gen. Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland; Solidarity leaders are arrested. 6499
1981/--/-- Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn and Jane Fonda star in the film On Golden Pond. 6511
1981/--/-- Hu Yao-bang becomes head of the Chinese Communist party. 6495
1981/--/-- Hu Yao-bang becomes head of the Chinese Communist party. 7848
1981/--/-- Indian-born author Salman Rushdie publishes Midnight's Children. 6515
1981/--/-- Jeane Kirkpatrick becomes U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. 6507
1981/--/-- Jerry Rawlings leads a military coup in Ghana. 6504
1981/--/-- John Hinckley, Jr. shoots and seriously wounds President Reagan. 6501
1981/--/-- Pope John Paul II is shot and wounded by a Turkish gunman. 6502
1981/--/-- Reagan is inaugurated as the 40th U.S. president; Bush becomes vice-president. 6492
1981/--/-- Ronald W. Reagan (Republican) becomes president of the United States 319
1981/--/-- Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed the first woman U.S. Supreme Court justice. 6506
1981/--/-- Ten IRA prisoners starve themselves to death as a political protest. 1649
1981/--/-- Ten IRA prisoners starve themselves to death as a political protest. 6496
1981/--/-- The first 24-hour music video channel MTV (Music Television) is launched in the U.S. 6510
1981/--/-- The first 24-hour music video channel MTV (Music Television) is launched in the U.S. 7739
1981/--/-- The first Space Shuttle is launched, crewed by John Young and Robert Crippen. 6509
1981/--/-- The first Space Shuttle is launched, crewed by John Young and Robert Crippen. 7417
1981/--/-- The Prince of Wales marries Lady Diana Spencer in Britain. 6508
1981/--/-- The U.S. hostages in Iran are released. 6493
1981/01/02 U.S. hostages held in Iran are released after 444 days in captivity. 9352
1981/03/30 President Reagan is shot in the chest by John Hinckley, Jr. 9353
1981/09/25 Sandra Day O'Connor is sworn in as the first woman Supreme Court justice. 9354
1981/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL NEW YORK (2) 516
1982/--/-- Alvaro Alfredo Magana becomes president of El Salvador. 6525
1982/--/-- American writer Paul Theroux publishes The Mosquito Coast. 6538
1982/--/-- American writer Paul Theroux publishes The Mosquito Coast. 7370
1982/--/-- Amin Gemayel becomes the president of Lebanon after his brother Bashir is killed. 1650
1982/--/-- Amin Gemayel becomes the president of Lebanon after his brother Bashir is killed. 6519
1982/--/-- Argentina invades the Falkland Islands; Britain and Argentina are at war. 6517
1982/--/-- Black American writer Alice Walker publishes The Color Purple. 6539
1982/--/-- Black American writer Alice Walker publishes The Color Purple. 7371
1982/--/-- British troops recapture the Falkland Islands from Argentina. 6523
1982/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in Sydney Pollack's film Tootsie. 6536
1982/--/-- Felipe Gonzalez Marquez becomes prime minister of Spain. 6522
1982/--/-- Filmmaker Steven Spielberg directs E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial. 6535
1982/--/-- Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes control of Bangladesh in a bloodless coup. 6521
1982/--/-- Javier Perez de Cuellar succeeds Kurt Waldheim as secretary-general of the UN. 6528
1982/--/-- Pop-soul composer Quincy Jones wins 5 Grammy Awards. 6532
1982/--/-- Pop singer Michael Jackson records the all-time best-selling album Thriller. 6533
1982/--/-- Princess Grace of Monaco dies in a car accident. 1651
1982/--/-- Princess Grace of Monaco dies in a car accident. 6526
1982/--/-- Richard Attenborough directs the Academy Award winning film Gandhi. 6537
1982/--/-- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev dies; he is succeeded by Yuri Andropov. 1652
1982/--/-- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev dies; he is succeeded by Yuri Andropov. 6524
1982/--/-- Sylvester Stallone stars in the first Rambo film First Blood. 6534
1982/--/-- The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fails to win ratification in the U.S. 6527
1982/--/-- The Israeli army invades the Lebanon and drives the PLO guerrillas out of Beirut. 6518
1982/--/-- The UN maintains a peace between Christian and Muslim militia in Lebanon. 6520
1982/--/-- The Voyager 2 spacecraft transmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Saturn. 6529
1982/--/-- The Voyager 2 spacecraft transmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Saturn. 7418
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 6530
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 7419
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 7740
1982/--/-- USA Today, the first daily newspaper aimed at readers throughout the U.S., is launched. 6531
1982/06/30 Deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution passes without the necessary votes. 9355
1982/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL MILWAUKEE (3) 517
1983/--/-- American runner Joan Benoit sets a world record in the Boston Marathon. 6562
1983/--/-- American runner Joan Benoit sets a world record in the Boston Marathon. 7375
1983/--/-- American writer William Kennedy publishes Ironweed. 6564
1983/--/-- American writer William Kennedy publishes Ironweed. 7376
1983/--/-- American zoologist Dian Fossey publishes her book Gorillas in the Mist. 6560
1983/--/-- American zoologist Dian Fossey publishes her book Gorillas in the Mist. 7373
1983/--/-- An EPA report projects the irreversible onset of the greenhouse effect. 6559
