...date... age event
1779/--/-- 0 *** atkins, emily (smith) - born to atkins, owen and goad, agnes (atkins) virginia
1779/--/-- 0 - american forces under sullivan campaign against the iroquois on the new york border.
1779/--/-- 0 - an american squadron led by john paul jones attacks british shipping.
1779/--/-- 0 - british explorer james cook is killed by natives on hawaii.
1779/--/-- 0 - george rogers clark recaptures vincennes from the british.
1779/--/-- 0 - samuel crompton develops his spinning mule for england's cotton industry.
1779/--/-- 0 - samuel johnson begins writing the lives of the poets
1779/--/-- 0 - spain declares war on britain and lays siege to gibraltar.
1779/--/-- 0 - war breaks out between dutch settlers and the xhosas in south africa.
1780/--/-- 1 - americans under horatio gates are defeated by cornwallis at camden, s.c.
1780/--/-- 1 - andre's capture exposes benedict arnold's plot to surrender west point.
1780/--/-- 1 - english spy john andre is caught and executed by the americans.
1780/--/-- 1 - francis marion and thomas sumter lead guerrilla forces against the british.
1780/--/-- 1 - luigi galvani begins experiments on the effect of electricity on nerves and muscles.
1780/--/-- 1 - maria theresa dies; joseph ii inherits the crown of bohemia and hungary.
1780/--/-- 1 - peruvian indians under tupac amaru revolt against spainish rule.
1780/--/-- 1 - the british under clinton occupy charleston, s.c. and capture the garrison.
1780/--/-- 1 - the derby horse race is established in england.
1780/--/-- 1 - the gordon riots begin in london against catholic emancipation.
1780/--/-- 1 - venetian artist francesco guardi paints the gondola on the lagoon.
1781/--/-- 2 - american forces under daniel morgan defeat the british at the battle of cowpens.
1781/--/-- 2 - english astronomer william herschel discovers the planet uranus.
1781/--/-- 2 - german philosopher immanuel kant publishes his critique of pure reason.
1781/--/-- 2 - the british defeat hyder ali the muslim ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1781/--/-- 2 - the british under cornwallis surrender to the americans at yorktown.
1781/--/-- 2 - the french aid washington in the siege of yorktown.
1782/--/-- 3 - henry grattan's patriot party achieves legislative independence for ireland.
1782/--/-- 3 - kamehameha i begins a ten-year war for control of hawaii.
1782/--/-- 3 - peace talks open in paris between britain and america.
1782/--/-- 3 - pierre choderlos de laclos writes les liaisons dangereuses.
1782/--/-- 3 - rama i founds the chakkri dynasty in siam (thailand) with bangkok as its capital.
1782/--/-- 3 - the design for the great seal of the united states is adopted by the continental congress.
1782/--/-- 3 - tippu sultan succeeds his father as ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1783/--/-- 4 - an earthquake kills 30,000 people at calabria in italy.
1783/--/-- 4 - britain cedes all lands west to mississippi river
1783/--/-- 4 - britain recognizes the independence of the united states at the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 4 - british forces abandon new york, their last stronghold in north america.
1783/--/-- 4 - french scientist jacques charles demonstrates the first hydrogen-inflated balloon.
1783/--/-- 4 - peace treaty ends revolutionary war
1783/--/-- 4 - revolutionary war ends
1783/--/-- 4 - russia gains control of the crimea after three centuries of turkish rule.
1783/--/-- 4 - the british return florida to spain under the terms of the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 4 - the montgolfier brothers make the first manned flight in a hot air balloon.
1783/--/-- 4 - william pitt (the younger) becomes prime minister of britain at age 24.
1783/--/-- 4 - william pitt ii becomes english prime minister at 24
1784/--/-- 5 - american inventor oliver evans develops the first automated flour mill.
1784/--/-- 5 - ben franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses
1784/--/-- 5 - french dramatist caron de beaumarchais writes the marriage of figaro.
1784/--/-- 5 - french neoclassical artist jacques louis david paints the oath of horatii.
1784/--/-- 5 - grigory shelekhov founds the first russian colony in america at kodiak island, alaska.
1784/--/-- 5 - thomas jefferson's proposes a ban on slavery in the western territories.
1785/--/-- 6 - english poet william cowper publishes the task.
1785/--/-- 6 - french navigator la perouse sails to the pacific to find the northwest passage.
1785/--/-- 6 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the english channel.
1785/--/-- 6 - new york city becomes the temporary capital of the united states.
1785/--/-- 6 - newspaper publisher john walter founds the times of london.
1786/--/-- 7 - daniel shays leads a rebellion against the state government in massachusetts.
1786/--/-- 7 - first ice cream made commercially in nyc
1786/--/-- 7 - francisco de goya becomes court painter to charles iii of spain.
1786/--/-- 7 - frederick ii dies; he is succeeded by his son frederick william ii as king of prussia.
1786/--/-- 7 - lord cornwallis succeeds warren hastings as governor-general of india.
1786/--/-- 7 - robert burns publishes poems, chiefly in the scottish dialect.
1786/--/-- 7 - shay's rebellion, mass
1786/--/-- 7 - singapore, penang and melaka are ceded to britain as the straits settlements.
1786/--/-- 7 - swiss climbers make the first ascent of mount blanc.
1787/--/-- 8 - alexander hamilton, john jay and james madison write the first federalist essays.
1787/--/-- 8 - american inventor john fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the delaware.
1787/--/-- 8 - austrian composer wolfgang amadeus mozart writes the opera don giovanni.
1787/--/-- 8 - british reformer william wilberforce declares his aims to abolish slavery.
1787/--/-- 8 - constitutional convention
1787/--/-- 8 - henry holland builds the first royal pavilion at brighton for the prince regent.
1787/--/-- 8 - royall tyler's the contrast becomes the first stage comedy to be produced in the u.s.
1787/--/-- 8 - the assembly of notables is summoned by louis xvi to reform french taxation.
1787/--/-- 8 - the british found freetown and establish sierra leone as a colony for freed slaves.
1787/--/-- 8 - the constitutional convention meets in philadelphia to draw up a u.s. constitution.
1787/--/-- 8 - the continental congress excludes slavery from the northwest territory.
1787/--/-- 8 - the marylebone cricket club (m.c.c.) is formed in london, england.
1787/--/-- 8 - turkey declares war on russia, beginning a new russo-turkish war.
1788/--/-- 9 - "the federalist" published
1788/--/-- 9 - a crop failure in france leads to bread riots.
1788/--/-- 9 - austria joins russia in the war against turkey.
1788/--/-- 9 - captain arthur phillip founds the first australian penal colony at sydney cove.
1788/--/-- 9 - constitution ratified
1788/--/-- 9 - french physicist lagrange publishes his analytical mechanics.
1788/--/-- 9 - george iii of england has his first attack of mental illness.
1788/--/-- 9 - mozart composes 3 symphonies: e-flat, g minor and jupiter in less than 7 weeks.
1788/--/-- 9 - swedish forces under gustav iii attack russia.
1788/--/-- 9 - warren hastings is impeached for maladministration in india.
1789/--/-- 10 - a national assembly is declared in france, ending the power of the states-general.
1789/--/-- 10 - alexander hamilton becomes the first u.s. secretary of the treasury.
1789/--/-- 10 - austrian forces capture belgrade from the turks.
1789/--/-- 10 - bill of rights adopted
1789/--/-- 10 - english poet and artist william blake publishes songs of innocence.
1789/--/-- 10 - french revolution begins
1789/--/-- 10 - french sculptor jean antoine houdon makes busts of jefferson and washington.
1789/--/-- 10 - george washington (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1789/--/-- 10 - jeremy bentham publishes an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
1789/--/-- 10 - louis xvi is forced to capitulate; france becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1789/--/-- 10 - mutinous sailors seize h.m.s. bounty and take refuge on pitcairn island.
1789/--/-- 10 - the federalist party is formed by supporters of the ratification of the u.s. constitution.
1789/--/-- 10 - the french national assembly formulates a declaration of the rights of man.
1789/--/-- 10 - the french revolution begins with an attack on the bastille.
1789/--/-- 10 - the supreme court of the united states is founded with john jay as chief justice.
1789/--/-- 10 - the tammany hall political organization is founded in new york.
1789/--/-- 10 - the first national thanksgiving day is celebrated in the u.s.
1789/--/-- 10 - tippu sultan begins the third mysore war against the british in india.
1789/--/-- 10 - washington is elected as the first u.s. president; john adams becomes vice-president.
1789/--/-- 10 - wm. blake publishes "songs of innocence"
1790/--/-- 11 - leopold ii succeeds joseph ii as holy roman emperor.
1790/--/-- 11 - new england captains extend whaling into the pacific ocean about this time.
1790/--/-- 11 - philadelphia replaces new york as the temporary capital of the u.s.
1790/--/-- 11 - seat of government moves from nyc to philadelphia
1790/--/-- 11 - sweden and russia sign a peace treaty.
1790/--/-- 11 - the new york stock exchange is founded.
1790/--/-- 11 - the bolero spanish dance is introduced about this time.
1790/--/-- 11 - thomas jefferson proposes a decimal (metric) system; congress rejects the suggestion.
1791/--/-- 12 - austria returns belgrade to the turks.
1791/--/-- 12 - chinese author ts'ao hsueh-ch'in publishes the dream of the red chamber.
1791/--/-- 12 - emperor joseph ii ends the war between austria and turkey.
1791/--/-- 12 - james boswell publishes his life of samuel johnson.
1791/--/-- 12 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are captured while trying to leave france.
1791/--/-- 12 - marquis de sade writes the novel justine from his prison cell.
1791/--/-- 12 - miami indian chief little turtle defeats an american force under general arthur st. clair.
1791/--/-- 12 - mozart's opera the magic flute is performed for the first time.
1791/--/-- 12 - pierre charles l'enfant designs the new u.s. capital of washington, d.c.
1791/--/-- 12 - the bill of rights (the first ten amendments to the u.s. constitution) is ratified.
1791/--/-- 12 - the first bank of the united states is founded.
1791/--/-- 12 - the province of quebec is divided into upper canada and lower canada.
1791/--/-- 12 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man in defense of the french revolution.
1791/--/-- 12 - thomas sheraton publishes the cabinet maker and upholsterer's drawing book.
1791/--/-- 12 - tom paine "the rights of man"
1791/--/-- 12 - toussaint l'ouverture leads a slave revolt in haiti against the french.
1791/--/-- 12 - vermont becomes the 14th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 13 - architect james hoban wins the competition to design the white house.
1792/--/-- 13 - charles bulfinch designs the connecticut state house (now hartford city hall).
1792/--/-- 13 - first u.s. trade union of shoemakers
1792/--/-- 13 - france declares war on austria and prussia, beginning the french revolutionary wars.
1792/--/-- 13 - francis ii succeeds leopold ii to become the last holy roman emperor.
1792/--/-- 13 - george washington is reelected as president.
1792/--/-- 13 - german philosopher fichte writes an essay toward a critique of all revelations.
1792/--/-- 13 - gustav iii of sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in stockholm.
1792/--/-- 13 - jefferson leads the democratic-republican party in opposition to the federalists.
1792/--/-- 13 - kentucky becomes the 15th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 13 - mary wollstonecraft publishes a vindication of the rights of women.
1792/--/-- 13 - new insurrections begin in france; louis xvi is imprisoned by the commune of paris.
1792/--/-- 13 - russia and prussia invade poland, which is still recovering from the partition of 1772.
1792/--/-- 13 - swiss scientist aime argand develops a practical oil lamp using a tubular wick.
1792/--/-- 13 - the columbia river is discovered by boston trader robert gray.
1792/--/-- 13 - the french republic adopts the guillotine as a uniform method of execution.
1792/--/-- 13 - the french under dumouriez halt the prussians and defeat the austrians at jemappes.
1792/--/-- 13 - the national convention proclaims france a republic.
1792/--/-- 13 - the treaty of jasso ends the russo-turkish war.
1792/--/-- 13 - the dollar is selected as the u.s. unit of currency.
1792/--/-- 13 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man and is outlawed for treason in england.
1793/--/-- 14 - britain, holland, spain and sardinia form a new anti-french coalition.
1793/--/-- 14 - eli whitney invents cotton gin; revives dying slave economy of south
1793/--/-- 14 - eli whitney invents the cotton gin.
1793/--/-- 14 - france adopts the metric system of measurement.
1793/--/-- 14 - france raises the first national army of conscripts to oppose the coalition forces.
1793/--/-- 14 - french king louis xvi and queen marie antoinette executed
1793/--/-- 14 - french revolutionary jean paul marat is murdered by charlotte corday.
1793/--/-- 14 - fugitive slave act
1793/--/-- 14 - george washington lays the cornerstone for the capitol building in washington d.c.
1793/--/-- 14 - j.-l. david paints "the dead marat"
1793/--/-- 14 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first u.s. balloon flight in philadelphia.
1793/--/-- 14 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are executed; the reign of terror begins in france.
1793/--/-- 14 - russia and prussia seize polish lands as part of the second partition of poland.
1794/--/-- 15 - ann ward radcliffe publishes her gothic novel the mysteries of udolpho.
1794/--/-- 15 - french engineer claude chappe invents the semaphore signaling system.
1794/--/-- 15 - jay's treaty settles disputes between britain and the u.s.
1794/--/-- 15 - militia under general henry lee suppress the whiskey rebellion in pennsylvania.
1794/--/-- 15 - robespierre's execution ends the reign of terror in france; the thermidorian reaction begins.
1794/--/-- 15 - tadeusz kosciuszko leads a revolt of polish peasants against russia.
1794/--/-- 15 - the british occupy the french island of corsica for a two-year period.
1794/--/-- 15 - the qajar (kajar) dynasty is founded in persia (iran).