1983/--/-- An Infrared Astronomical Satellite is launched to probe deep into the Milky Way. 6557
1983/--/-- Australia II becomes the first non-American yacht to win the America's Cup. 6561
1983/--/-- Australia II becomes the first non-American yacht to win the America's Cup. 7374
1983/--/-- Benedetto Bettino Craxi becomes the socialist prime minister of Italy. 6543
1983/--/-- Car bombs destroy the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine headquarters in Beirut. 6544
1983/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists. 1384
1983/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists. 6551
1983/--/-- Ex-Nazi Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyon) is extradited from Bolivia to France. 6553
1983/--/-- Guion Stewart Bluford, Jr. becomes the first black American astronaut. 6555
1983/--/-- Guion Stewart Bluford, Jr. becomes the first black American astronaut. 7372
1983/--/-- Libyan forces invade Chad; French troops aid the Chad government. 6546
1983/--/-- Manuel Antonio Noriega becomes commander of Panama's Defense Forces. 6550
1983/--/-- Mario Soares becomes the socialist prime minister of Portugal. 6542
1983/--/-- Nigerian president Shehu Shagari is deposed in a military coup led by Gen. Buhari. 6549
1983/--/-- Opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated in the Philippines. 1653
1983/--/-- Opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated in the Philippines. 6541
1983/--/-- President Reagan proposes a space-based Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). 6556
1983/--/-- President Reagan proposes a space-based Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). 7421
1983/--/-- Raul Alfonsin is elected as president of Argentina, ending military rule. 6552
1983/--/-- Reagan proposes "Star Wars" and increases military funding 6973
1983/--/-- Sally K. Ride becomes the first U.S. woman astronaut. 6554
1983/--/-- Shirley MacLaine and Jack Nicholson star in the film Terms of Endearment. 6563
1983/--/-- The compact disc is introduced for recorded music. 6558
1983/--/-- The compact disc is introduced for recorded music. 7741
1983/--/-- The Labor party returns to power in Australia; Robert Hawke becomes prime minister. 6540
1983/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a South Korean airliner that violated its airspace. 6545
1983/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a South Korean airliner that violated its airspace. 7420
1983/--/-- U.S. forces invade Grenada to protect U.S. lives after a military coup on the island. 6547
1983/--/-- Yitzhak Shamir succeeds Menachem Begin as prime minister of Israel. 6548
1983/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (1) AL BALTIMORE (4) 518
1983/10/25 U.S. invades Caribbean island of Grenada after a coup by Marxist faction in the government. 9356
1984/--/-- A toxic gas leak kills 2,000 and affects an estimated 150,000 in Bhopal, India. 1655
1984/--/-- A toxic gas leak kills 2,000 and affects an estimated 150,000 in Bhopal, India. 6578
1984/--/-- American pop singer Madonna releases her album Like a Virgin. 6582
1984/--/-- American pop singer Madonna releases her album Like a Virgin. 7378
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 929
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 6580
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 7377
1984/--/-- Brian Mulroney succeeds John Turner as prime minister of Canada. 6574
1984/--/-- Britain and China sign a treaty for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 6575
1984/--/-- Britain and China sign a treaty for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 7849
1984/--/-- Britain grants independence to Brunei. 6570
1984/--/-- British prime minister Margaret Thatcher escapes injury in an IRA bomb attack. 6576
1984/--/-- Comedian Eddie Murphy stars in the film Beverly Hills Cop. 6583
1984/--/-- Congress forbids official U.S. aid for the anti-Sandinista contras in Nicaragua. 6566
1984/--/-- Czech writer Milan Kundera publishes The Unbearable Lightness of Being. 6584
1984/--/-- Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman vice-presidential candidate in the U.S. 6573
1984/--/-- Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh extremists. 1654
1984/--/-- Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh extremists. 6568
1984/--/-- Indian troops attack the Golden Temple at Amritsar to remove militant Sikhs. 6567
1984/--/-- Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India. 6569
1984/--/-- Rap music 6974
1984/--/-- Rev. Desmond Tutu, opponent of apartheid, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 6577
1984/--/-- Rock singer Bob Geldof organizes Band Aid to raise funds for African famine victims. 6581
1984/--/-- Rock singer Bob Geldof organizes Band Aid to raise funds for African famine victims. 7939
1984/--/-- Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega Saavedra is elected president of Nicaragua. 6565
1984/--/-- Shimon Peres succeeds Yitzhak Shamir as prime minister of Israel. 6571
1984/--/-- Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies; he is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. 1656
1984/--/-- Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies; he is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. 6572
1984/--/-- Space Shuttle astronauts test the manned maneuvering unit and move freely in space. 6579
1984/--/-- Space Shuttle astronauts test the manned maneuvering unit and move freely in space. 7422
1984/10/-- World Series NL SAN DIEGO (1) AL DETROIT (4) 519