1794/--/-- 15 - u.s. forces under anthony wayne defeat the indians at the battle of fallen timbers.
1795/--/-- 16 - american artist charles wilson peale paints the staircase group.
1795/--/-- 16 - austrian composer franz josef haydn completes the 12 london symphonies.
1795/--/-- 16 - france claims the island of hispaniola.
1795/--/-- 16 - napoleon bonaparte defeats the insurrectionists in paris.
1795/--/-- 16 - prussia and spain sue for peace with france.
1795/--/-- 16 - scottish explorer mungo park reaches the gambia and niger rivers.
1795/--/-- 16 - scottish geologist james hutton publishes his theory of the earth.
1795/--/-- 16 - spain recognizes u.s. claims to west florida (mississippi).
1795/--/-- 16 - stanislaw ii abdicates as the last king of poland.
1795/--/-- 16 - the british capture cape province (south africa) from the dutch.
1795/--/-- 16 - the constitution of 1795 establishes a directory to rule france.
1795/--/-- 16 - the methodists separate from the church of england.
1795/--/-- 16 - the final partition of poland is made among russia, prussia and austria.
1796/--/-- 17 - english novelist fanny burney publishes camilla.
1796/--/-- 17 - english physician edward jenner develops vaccination against smallpox.
1796/--/-- 17 - george washington declines to serve as president for a third term.
1796/--/-- 17 - gilbert stuart paints a portrait of washington (used later on the dollar bill).
1796/--/-- 17 - john adams is elected as the 2nd u.s. president; jefferson becomes vice-president.
1796/--/-- 17 - napoleon defeats the austrian and sardinian armies in italy.
1796/--/-- 17 - napoleon marries josephine, the widow of the vicomte de beauharnais.
1796/--/-- 17 - napoleon restores corsica to french rule.
1796/--/-- 17 - samuel hahnemann publishes his findings on homeopathic treatment.
1796/--/-- 17 - spain sides with france in the war against britain.
1796/--/-- 17 - tennessee becomes the 16th state of the union.
1796/--/-- 17 - the british seize ceylon (sri lanka) from the dutch.
1797/--/-- 18 - austria cedes the austrian netherlands (present-day belgium) to france.
1797/--/-- 18 - british wood engraver thomas bewick publishes a history of british birds.
1797/--/-- 18 - david thompson surveys the mississippi headwaters for the north west company.
1797/--/-- 18 - john adams (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1797/--/-- 18 - nelson defeats the spanish fleet at cape st. vincent, and the dutch at camperdown.
1797/--/-- 18 - the british capture the spanish colony of trinidad.
1797/--/-- 18 - the directory appoint talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for france.
1797/--/-- 18 - the treaty of campo formio ends the war of the first coalition against france.
1797/--/-- 18 - the venetian republic is dissolved; venice is ruled by austria.
1798/--/-- 19 - alien and sedition act
1798/--/-- 19 - america's first professional author charles brockden brown publishes wieland.
1798/--/-- 19 - britain, austria, russia and turkey form a second coalition against france.
1798/--/-- 19 - economist thomas malthus publishes an essay on the principle of population.
1798/--/-- 19 - eli whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets.
1798/--/-- 19 - french armies occupy rome and invade switzerland, creating the helvetic republic.
1798/--/-- 19 - haydn composes "the creation"
1798/--/-- 19 - lord wellesley becomes governor-general of india.
1798/--/-- 19 - napoleon's army invades egypt and defeats the mamelukes at the battle of the pyramids.
1798/--/-- 19 - the french fleet is destroyed by nelson at abukir bay, cutting off napoleon's forces in egypt.
1798/--/-- 19 - the u.s. congress passes the controversial alien and sedition acts.
1798/--/-- 19 - the xyz affair leads to the quasi war between france and the u.s.
1798/--/-- 19 - the territory of mississippi becomes part of the united states.
1798/--/-- 19 - william wordsworth publishes lyrical ballads with samuel taylor coleridge.
1798/--/-- 19 - wolfe tone leads a revolt against the british by the society of united irishmen.
1799/--/-- 20 - a 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the lena river in russia.
1799/--/-- 20 - britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax.
1799/--/-- 20 - city hotel, the first american structure designed as a hotel, opens in new york.
1799/--/-- 20 - humboldt and bonpland begin their scientific expedition in south american.
1799/--/-- 20 - napoleon attacks syria to prevent a turkish invasion of egypt, but is defeated at acre.
1799/--/-- 20 - napoleon becomes consul
1799/--/-- 20 - napoleon returns to france as first consul; the consulate replaces the directory.
1799/--/-- 20 - ranjit singh establishes a sikh kingdom in northwest india.
1799/--/-- 20 - russian forces under suvorov defeat the french in italy, but are held at zurich.
1799/--/-- 20 - the rosetta stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in egypt.
1799/--/-- 20 - the russian-american company is founded to administer the alaskan fur trade.
1799/--/-- 20 - tippu sultan is killed in battle with the british; the mysore empire is destroyed.
1800/--/-- 21 - black slave gabriel leads an abortive uprising near richmond, virginia.
1800/--/-- 21 - france regains louisiana from spain under the secret treaty of san ildefonso.
1800/--/-- 21 - italian physicist alessandro volta invents the first electric battery.
1800/--/-- 21 - jefferson defeats adams in the u.s. presidential election, but ties with burr.
1800/--/-- 21 - johnny appleseed (john chapman) arrives in the ohio river valley around this time.
1800/--/-- 21 - library of congress founded
1800/--/-- 21 - madame de stael publishes the influence of literature upon society.
1800/--/-- 21 - napoleon commissions cambaceres to develop the napoleonic code of law.
1800/--/-- 21 - napoleon defeats the austrians at the battle of marengo.
1800/--/-- 21 - seat of government moves from philadelphia to washington, dc
1800/--/-- 21 - the library of congress is founded in washington d.c.
1800/--/-- 21 - the seat of u.s. government is transferred to washington, d.c.
1800/--/-- 21 - volta invents electric battery
1801/--/-- 22 - alexander i becomes emperor of russia after the murder of his father paul i.
1801/--/-- 22 - barbary pirates begin the tripolitan war; a u.s. squadron sails to the mediterranean.
1801/--/-- 22 - castlereagh secures passage of the act of union, which unites britain and ireland.
1801/--/-- 22 - chemists proust and berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition.
1801/--/-- 22 - jefferson is selected as the 3rd u.s. president; burr becomes vice-president.
1801/--/-- 22 - nelson defeats the danish fleet at copenhagen.
1801/--/-- 22 - robert fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the nautilus.
1801/--/-- 22 - the british defeat napoleon's army of egypt at alexandria.
1801/--/-- 22 - the peace of luneville ends the war between france and austria.
1801/--/-- 22 - the union jack becomes the official flag of the united kingdom.
1801/--/-- 22 - thomas jefferson (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1802/--/-- 23 - alexander von humboldt climbs mt. chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- 23 - american artist benjamin west paints death on a pale horse.
1802/--/-- 23 - britain returns the island of minorca to spain.
1802/--/-- 23 - napoleon is created first consul for life.
1802/--/-- 23 - the french capture haitian leader toussaint, but are defeated by christophe.
1802/--/-- 23 - the treaty of amiens brings a temporary halt to the french revolutionary wars.
1803/--/-- 24 - britain declares war on france, beginning the napoleonic wars.
1803/--/-- 24 - britain establishes a new penal colony on van diemen's land (tasmania).
1803/--/-- 24 - dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 24 - english scientist john dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 24 - france sells louisiana to the u.s.
1803/--/-- 24 - matthew flinders completes the first circumnavigation of australia.
1803/--/-- 24 - ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the union.
1803/--/-- 24 - robert emmet leads an irish rebellion in dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 25 - american politician aaron burr kills alexander hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 25 - dessalines declares haitian independence and names himself emperor jacques i.
1804/--/-- 25 - english engineer richard trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 25 - francis ii assumes the title of emperor of austria.
1804/--/-- 25 - fulani leader usman dan fodio leads a holy war against the hausa in nigeria.
1804/--/-- 25 - jefferson is reelected as u.s. president; clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 25 - lewis and clark expedition encounters native americans
1804/--/-- 25 - lewis and clarke expedition
1804/--/-- 25 - meriwether lewis and william clark begin exploring the american north-west.
1804/--/-- 25 - napoleon becomes emperor
1804/--/-- 25 - napoleon crowns himself emperor of france.
1804/--/-- 25 - serbian nationalists revolt against the turks.
1804/--/-- 25 - stephen decatur leads a u.s. navy skirmish into tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 26 - american explorers lewis and clark reach the pacific ocean.
1805/--/-- 26 - austria sues for peace with france at the treaty of pressburg.
1805/--/-- 26 - britain, austria, russia and sweden form a third coalition against france.
1805/--/-- 26 - muhammad ali is appointed pasha (governor) of egypt by the ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 26 - nelson defeats the franco-spanish fleet at trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 26 - the french defeat austro-russian forces at the battle of austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 26 - the shawnee prophet, brother of tecumseh, begins planning an indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 27 - emperor jacques i is assassinated; haiti is divided between christophe and petion.
1806/--/-- 27 - napoleon begins the continental system, closing european ports to british vessels.
1806/--/-- 27 - napoleon forces the abdication of francis ii; the holy roman empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 27 - noah webster publishes "compendious" dictionary of the english language"
1806/--/-- 27 - prussia joins the coalition against france, but is defeated at jena-auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 27 - revolutionary leader francisco de miranda makes an abortive invasion of venezuela.
1806/--/-- 27 - the british employ congreve rockets against a french invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 27 - u.s. explorer zebulon pike is sent west to descend the red river.
1806/--/-- 27 - william murdock installs gas lighting in a manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 28 - aaron burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 28 - beethoven completes his fifth symphony and begins the sixth (pastoral).
1807/--/-- 28 - british chemist humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 28 - congress passes the embargo act in response to interference with u.s. shipping.
1807/--/-- 28 - german philosopher hegel publishes the phenomenology of the spirit.
1807/--/-- 28 - napoleon defeats the russian armies; russia and prussia sue for peace at tilsit.
1807/--/-- 28 - portugal refuses to observe the blockade against england; france invades portugal.
1807/--/-- 28 - robert fulton's steamship the clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 28 - sir humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 28 - the janissaries depose sultan selim iii and place mustafa iv on the ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 28 - the u.s. frigate chesapeake is involved in an incident with a british man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 28 - the slave trade is outlawed throughout the british empire.
1808/--/-- 29 - beethoven composes "fifth symphony"
1808/--/-- 29 - congress prohibits importing of african slaves
1808/--/-- 29 - francisco de goya paints the third of may, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 29 - french chemist joseph louis gay-lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 29 - german artist caspar david friedrich exhibits the cross in the mountains.
1808/--/-- 29 - japanese artist buncho paints true view of mount hiko.
1808/--/-- 29 - john jacob astor founds the american fur company.
1808/--/-- 29 - napoleon appoints his brother joseph as king of spain.
1808/--/-- 29 - napoleon occupys spain
1808/--/-- 29 - the british under wellington aid portugal against france in the peninsular war.
1809/--/-- 30 - frenchman nicolas appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 30 - german artists overbeck and pforr found the nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 30 - james madison (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1809/--/-- 30 - john stevens' steamboat the phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 30 - lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in zoological philosophy.
1809/--/-- 30 - metternich draws austria into the war of the fifth coalition against france.
1809/--/-- 30 - napoleon annexes the papal states and takes pope pius vii prisoner.
1809/--/-- 30 - russia seizes finland from sweden; king gustav iv adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 30 - the french defeat the austrians at wagram; francis ii accepts the treaty of schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 31 - a rebellion against spain breaks out in buenos aires, argentina.
1810/--/-- 31 - american settlers rebel against the spanish in west florida.
1810/--/-- 31 - kamehameha i becomes ruler of hawaii and establishes the kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 31 - mexican priest miguel hidalgo y costilla leads a rebellion against spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 31 - revolutions in latin america lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 31 - separatists movements in latin america
1810/--/-- 31 - the krupp arms factory is established at essen in germany.
1810/--/-- 31 - wellington's anglo-portuguese army holds the french on the outskirts of lisbon.
1811/--/-- 32 - bolivar and miranda lead the venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 32 - first steamboat to sail down mississippi reaches new orleans
1811/--/-- 32 - george iii becomes mentally unstable; the prince of wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 32 - henri christophe declares himself king of northern haiti.
1811/--/-- 32 - italian chemist amedeo avogadro develops the concept known as avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 32 - jane austen "sense and sensibility"
1811/--/-- 32 - jose artigas raises a force to expel the spanish from the banda oriental (uruguay).
1811/--/-- 32 - mexican rebel leader hidalgo y costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 32 - native americans defeated in battle of tippecanoe in indiana territory
1811/--/-- 32 - the luddites riot in england against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 32 - the building of the national road, the first u.s. federal highway, begins in maryland.
1811/--/-- 32 - the first rowing race in the united states is held in new york.
1811/--/-- 32 - the ruling mameluke aristocracy is massacred in cairo by muhammad ali.
1811/--/-- 32 - william henry harrison defeats the shawnee indians at the battle of tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 33 - an earthquake destroys caracas in venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 33 - english caricaturist thomas rowlandson illustrates the tour of dr. syntax.
1812/--/-- 33 - general william hull surrenders detroit to the british.
1812/--/-- 33 - georges cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 33 - grimm's fairy tales are published in germany.
1812/--/-- 33 - john nash begins the oriental conversion of the royal pavilion at brighton.
1812/--/-- 33 - louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the union.
1812/--/-- 33 - napoleon defeated in russia
1812/--/-- 33 - napoleon invades russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 33 - napoleon's army retreats from moscow; only 40,000 men reach france.