1985/--/-- Albanian premier Enver Hoxha dies; he is succeeded by Ramiz Alia. 1657
1985/--/-- Albanian premier Enver Hoxha dies; he is succeeded by Ramiz Alia. 6588
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 1658
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 6606
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 7381
1985/--/-- American humorist and radio personality Garison Keillor publishes Lake Wobegon Days. 6609
1985/--/-- American humorist and radio personality Garison Keillor publishes Lake Wobegon Days. 7382
1985/--/-- American rock singer Tina Turner wins three Grammy Awards. 6605
1985/--/-- American rock singer Tina Turner wins three Grammy Awards. 7380
1985/--/-- Baseball player Pete Rose beats Ty Cobb's 57-year-old record of 4,191 base hits. 868
1985/--/-- Baseball player Pete Rose beats Ty Cobb's 57-year-old record of 4,191 base hits. 6602
1985/--/-- Boxer Michael Spinks defeats Larry Holmes for the heavyweight championship. 6604
1985/--/-- Clint Eastwood directs and stars in the Western film Pale Rider. 6608
1985/--/-- French agents sink the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand. 6592
1985/--/-- Gorbachev unravels Soviet system 6975
1985/--/-- Jose de Sarney becomes the first civilian president of Brazil in 21 years. 6589
1985/--/-- Julius Nyerere is succeeded as president of Tanzania by Ali Hassan Mwinyi. 6596
1985/--/-- Maj.-Gen. Mohammed Buhari is ousted in a bloodless coup in Nigeria. 6595
1985/--/-- Mexico City is heavily damaged by an earthquake. 6598
1985/--/-- Middleweight champion Marvin Hagler defends his title against Thomas "Hit Man" Hearns. 6599
1985/--/-- Palestinian terrorists hijack the Italian liner Achille Lauro. 6590
1985/--/-- Premier Gorbachev initiates glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). 6587
1985/--/-- President Milton Obote is ousted in a military coup in Uganda. 6594
1985/--/-- President Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev hold their first summit meeting. 6593
1985/--/-- President Reagan is inaugurated for his second term of office. 6585
1985/--/-- Robert Redford and Meryl Streep star in the film Out of Africa. 6607
1985/--/-- Robert Redford and Meryl Streep star in the film Out of Africa. 7940
1985/--/-- Running back Walter Payton sets an all-time NFL record for rushes of 14,860 yards. 6601
1985/--/-- Shiite Muslim terrorists hijack a TWA Boeing 727 jet to Beirut. 6591
1985/--/-- Soviet premier Konstantin Chernenko dies; he is succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev. 1659
1985/--/-- Soviet premier Konstantin Chernenko dies; he is succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev. 6586
1985/--/-- Sudanese prime minister Gaafar al-Nimeiry is ousted in a military coup. 6597
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 907
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 6603
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 7379
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 7742
1985/--/-- World chess champion Anatoly Karpov is defeated by 21-year-old Gary Kasparov. 6600
1985/01/21 Reagan's second inauguration. 9357
1985/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL KANSAS CITY (4) 520
1986/--/-- A hole in the ozone layer is detected over Antarctica. 6625
1986/--/-- A major nuclear-reactor disaster takes place at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union. 6621
1986/--/-- Benazir Bhutto, daughter of hanged premier Ali Bhutto, is jailed in Pakistan. 6619
1986/--/-- Boxer Mike Tyson wins his first world heavyweight title. 6628
1986/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Yemen (Aden). 1385
1986/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Yemen (Aden). 6614
1986/--/-- Comedian and filmmaker Woody Allen directs Hannah and Her Sisters. 6633
1986/--/-- Corazon Aquino is elected president of the Philippines; Ferdinand Marcos is exiled. 6612
1986/--/-- Cyclist Greg LeMond becomes the first American to win the Tour de France. 6632
1986/--/-- Cyclist Greg LeMond becomes the first American to win the Tour de France. 7383
1986/--/-- Czech tennis player Ivan Lendl wins the French Open and U.S. Open tournaments. 899
1986/--/-- Czech tennis player Ivan Lendl wins the French Open and U.S. Open tournaments. 6631
1986/--/-- Filmmaker Oliver Stone directs the Vietnam War film Platoon. 6634
1986/--/-- Golfer Jack Nicklaus at age 46 becomes the oldest man ever to win the U.S. Open. 6629
1986/--/-- Ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky raises the season point record to 215. 911
1986/--/-- Ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky raises the season point record to 215. 6630
1986/--/-- Nigerian poet and playwright Wole Soyinka wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6636
1986/--/-- President Francois Mitterrand appoints Jacques Chirac prime minister of France. 6610
1986/--/-- President Jean Claude Duvalier of Haiti goes into exile. 6615
1986/--/-- Sayid Mohammad Najibullah replaces Marxist president Babrak Karmal in Afghanistan. 6613
1986/--/-- Select committees are established to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. 6617
1986/--/-- Singer-actress Bette Midler stars in Down and Out in Beverly Hills. 6635
1986/--/-- Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated. 1660
1986/--/-- Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated. 6611
1986/--/-- The European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft passes within 335 miles of Halley's comet. 6623