1812/--/-- 33 - rebel leader morelos y pavon defeats the mexican royalist forces at oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 33 - spanish forces defeat bolivar and miranda in venezuela; miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 33 - stephen decatur's frigate united states defeats the british frigate macedonian.
1812/--/-- 33 - swiss explorer jakob burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of petra.
1812/--/-- 33 - territorial and shipping disputes lead to the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1812/--/-- 33 - the french defeat the russians at borodino; napoleon occupies moscow.
1812/--/-- 33 - the u.s. navy frigate constitution defeats 2 british frigates.
1812/--/-- 33 - the ancient city of petra (now in present-day jordan) is rediscovered by johann burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 33 - the first coal gas generating station is chartered in london to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 33 - war of 1812 begins
1812/--/-- 33 - wellington defeats the french at the battle of salamanca in spain.
1813/--/-- 34 - 14 luddites are hanged at york in england.
1813/--/-- 34 - english novelist jane austen publishes pride and prejudice.
1813/--/-- 34 - james wilkinson captures a fort at mobile, the last spanish possession in west florida.
1813/--/-- 34 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of leipzig by the sixth coalition.
1813/--/-- 34 - oliver hazard perry's ships destroy the british fleet on lake erie.
1813/--/-- 34 - british indian leader tecumseh is killed in the battle of the thames.
1813/--/-- 34 - rebel forces invade venezuela and capture caracas; bolivar is declared the liberator.
1813/--/-- 34 - robert southey is made poet laureate of england.
1813/--/-- 34 - wellington defeats the french in spain at vitoria and invades southern france.
1813/--/-- 34 - william henry harrison defeats the british at the battle of the thames.
1814/--/-- 35 - actor edmund kean makes his debut as shylock in the merchant of venice.
1814/--/-- 35 - andrew jackson annihilates the creek indians at the battle of horseshoe bend.
1814/--/-- 35 - andrew jackson crushes creek resistance in south
1814/--/-- 35 - british forces burn washington, d.c., but are repulsed at fort mchenry.
1814/--/-- 35 - coalition armies invade france; napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of elba.
1814/--/-- 35 - french artist ingres paints the grand odalisque.
1814/--/-- 35 - george stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 35 - louis xviii assumes the french throne.
1814/--/-- 35 - new england states discuss their secession from the union at the hartford convention.
1814/--/-- 35 - pope pius vii returns to rome; the jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 35 - the treaty of ghent ends the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1814/--/-- 35 - treaty of ghent
1814/--/-- 35 - u.s. forces under thomas macdonough destroy the british fleet on lake champlain.
1815/--/-- 36 - french monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 36 - napoleon escapes from elba and marches on paris during the hundred days.
1815/--/-- 36 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of waterloo; he is exiled to the island of saint helena.
1815/--/-- 36 - the americans defeat the british at new orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 36 - the barbary states sue for peace with the u.s.
1815/--/-- 36 - the spanish army reconquers venezuela; bolivar flees to jamaica.
1815/--/-- 36 - the spanish capture and execute the mexican rebel leader morelos y pavon.
1815/--/-- 36 - the first gurkha regiment is formed by the british army.
1815/--/-- 36 - war of 1812 ends
1816/--/-- 37 - gioacchino rossini's opera the barber of seville is performed in rome.
1816/--/-- 37 - indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the union.
1816/--/-- 37 - maria i of portugal dies; she is succeeded by john vi who remains in exile in brazil.
1816/--/-- 37 - nepal is made a protectorate of british india.
1816/--/-- 37 - shaka begins establishing the zulu empire in south africa.
1816/--/-- 37 - the british museum buys the elgin marbles (smuggled from greece by lord elgin).
1816/--/-- 37 - the united provinces of the rio de la plata (argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 38 - construction begins on erie canal in new york
1817/--/-- 38 - construction of the erie canal begins in new york state.
1817/--/-- 38 - first seminole war
1817/--/-- 38 - french physician rene laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 38 - james monroe (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1817/--/-- 38 - jose de san martin and bernardo o'higgins defeat the spanish in chile.
1817/--/-- 38 - mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the union.
1817/--/-- 38 - monroe is inaugurated as the 5th u.s. president; tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 38 - sir walter scott writes the scottish adventure novel rob roy.
1818/--/-- 39 - arthur schopenhauer publishes the world as will and representation.
1818/--/-- 39 - bernardo o'higgins becomes the supreme director of independent chile.
1818/--/-- 39 - composer franz schubert becomes the music teacher to count esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 39 - english chemist sir humphry davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 39 - illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the union.
1818/--/-- 39 - john keats "endymion"
1818/--/-- 39 - mary wollstonecroft shelley publishes the horror novel frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 39 - sir john ross sails in search of the northwest passage.
1818/--/-- 39 - thomas love peacock publishes his comic novel nightmare abbey.
1818/--/-- 39 - treaty with britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 40 - alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the union.
1819/--/-- 40 - american artist washington allston paints moonlit landscape.
1819/--/-- 40 - bolivar defeats the spanish in colombia at the battle of boyaca.
1819/--/-- 40 - lord byron begins his satirical poem don juan.
1819/--/-- 40 - sir thomas stamford raffles acquires singapore for the east india company.
1819/--/-- 40 - spain surrenders east and west florida to the u.s. in the adams-onis treaty.
1819/--/-- 40 - the prado museum is inaugurated in madrid.
1819/--/-- 40 - the savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the atlantic.
1819/--/-- 40 - treaty with spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 41 - carbonari italian nationalists rebel against the rule of ferdinand i in naples.
1820/--/-- 41 - english poet john keats writes ode to a nightingale.
1820/--/-- 41 - english poet percy bysshe shelley writes prometheus unbound.
1820/--/-- 41 - fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 41 - french navigator dumont d'urville discovers the venus de milo on the island of melos.
1820/--/-- 41 - french poet alphonse de lamartine publishes meditations poetiques.
1820/--/-- 41 - henri christophe commits suicide; haiti is united under jean pierre boyer.
1820/--/-- 41 - juan manuel de rosas becomes the virtual dictator of argentina.
1820/--/-- 41 - maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the union.
1820/--/-- 41 - missouri compromise
1820/--/-- 41 - percy bysshe shelly "prometheus unbound"
1820/--/-- 41 - russian admiral fabian von bellingshausen sights land in the antarctic.
1820/--/-- 41 - stephen h. long explores the rocky mountain region.
1820/--/-- 41 - the missouri compromise admits missouri to the union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 41 - the prince regent becomes king george iv on the death of george iii.
1820/--/-- 41 - the first american missionaries are admitted to hawaii.
1820/--/-- 41 - the first free american slaves to be resettled in africa land in liberia.
1820/--/-- 41 - u.s. navy hero stephen decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 41 - washington irving publishes rip van winkle and the legend of sleepy hollow.
1821/--/-- 42 - american captain john davis is the first to land on the continent of antarctica.
1821/--/-- 42 - bolivar forms gran colombia (ecuador, colombia, venezuela and panama).
1821/--/-- 42 - brazil annexes the banda oriental (uruguay).
1821/--/-- 42 - english landscape artist john constable paints the hay wain.
1821/--/-- 42 - king john vi is reinstated on the portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 42 - mexican independence
1821/--/-- 42 - michael faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 42 - missouri compromise
1821/--/-- 42 - missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the union.
1821/--/-- 42 - napoleon dies on saint helena.
1821/--/-- 42 - revolutionary general san martin enters lima and declares peru independent.
1821/--/-- 42 - revolutionary leader iturbide declares mexican independence from spain.
1821/--/-- 42 - simon bolivar defeats the spanish forces in venezuela and ecuador.
1821/--/-- 42 - the cherokee indian sequoya develops the cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 42 - the greek war of independence begins against turkey.
1821/--/-- 42 - thomas de quincey's confessions of an english opium eater is published.
1821/07/09 42 - george iv crowned king of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by char
1822/--/-- 43 - american surgeon william beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 43 - antonio jose de sucre defeats the spanish in ecuador at the battle of pichincha.
1822/--/-- 43 - british statesman lord castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 43 - denmark vesey leads a slave revolt in charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 43 - dom pedro, son of portuguese king john vi, declares brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 43 - egyptian leader muhammad ali completes the conquest of northern sudan.
1822/--/-- 43 - french scholar jean francois champollion deciphers the rosetta stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 44 - charles babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 44 - charles lamb publishes his essays of elia in the london magazine.
1823/--/-- 44 - charles macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 44 - general santa anna leads a coup against mexican emperor agustin i (iturbide).
1823/--/-- 44 - james fenimore cooper publishes the first volume of the leatherstocking tales.
1823/--/-- 44 - japanese artist hokusai begins a series of thirty-six views of mount fuji.
1823/--/-- 44 - ludwig van beethoven completes his 9th symphony.
1823/--/-- 44 - monroe doctrine
1823/--/-- 44 - rugby football originates at rugby school in england.
1823/--/-- 44 - the monroe doctrine warns europe not to interfere in the americas.
1824/--/-- 45 - de sucre defeats the spanish at the battle of ayacucho, liberating peru.
1824/--/-- 45 - disputes over the border of india lead to war between britain and burma.
1824/--/-- 45 - english poet lord byron travels to greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 45 - jons jakob berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 45 - sadi carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 45 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 45 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 45 - the national gallery is founded in london.
1825/--/-- 46 - adams is inaugurated as the 6th u.s. president; calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 46 - american painter thomas cole founds the hudson river school about this time.
1825/--/-- 46 - english literary critic william hazlitt publishes the spirit of the age.
1825/--/-- 46 - john quincy adams (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1825/--/-- 46 - kappa alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at union college, new york.
1825/--/-- 46 - mountain man james bridger discovers the great salt lake.
1825/--/-- 46 - nicholas i is made emperor of russia; the decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 46 - the central american federation declares its independence from mexico.
1825/--/-- 46 - thomas cole establishes hudson river school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 46 - uruguayan leader lavalleja precipitates a war between brazil and argentina.
1825/--/-- 46 - welsh reformer robert owen founds a community at new harmony, indiana.
1826/--/-- 47 - american engineer john stevens builds the first u.s. steam locomotive.
1826/--/-- 47 - andre ampere publishes his theory of electrodynamic phenomenon.
1826/--/-- 47 - british engineer thomas telford builds the menai suspension bridge in wales.
1826/--/-- 47 - felix mendelssohn composes his overture to a midsummer night's dream at age 17.
1826/--/-- 47 - german poet heine begins the publication of reisebilder (travel pictures).
1826/--/-- 47 - ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance.
1826/--/-- 47 - revolutionary leader antonio jose de sucre is elected first president of bolivia.
1827/--/-- 48 - american frontiersman davy crockett is elected to congress.
1827/--/-- 48 - audubon publishes " birds of america"
1827/--/-- 48 - britain, france and russia demand that turkey ends the war with greece.
1827/--/-- 48 - english inventor john walker introduces the first friction matches.
1827/--/-- 48 - french landscape artist camille corot paints the bridge at narni.
1827/--/-- 48 - mountain man jedediah smith pioneers an overland route to california.
1827/--/-- 48 - ornithologist john james audubon begins the publication of his birds of america.
1827/--/-- 48 - the allied navies destroy the turkish and egyptian fleet at navarino in greece.
1828/--/-- 49 - composer frederic chopin begins concert tours at age 18.
1828/--/-- 49 - greeks win war of independence from ottoman empire
1828/--/-- 49 - lavalleja's thirty-three immortals achieve uruguayan independence from brazil.
1828/--/-- 49 - noah webster publishes his american dictionary of the english language.
1828/--/-- 49 - rammohun roy founds the brahmo samaj religious society in india.
1828/--/-- 49 - the duke of wellington becomes prime minister of britain.
1828/--/-- 49 - virtuoso violin player niccolo paganini performs in vienna.
1829/--/-- 50 - andrew jackson (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1829/--/-- 50 - delacroix paints "death of sardanapalus"
1829/--/-- 50 - explorer charles sturt charts the murray river in australia.
1829/--/-- 50 - jackson introduces spoils system
1829/--/-- 50 - jackson is inaugurated as the 7th u.s. president; calhoun continues as vice-president.
1829/--/-- 50 - lord bentinck bans the indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows).
1829/--/-- 50 - louis braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind.
1829/--/-- 50 - serbia becomes an autonomous principality under prince milos.
1829/--/-- 50 - sir robert peel reorganizes the london police; his policemen are nicknamed bobbies.
1829/--/-- 50 - sir robert peel sponsers the catholic emancipation act in britain.
1829/--/-- 50 - the convict-free british colony of western australia is founded.
1829/--/-- 50 - the first u.s. encyclopedia, the encyclopedia americana, is begun.
1830/--/-- 51 - belgium asserts its independence from the netherlands.
1830/--/-- 51 - british geologist charles lyell begins publishing his principles of geology.
1830/--/-- 51 - fructuoso rivera is elected as first president of uruguay.
1830/--/-- 51 - george catlin begins his paintings of north american indians about this time.
1830/--/-- 51 - greece becomes independent from turkey.
1830/--/-- 51 - hector berlioz composes his first major work the symphonie fantastique.
1830/--/-- 51 - indian removal act moves eastern indians west of mississippi
1830/--/-- 51 - joseph smith founds the mormon church at fayette, new york.
1830/--/-- 51 - louis philippe is chosen as the citizen king of france.
1830/--/-- 51 - philipon publishes the satirical weekly la caricature, with contributions by daumier.
1830/--/-- 51 - polish rebellions are suppressed by russia.
1830/--/-- 51 - simon bolivar resigns as dictator of gran colombia, he dies later in the year.