1986/--/-- The European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft passes within 335 miles of Halley's comet. 7425
1986/--/-- The Food and Drug Administration approve the commercial use of the drug interferon. 6627
1986/--/-- The Soviet Union launches the first Mir space station. 6624
1986/--/-- The Soviet Union launches the first Mir space station. 7426
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 1661
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 6620
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 7423
1986/--/-- The ultralight Voyager aircraft flies around the world nonstop in 9 days. 6626
1986/--/-- U.S. aircraft attack military and terrorist related targets in Libya. 6616
1986/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Uranus. 6622
1986/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Uranus. 7424
1986/--/-- Yitzak Shamir succeeds Shimon Peres as prime minister of Israel. 6618
1986/01/28 Space shuttle Challenger explodes 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven crew members. It is the worst accident in the history of the U.S. space program. 9358
1986/04/14 U.S. bombs military bases in Libya in effort to deter terrorist strikes on American targets. 9359
1986/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL BOSTON (3) 521
1986/11/-- Iran-Contra scandal breaks when White House is forced to reveal secret arms-for-hostages deals. 9360
1987/--/-- A Wall Street stock market crisis spreads to Tokyo and London. 6646
1987/--/-- American author Tom Wolfe publishes the satirical novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. 6649
1987/--/-- American author Tom Wolfe publishes the satirical novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. 7384
1987/--/-- Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar passes Wilt Chamberlain's points record. 872
1987/--/-- Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar passes Wilt Chamberlain's points record. 6647
1987/--/-- Bettino Craxi resigns; Giovanni Goria becomes prime minister of Italy. 6638
1987/--/-- Colonel Oliver North testifies at the Iran-Contra Affair hearings. 6644
1987/--/-- Congress holds public hearings in Iran-Contra investigation. 9361
1987/--/-- East German leader Erich Honecker makes his first visit to West Germany. 6637
1987/--/-- Filmmaker Brian De Palma directs The Untouchables. 6648
1987/--/-- Gary Hart ends his Presidential campaign after allegations of sexual impropriety. 6645
1987/--/-- Libya suffers a military defeat in Chad. 6640
1987/--/-- More than 400 die in clashes between Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police at Mecca. 6643
1987/--/-- Ozone "hole" found over Antartica 6976
1987/--/-- Takeshita Noburu succeeds Nakasone Yasuhiro as the Japanese premier. 6639
1987/--/-- Takeshita Noburu succeeds Nakasone Yasuhiro as the Japanese premier. 8036
1987/--/-- The U.S. frigate Stark is hit by an Iraqi missile in the Persian Gulf. 6641
1987/--/-- West Bank Palestinians launch an intifadah (uprising) against the Israeli occupation. 6642
1987/--/-- Writer Gore Vidal publishes Empire, a novel of 19th-century U.S. politics. 6650
1987/06/12 200-In a speech in Berlin, President Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall" and open Eastern Europe to political and 9362
1987/06/12 201-economic reform. 9363
1987/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL MINNESOTA (4) 522
1987/12/08 Reagan and Gorbachev sign INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement to reduce the superpowers' nuclear weapons. 9364
1988/--/-- A cease-fire is declared in the war between Iran and Iraq. 1386
1988/--/-- A cease-fire is declared in the war between Iran and Iraq. 6659
1988/--/-- Armenia is hit by a severe earthquake, killing tens of thousands. 1662
1988/--/-- Armenia is hit by a severe earthquake, killing tens of thousands. 6670
1988/--/-- Australia celebrates its Bicentennial. 6668
1988/--/-- Austrian president Kurt Waldheim is exonerated of involvement in war crimes. 1387
1988/--/-- Austrian president Kurt Waldheim is exonerated of involvement in war crimes. 6661
1988/--/-- Benazir Bhutto is elected prime minister of Pakistan. 6664
1988/--/-- Carlos Salinas de Gortari is elected president of Mexico. 6665
1988/--/-- Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez publishes Love in the Time of Cholera. 6680
1988/--/-- Dennis Connor skippers a U.S. catamaran to beat New Zealand in the America's Cup. 6674
1988/--/-- Dennis Connor skippers a U.S. catamaran to beat New Zealand in the America's Cup. 7385
1988/--/-- Details of the U.S. Stealth bomber are released for the first time. 6672
1988/--/-- Discovery becomes the first Space Shuttle to be launched after the Challenger disaster. 6673
1988/--/-- Discovery becomes the first Space Shuttle to be launched after the Challenger disaster. 7427
1988/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in the Academy Award winning film Rain Man. 6679
1988/--/-- Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6681
1988/--/-- German tennis player Boris Becker leads West Germany to victory in the Davis Cup. 901
1988/--/-- German tennis player Boris Becker leads West Germany to victory in the Davis Cup. 6676
1988/--/-- German tennis player Steffi Graf becomes the 3rd woman to win the Grand Slam. 900
1988/--/-- German tennis player Steffi Graf becomes the 3rd woman to win the Grand Slam. 6675
1988/--/-- Hungarian leader Janos Kadar is removed from power; Karoly Grosz assumes his post. 6666
1988/--/-- Indian-born writer Salman Rushdie publishes The Satanic Verses. 6682