1830/--/-- 51 - the indian removal act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to indian territory.
1830/--/-- 51 - the july revolution in france forces the abdication of charles x.
1830/--/-- 51 - the women's magazine godey's lady's book is published in the u.s.
1830/--/-- 51 - the locomotive best friend of charleston is in use on the first u.s. railroad.
1830/--/-- 51 - william iv succeeds george iv as king of england, scotland, and ireland.
1831/--/-- 52 - british naturalist charles darwin sails to south america aboard h.m.s. beagle.
1831/--/-- 52 - cyrus mccormick invents a mechanical reaper.
1831/--/-- 52 - explorer james clark ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole.
1831/--/-- 52 - italian revolutionary giuseppe mazzini founds the young italy movement.
1831/--/-- 52 - jose antonio paez becomes the first president of venezuela.
1831/--/-- 52 - king louis philippe founds the french foreign legion.
1831/--/-- 52 - leopold i is selected as the first king of belgium.
1831/--/-- 52 - michael faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction.
1831/--/-- 52 - nat turner leads a black slave revolt in virginia; he is captured and hanged.
1831/--/-- 52 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin completes his masterpiece eugene onegin.
1831/--/-- 52 - the crown colony of british guiana (guyana) is formed.
1831/--/-- 52 - victor hugo "hunchback of notre dame"
1831/--/-- 52 - william lloyd garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the liberator.
1832/--/-- 53 - george sand (aurore dudevant) publishes her first novel indiana.
1832/--/-- 53 - japanese artist hiroshige begins work on fifty-three stages of the tokaido.
1832/--/-- 53 - samuel f.b. morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph
1832/--/-- 53 - the black hawk war is the last major indian conflict east of the mississippi river.
1832/--/-- 53 - the democratic party is formally established as a national organization.
1833/--/-- 54 - a bavarian prince becomes king otto of greece.
1833/--/-- 54 - britain occupies the falkland islands.
1833/--/-- 54 - carl von clausewitz's classic study of warfare on war is published.
1833/--/-- 54 - general santa anna becomes president of mexico.
1833/--/-- 54 - isabella ii succeeds ferdinand vii, king of spain; the carlist wars begin.
1833/--/-- 54 - president jackson withdraws federal deposits from the bank of the united states.
1833/--/-- 54 - santa anna elected president of mexico
1833/--/-- 54 - the american anti-slavery society is inaugurated in philadelphia.
1833/--/-- 54 - victor hugo's novel the hunchback of notre dame is published in english.
1834/--/-- 55 - a quadruple alliance is formed to aid isabella ii of spain and maria ii of portugal.
1834/--/-- 55 - american inventor jacob perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine.
1834/--/-- 55 - british politician sir robert peel founds the conservative party.
1834/--/-- 55 - indian territory founded
1834/--/-- 55 - slavery abolished in british empire
1834/--/-- 55 - the carlist wars resume in spain.
1834/--/-- 55 - the hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in london.
1834/--/-- 55 - the whig party is formed to oppose andrew jackson and the democratic party.
1835/--/-- 56 - american settlers begin the texas revolution against mexican rule.
1835/--/-- 56 - attempts to move the seminole indians begins the second seminole war.
1835/--/-- 56 - danish writer hans christian andersen publishes tales told for children.
1835/--/-- 56 - french politician alexis de tocqueville publishes democracy in america.
1835/--/-- 56 - james gordon bennett founds the new york herald newspaper.
1835/--/-- 56 - second seminole war in florida
1836/--/-- 57 - american educator william holmes mcguffey begins editing his readers.
1836/--/-- 57 - american inventor samuel colt begins manufacturing the first revolver.
1836/--/-- 57 - american literary figure ralph waldo emerson founds the transcendental club.
1836/--/-- 57 - arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the union.
1836/--/-- 57 - boer (afrikaner) settlers begin the great trek into the south african interior.
1836/--/-- 57 - bolivian president santa cruz invades peru and forms the peru-bolivian confederation.
1836/--/-- 57 - charles barry designs westminster palace in the gothic revival style.
1836/--/-- 57 - charles dickens publishes his first popular work the pickwick papers.
1836/--/-- 57 - john c. calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent congress debating slavery.
1836/--/-- 57 - republic of texas forms
1836/--/-- 57 - russian author nikolai gogol writes his play the inspector general.
1836/--/-- 57 - santa anna's army storms the alamo in texas, killing the defenders.
1836/--/-- 57 - texans under sam houston defeat santa anna at the san jacinto river.
1836/--/-- 57 - texas revolution
1836/--/-- 57 - the arc de triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in paris.
1837/--/-- 58 - britain's refusal to grant more home rule in canada leads to the rebellions of 1837.
1837/--/-- 58 - british scientist charles wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system.
1837/--/-- 58 - charles dickens "oliver twist"
1837/--/-- 58 - louis daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs.
1837/--/-- 58 - martin van buren (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1837/--/-- 58 - michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the union.
1837/--/-- 58 - mikhail lermontov writes the death of a poet, inspired by the death of pushkin.
1837/--/-- 58 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin is killed in a duel.
1837/--/-- 58 - scottish historian thomas carlyle publishes the french revolution.
1837/--/-- 58 - seminole indian leader osceola is captured.
1837/--/-- 58 - van buren is inaugurated as the 8th u.s. president; johnson becomes vice-president.
1837/--/-- 58 - william iv dies; victoria succeeds him as queen of england, scotland, and ireland.
1837/06/-- 58 - victoria succeeds as queen of great britain and ireland.
1838/--/-- 59 - boer (afrikaner) leader andries pretorius defeats the zulus at the battle of blood river.
1838/--/-- 59 - british artist joseph mallord william turner paints the fighting temeraire.
1838/--/-- 59 - charles wilkes heads a u.s. navy expedition to antarctica.
1838/--/-- 59 - cherokee "trail of tears"
1838/--/-- 59 - french philosopher auguste comte inaugurates the science of sociology.
1838/--/-- 59 - iowa territory organized
1838/--/-- 59 - john deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil.
1838/--/-- 59 - samuel f.b. morse develops the morse code for electric telegraph systems.
1838/--/-- 59 - scottish blacksmith kirkpatrick macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle.
1838/06/08 59 - victoria crowned queen of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by will
1839/--/-- 60 - american inventor charles goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber.
1839/--/-- 60 - chile defeats santa cruz's peru-bolivian confederation at the battle of yungay.
1839/--/-- 60 - daguerre invents first form of photography
1839/--/-- 60 - french novelist stendhal writes the charterhouse of parma.
1839/--/-- 60 - hungarian composer and pianist franz liszt embarks on a concert tour of europe.
1839/--/-- 60 - jose rafael carrera captures guatemala; the central american federation is dissolved.
1839/--/-- 60 - stephens and catherwood explore maya ruins in the yucatan.
1839/--/-- 60 - the anglo-afghan wars begin in afghanistan.
1839/--/-- 60 - the opium wars begin between britain and china.