1988/--/-- Jesse Jackson fails in a second attempt to win the Democratic presidential nomination. 6669
1988/--/-- Lee Teng-hui succeeds Chiang Ching-kuo as president of Taiwan. 6655
1988/--/-- Military leaders seize control in Haiti after elections are held. 6667
1988/--/-- Military leaders seize power in Burma (Myanmar). 6654
1988/--/-- Nationalist uprisings breakout in the Soviet republic of Armenia. 6662
1988/--/-- Pakistani leader Gen. Muhammed Zia ul-Haq is killed in a plane crash. 1663
1988/--/-- Pakistani leader Gen. Muhammed Zia ul-Haq is killed in a plane crash. 6663
1988/--/-- Roh Tae Woo succeeds Chun Doo Hwan as president of South Korea. 6652
1988/--/-- South African leader Nelson Mandela is removed from prison for hospital treatment. 6656
1988/--/-- South African leader Nelson Mandela is removed from prison for hospital treatment. 7941
1988/--/-- Sprinter Ben Johnson is stripped of his Olympic gold medal after a drug test. 930
1988/--/-- Sprinter Ben Johnson is stripped of his Olympic gold medal after a drug test. 6677
1988/--/-- Steven Spielberg produces the innovative animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. 6678
1988/--/-- Television evangelist Jim Bakker is convicted of fraud and conspiracy. 6671
1988/--/-- The Geneva Accords set the timetable for Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. 6653
1988/--/-- The Iraqis are accused of using chemical weapons against the Kurds. 6660
1988/--/-- The U.S. cruiser Vincennes accidentally shoots downs an Iranian airliner. 6658
1988/--/-- The U.S. indict Panamanian dictator Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega for drug offenses. 6657
1988/--/-- Vietnam announces it will withdraw all its forces from Kampuchea. 6651
1988/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL OAKLAND (1) 523
1989/--/-- Akihito succeeds his father Hirohito as emperor of Japan. 6698
1989/--/-- Akihito succeeds his father Hirohito as emperor of Japan. 8038
1989/--/-- Allegations of financial impropriety force Japanese premier Noboru to resign. 6689
1989/--/-- Allegations of financial impropriety force Japanese premier Noboru to resign. 8037
1989/--/-- American Anne Tyler wins the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Breathing Lessons. 6709
1989/--/-- American Anne Tyler wins the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Breathing Lessons. 7386
1989/--/-- Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 1664
1989/--/-- Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 6693
1989/--/-- British author V.S. Pritchett publishes A Careless Widow and Other Stories. 6708
1989/--/-- Bulgarian premier Todor Zhivkov resigns; he is succeeded by Petar Mladenov. 6688
1989/--/-- Bush is inaugurated as the 41st U.S. president; Quayle becomes vice-president. 6683
1989/--/-- Carlos Saul Menem succeeds Raul Alfonsin as president of Argentina. 6690
1989/--/-- Demonstrations in East Germany lead to the demolition of the Berlin Wall. 6703
1989/--/-- F. W. de Klerk succeeds P.W. Botha as president of South Africa. 6692
1989/--/-- F. W. de Klerk succeeds P.W. Botha as president of South Africa. 7942
1989/--/-- Gen. Alfredo Stroessner is ousted; Andres Rodriguez becomes president of Paraguay. 6694
1989/--/-- George H. W. Bush (Republican) becomes president of the United States 320
1989/--/-- Greek prime minister Andreas Papandreou is succeeded by Tzinnis Tzannetakis. 6691
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 1665
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 6696
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 7850
1989/--/-- Hundreds of demonstrators are killed by troops in Peking's T'ien-an-Men Square. 1666
1989/--/-- Hundreds of demonstrators are killed by troops in Peking's T'ien-an-Men Square. 6697
1989/--/-- Hungary elects to become a multiparty democracy. 6695
1989/--/-- Jack Nicholson and Michael Keaton star in the film Batman. 6707
1989/--/-- Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi signs a peace treaty with Chad. 6687
1989/--/-- Playwright Vaclav Havel becomes the president of Czechoslovakia. 6704
1989/--/-- Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu is deposed and killed. 1667
1989/--/-- Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu is deposed and killed. 6700
1989/--/-- San Francisco's Marina district is damaged by a severe earthquake. 6706
1989/--/-- Solidarity candidates win a majority in the first free elections in Poland since 1946. 6684
1989/--/-- Soviet forces complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan; the civil war continues. 1388
1989/--/-- Soviet forces complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan; the civil war continues. 6685
1989/--/-- The Burmese government changes the country's name to Myanmar. 6686
1989/--/-- The communist government of Milos Jakes resigns in Czechoslovakia. 6702
1989/--/-- The Satanic Verses is condemned by Muslims; Salman Rushdie goes into hiding. 6710
1989/--/-- U.S. forces invade Panama; General Noriega surrenders and is held on drug charges. 6701
1989/--/-- U.S.S.R dissolves into republics; Cold War over 6977
1989/--/-- V.P. Singh succeeds Rajiv Gandhi as prime minister of India. 6699
1989/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft tramsmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Neptune. 6705
1989/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft tramsmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Neptune. 7428
1989/--/-- World cable markets deregulated; Hollywood gains world film market 6978
1989/01/20 George H. W. Bush is inaugurated as the 41st president. 9365
1989/03/24 400-Oil tanker Exxon Valdez runs aground in Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of oil (March 24). It is the largest oil spill in U.S. 9366
1989/03/24 401-history. 9367
1989/08/09 President Bush signs legislation to provide for federal bailout of nearly 800 insolvent savings and loan institutions. 9368
1989/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (0) AL OAKLAND (4) 524
1989/12/20 U.S. forces invade Panama in an attempt to capture Gen. Manuel Noriega, who previously had been indicted in the U.S. on drug trafficking charges. 9369
1990/--/-- A mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope is found to be flawed shortly after deployment. 6734
1990/--/-- A mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope is found to be flawed shortly after deployment. 7429
1990/--/-- Actress Jessica Tandy wins the Academy Award for her role in Driving Miss Daisy. 6739
1990/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Vineland. 6740
1990/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Vineland. 7387
1990/--/-- Basketball player Earvin "Magic" Johnson wins the MVP award for the third time. 874
1990/--/-- Basketball player Earvin "Magic" Johnson wins the MVP award for the third time. 6737
1990/--/-- Basketball player Michael Jordan leads the NBA in scoring for the fourth consecutive year. 873
1990/--/-- Basketball player Michael Jordan leads the NBA in scoring for the fourth consecutive year. 6736
1990/--/-- Book retail chains abound 6979
1990/--/-- Boris Yeltsin becomes president of the Russian Republic. 6732
1990/--/-- British prime minister Margaret Thatcher resigns; she is succeeded by John Major. 6729
1990/--/-- Chad president Hissene Habre is deposed by rebel forces led by Idris Deby. 6727
1990/--/-- David Dinkins succeeds Ed Koch as mayor of New York City. 6733
1990/--/-- East and West Germany are reunited; Helmut Kohl becomes chancellor of a united Germany. 6711
1990/--/-- Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello succeeds Jose Sarney as president of Brazil. 6728
1990/--/-- I.M. Pei's 70-story Bank of China headquarters is built in Hong Kong. 6735
1990/--/-- I.M. Pei's 70-story Bank of China headquarters is built in Hong Kong. 7851
1990/--/-- Indian prime minister V.P. Singh resigns; he is succeeded by Chandra Shekhar. 6725
1990/--/-- Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War. 6712
1990/--/-- John Updike publishes Rabbit at Rest, the fourth and last of his Rabbit novels. 6741
1990/--/-- Lech Walesa wins the first direct presidential elections in Poland's history 6715
1990/--/-- Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia declare their independence from the Soviet Union. 6730
1990/--/-- Namibia becomes independent from South Africa with Sam Nujoma as president. 6717
1990/--/-- Namibia becomes independent from South Africa with Sam Nujoma as president. 7944
1990/--/-- Pakistani president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses prime minister Benazir Bhutto. 6726
1990/--/-- President Patricio Aylwin succeeds Gen. Pinochet , ending 16 years of military rule in Chile. 6724
1990/--/-- President Samuel Doe is killed during a military rebellion in Liberia. 1668
1990/--/-- President Samuel Doe is killed during a military rebellion in Liberia. 6719
1990/--/-- Slovenia and Croatia vote non-Communist governments into power in Yugoslavia. 6720
1990/--/-- South Africa accepts racial equality 6980
1990/--/-- South African president F.W. De Klerk releases Nelson Mandela; the ban on the ANC ends. 6716
1990/--/-- South African president F.W. De Klerk releases Nelson Mandela; the ban on the ANC ends. 7943
1990/--/-- Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze resigns from office. 6731
1990/--/-- Student riots in Tirane lead to the formation of Albania's first opposition party since 1946. 6723
1990/--/-- Syrian-backed forces defeat General Aoun's Christian militia in Lebanon. 6718
1990/--/-- The UN authorizes an economic blockade of Iraq. 6713
1990/--/-- U.S.-led coalition forces begin Operation Desert Shield to protect Saudi Arabia from Iraq. 6714
1990/--/-- U.S.-led coalition forces begin Operation Desert Shield to protect Saudi Arabia from Iraq. 7743
1990/--/-- Violeta Barrios de Chamorro succeeds Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua. 6721
1990/--/-- Warren Beatty directs, produces and plays the lead role in the film Dick Tracy. 6738
1990/--/-- Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) unite as the Yemen Republic. 6722
1990/08/02 Iraqi troops invade Kuwait, leading to the Persian Gulf War. 9370
1990/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL OAKLAND (0) 525
1991/--/-- Gulf War is first U.S. reduction of a regional power 6981
1991/--/-- Japan is world's largest automaker 6982
1991/01/16 Persian Gulf War: U.S. leads international coalition in military operation (code named "Desert Storm") to drive Iraqis out of Kuwait (Jan. 16-Feb. 28). 9371
1991/04/06 Iraq accepts terms of UN ceasefire, marking an end of the war. 9372
1991/07/31 U.S. and Soviet Union sign START I treaty, agreeing to further reduce strategic nuclear arms. 9373
1991/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (3) AL MINNESOTA (4) 526
1991/10/11 430-Senate Judiciary Committee conducts televised hearings to investigate allegations of past sexual harassment brought against Supreme Court nominee Clar 9374
1991/10/11 431-Thomas by Anita Hill, a law professor at the University of Oklahoma. 9375
1992/--/-- NAFTA formed 6983
1992/--/-- Yugoslavia breaks up; Serbia contained 6984
1992/02/01 680-Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in Dec. 1991, President Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin meet at Camp David and formally declare an end 9376
1992/02/01 681-to the cold war. 9377
1992/04/29 430-The acquittal of four white police officers charged in the 1991 beating of black motorist Rodney King in Los Angeles sets off several days of rioting, 9378
1992/04/29 431-leading to more than 50 deaths, thousands of injuries and arrests, and $1 billion in property damage. 9379
1992/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (2) AL TORONTO (4) 8123
1992/12/-- President Bush authorizes sending U.S. troops to Somalia as part of UN relief effort. 9380
1992/12/24 President Bush grants pardons to six officials convicted or indicted in the Iran-Contra scandal, leading some to suspect a cover-up. 9381
1993/--/-- Internet expands with World Wide Web 6985
1993/--/-- Steven Spielberg "Schindler's List" 6986
1993/--/-- William Jefferson Clinton (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 1256
1993/01/20 Bill Clinton is inaugurated as the 42nd president. 9382
1993/02/26 Bomb explodes in basement garage of World Trade Center, killing 6, injuring 1,000, and causing more than $500 million in damage. 9383
1993/04/19 After 51-day standoff with federal agents, Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Tex., burns to the ground, killing 80 cult members. 9384
1993/06/26 President Clinton orders missile attack against Iraq in retaliation for alleged plot to assassinate former President Bush. 9385
1993/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (2) AL TORONTO (4) 8124
1993/10/03 Eighteen U.S. soldiers are killed in ambush by Somali militiamen in Mogadishu. 9386
1993/12/08 President Clinton signs North American Free Trade Agreement into law. 9387
1994/05/06 Paula Jones, a former Arkansas state employee, files a federal lawsuit against President Clinton for sexual harassment. 9388
1994/10/-- World Series NL NO WORLD SERIES AL NO WORLD SERIES 8125
1995/04/19 Bombing of federal office building in Oklahoma City kills 168 people. 9389
1995/07/11 U.S. establishes full diplomatic relations with Vietnam. 9390
1995/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (4) AL CLEVELAND (2) 8126
1995/12/-- President Clinton sends first 8,000 of 20,000 U.S. troops to Bosnia for 12-month peacekeeping mission. 9391
1995/12/16 Budget standoff between President Clinton and Congress results in partial shutdown of U.S. government. 9392
1996/--/-- Welfare reform 6987
1996/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 8127
1997/--/-- NASA spacecraft lands on Mars 6988
1997/--/-- Robust economy creates longest prosperity in U.S. history 6989
1997/01/20 Clinton's second inauguration (Jan. 20). 9393
1997/10/-- World Series NL FLORIDA (4) AL CLEVELAND (3) 8128
1998/--/-- International Space Station begins construction 6990
1998/01/17 President Clinton denies having had a sexual relationship with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. 9394
1998/02/02 President Clinton releases 1999 federal budget plan; it is the first balanced budget since 1969. 9395
1998/08/17 In televised address, President Clinton admits having had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky. 9396
1998/08/20 U.S. launches missile attacks on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan following terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 9397
1998/10/-- World Series NL SAN DIEGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 8129
1998/12/16 U.S. and Britain launch air strikes against weapons sites in Iraq. 9398
1998/12/19 House of Representatives votes to impeach President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. 9399
1999/--/-- Budget goes into surplus 6991
1999/02/12 Senate acquits Clinton of impeachment charges. 9400
1999/03/24 NATO wages air campaign against Yugoslavia over killing and deportation of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. 9401
1999/04/20 School shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo., leaves 14 students (including the 2 shooters) and 1 teacher dead and 23 others wounded. 9402
1999/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 8130
1999/11/15 U.S. and China sign historic trade agreement. 9403
2000/--/-- Animals cloned 6992
2000/--/-- China emerges as economic giant 6993
2000/--/-- Oceans warming and rising 6994
2000/--/-- US television increasingly morbid 6995
2000/04/01 According to the census, the nation's population numbers more than 280 million. 9404
2000/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 8131
2000/11/07 No clear winner is declared in the close presidential election contest between Vice President Al Gore and Texas governor George W. Bush. 9405
2000/12/12 560-More than a month after the presidential election, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against a manual recount of ballots in certain Florida counties, which it 9406
2000/12/12 561-contends would violate the Constitution's equal protection and due process guarantees. The decision provokes enormous controversy, with critics maintaining 9407
2000/12/12 562-that the court has in effect determined the outcome of the election. 9408
2000/12/13 Bush formally accepts the presidency, having won a slim majority in the electoral college but not a majority of the popular vote. 9409
2001/--/-- 9/11 terror attack alerts America 6996
2001/--/-- George W. Bush (Republican) becomes president of the United States 1257
2001/--/-- Taliban removed 6997
2001/01/20 George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd president. 9410
2001/09/11 390-Two hijacked jetliners ram twin towers of World Trade Center in worst terrorist attack against U.S.; a third hijacked plane flies into the Pentagon, a 9411
2001/09/11 391-fourth crashes in rural Pennsylvania. More than 3,000 people die in the attacks. 9412
2001/10/-- World Series NL ARIZONA (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 8132
2001/10/07 660-U.S. and Britain launch air attacks against targets in Afghanistan after Taliban government fails to hand over Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden, the 9413
2001/10/07 661-suspected mastermind behind the Sept. 11 attacks. 9414
2001/12/09 280-Following air campaign and ground assault by Afghani opposition troops, the Taliban regime topples; however, the hunt for bin Laden and other members of 9415
2001/12/09 281-al-Qaeda terrorist organization continues. 9416
2002/01/29 950-In his first State of the Union address, President Bush labels Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an "axis of evil" and declares that U.S. will wage war against 9417
2002/01/29 951-states that develop weapons of mass destruction. 9418
2002/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (3) AL ANAHEIM (4) 8133
2002/11/25 President Bush signs legislation creating a new cabinet department of Homeland Security. 9419
2003/--/-- Iraq War 6998
2003/--/-- Mathew Barney finishes "The Cremaster Cycle" 6999
2003/02/01 Space shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry into Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board. 9420
2003/03/19 War waged by the U.S. and Britain against Iraq begins. 9421
2003/05/28 President Bush signs $350 billion tax-cut bill. 9422
2003/10/-- World Series NL FLORIDA (4) AL NEW YORK (2) 8134
2004/06/28 The U.S. returns sovereignty to an interim government in Iraq, but maintains roughly 135,000 troops in the country to fight a growing insurgency. 9423
2004/08/-- Four hurricanes devastate Florida and other parts of the southern United States. 9424
2004/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (0) AL BOSTON (4) 8135
2005/--/-- The U.S. engagement in Iraq continues amid that country's escalating violence and fragile political stability. 9425
2005/--/-- US labor squeezed by global forces 7000
2005/08/29 530-Hurricane Katrina wreaks catastrophic damage on Mississippi and Louisiana; 80% of New Orleans is flooded. All levels of government are criticized for the 9426
2005/08/29 531-delayed and inadequate response to the disaster. 9427
2005/10/-- World Series NL HOUSTON (0) AL CHICAGO (4) 8136
2006/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL DETROIT (1) 8137
2006/10/17 The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the population of the United States has reached 300 million. 9428
2007/01/04 California Democrat Nancy Pelosi becomes the first woman Speaker of the House of Representatives. 9429
2007/03/13 Attorney General Alberto Gonzales admits that the Justice Department made mistakes and exercised poor judgment in firing nine federal prosecutors in late 9430
2007/04/16 110-Male student kills two in a Virginia Tech dorm. Two hours later, he kills 30 more in a classroom building before committing suicide. The shooting rampage 9431
2007/04/16 111-is the most deadly in U.S. history. Fifteen others are wounded. 9432
2007/07/24 720-The minimum wage in the U.S. increases to $5.85, up from $5.15. It's the first increase in 10 years. The wage will increase 70 cents each year through 9433
2007/07/24 721-2009, when it reaches $7.25 an hour. 9434
2007/08/01 An eight-lane interstate bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that is packed with cars breaks into sections and falls into the river, killing 13 people. 9435
2007/08/27 The White House announces that Alberto Gonzales, the beleaguered attorney general, has submitted his resignation to President Bush. 9436
2007/09/10 750-In highly anticipated testimony, Gen. David Petraeus tells members of the House Foreign Affairs and Armed Services committees that the U.S. military needs 9437
2007/09/10 751-more time to meet its goals in Iraq. Petraeus rejects suggestions that the U.S. shift from a counterinsurgency operation to training Iraqi forces and 9438
2007/09/10 752-fighting terrorists. Instead, he says the U.S. must continue all three missions. 9439
2007/10/-- World Series NL COLORADO (0) AL BOSTON (4) 8138
2008/06/03 690-After months of campaigning and primary races, Barack Obama and John McCain are finally chosen as the presidential nominees for the Democratic and 9440
2008/06/03 691-Republican parties, respectively. 9441
2008/09/-- 250-After months of unraveling, the economy finally comes crashing down in 2008, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average tumbling 4.4% in one day, Lehman 9442
2008/09/-- 251-Brothers filing for bankruptcy, and Bush putting mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under government conservatorship. 9443
2008/11/04 420-Democrats perform well across the board in the November elections. Barack Obama becomes the first African-American to be elected President, with 52.8% of 9444
2008/11/04 421-the vote. In Congress, Democrats retain majorities in both the House and the Senate, with 57 Senators and 178 Representatives. 9445

2009/01/20 Barack Obama is inaugurated as the 44rd president of the United States. 9446