1839/--/-- 60 - theodor schwann and matthias jakob schleiden formulate the cell theory.
1840/--/-- 61 - civil war breaks out in uruguay between the colorados (reds) and blancos (whites).
1840/--/-- 61 - edgar allen poe: "tales of the grotesque and arabesque"
1840/--/-- 61 - french philosopher and anarchist pierre joseph proudhon writes what is property.
1840/--/-- 61 - horatio greenough's classical statue of george washington is strongly criticized.
1840/--/-- 61 - maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to queen victoria in the treaty of waitangi.
1840/--/-- 61 - queen victoria marries prince albert of saxe-coburg.
1840/--/-- 61 - swiss-american naturalist louis agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages.
1840/--/-- 61 - the liberty party is founded in albany, n.y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform.
1840/--/-- 61 - the underground railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the u.s.
1840/--/-- 61 - the first adhesive postage stamp, the penny black, is issued in london.
1840/--/-- 61 - the metric system of measurement is reinstated in france.
1840/--/-- 61 - upper and lower canada are united in the single province of canada.
1840/--/-- 61 - upper and lower canada united
1841/--/-- 62 - edgar allan poe writes an early detective story the murders in the rue morgue.
1841/--/-- 62 - george grey is appointed governor of south australia to help save the colony.
1841/--/-- 62 - harrison is inaugurated as the 9th u.s. president; tyler becomes vice-president.
1841/--/-- 62 - horace greeley founds the new york tribune newspaper.
1841/--/-- 62 - italian ballerina carlotta grisi creates the role of giselle.
1841/--/-- 62 - john tyler (whig) becomes president of the united states
1841/--/-- 62 - muhammad ali defeats the ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of egypt.
1841/--/-- 62 - new zealand is established as a separate british colony.
1841/--/-- 62 - president harrison dies; john tyler is inaugurated as the 10th u.s. president
1841/--/-- 62 - whig prime minister lord melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by sir robert peel.
1841/--/-- 62 - william henry harrison (whig) becomes president of the united states
1841/--/-- 62 - william henry talbot patents the calotype photographic process.
1842/--/-- 63 - 10-hour day for children under 12 in massachusetts
1842/--/-- 63 - american explorer john c. fremont begins surveying the oregon trail.
1842/--/-- 63 - american showman p.t. barnum discovers the 40-inch midget tom thumb.
1842/--/-- 63 - austrian physicist christian johann doppler predicts the doppler effect.
1842/--/-- 63 - china cedes hong kong to britain.
1842/--/-- 63 - china is defeated in the first opium war; chinese ports are opened to british trade.
1842/--/-- 63 - italian composer gaetano donizetti writes his opera don pasquale.
1843/--/-- 64 - a coup in greece forces king otto to accept a constitutional monarchy.
1843/--/-- 64 - black american sojourner truth begins her reform mission.
1843/--/-- 64 - danish philosopher soren kierkegaard publishes either/or.
1843/--/-- 64 - english art critic john ruskin begins publishing modern painters.
1843/--/-- 64 - german astronomer samuel schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle.
1844/--/-- 65 - alexander dumas "the three muskateers"
1844/--/-- 65 - eastern hispaniola declares independence from haiti as the dominican republic.
1844/--/-- 65 - french author alexandre dumas (dumas pere) publishes the three musketeers.
1844/--/-- 65 - joseph smith, founder of the mormons, is killed by a lynch mob.
1844/--/-- 65 - samuel f.b. morse establishes the first u.s. telegraph link.
1844/--/-- 65 - settlers in new south wales force britain to stop sending convicts to the colony.
1844/--/-- 65 - the young men's christian association (ymca) is founded in england.
1844/--/-- 65 - william henry talbot begins his pencil of nature, the first book of photographs.
1845/--/-- 66 - american author margaret fuller publishes women in the nineteenth century.
1845/--/-- 66 - british archaeologist austen layard excavates the sites of nimrud and nineveh.
1845/--/-- 66 - civil war ends in peru; castilla ramon is elected as president.
1845/--/-- 66 - failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in ireland.
1845/--/-- 66 - florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 66 - french artists gavarni and grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters.
1845/--/-- 66 - german composer robert schumann writes his piano concerto in a minor.
1845/--/-- 66 - german scientist alexander von humboldt publishes the first volume of his kosmos.
1845/--/-- 66 - james k. polk (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1845/--/-- 66 - polk is inaugurated as the 11th u.s. president; dallas becomes vice-president
1845/--/-- 66 - sir john franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the northwest passage.
1845/--/-- 66 - the republic of texas becomes the 28th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 66 - the republic of texas is annexed by the u.s.; it becomes the 28th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 66 - the sikh wars begin in british india.
1845/--/-- 66 - the first clipper ship the rainbow is built in new york.
1845/--/-- 66 - the term manifest destiny is first used in defense of u.s. territorial ambitions.
1846/--/-- 67 - adolphe sax patents the saxophone in paris.
1846/--/-- 67 - american dentist william morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic.
1846/--/-- 67 - german astronomer johann galle makes the first observation of the planet neptune.
1846/--/-- 67 - german philosopher ludwig feuerbach publishes the essence of religion.
1846/--/-- 67 - henry creswicke rawlinson deciphers the mesopotamian cuneiform script.
1846/--/-- 67 - iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the union.
1846/--/-- 67 - mexican war
1846/--/-- 67 - mormon trek from navoo to salt lake city
1846/--/-- 67 - oregon boundary with canada established at 49th parallel
1846/--/-- 67 - the christy minstrels begin performing in new york.
1846/--/-- 67 - the mexican war begins over the u.s. annexation of texas.
1846/--/-- 67 - the mexican government collapses; santa anna is reelected as president.
1846/--/-- 67 - the smithsonian institution is created by congress.
1846/--/-- 67 - the border between the u.s. and canada is established, settling the oregon question.
1846/--/-- 67 - u.s. forces under stephen watts kearny occupy new mexico.
1846/--/-- 67 - u.s. forces under zachary taylor defeat the mexicans at palo alto and monterrey.
1846/--/-- 67 - writer and artist edward lear publishes a book of nonsense.
1847/--/-- 68 - american missionary marcus whitman is killed by cayuse indians in oregon.
1847/--/-- 68 - american oceanographer matthew maury publishes his first wind and current charts.
1847/--/-- 68 - charlotte bronte publishes jane eyre; emily bronte publishes wuthering heights.
1847/--/-- 68 - english novelist william makepeace thackeray begins vanity fair.
1847/--/-- 68 - honore de balzac completes la comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels.
1847/--/-- 68 - italian statesman cavour founds the liberal newspaper il risorgimento (resurgence).
1847/--/-- 68 - maria mitchell, the first woman astronomer in america, discovers a new comet.
1847/--/-- 68 - mormons and the indians
1847/--/-- 68 - scott enters mexico city after a series of battles; mexico sues for peace.
1847/--/-- 68 - sir james simpson uses chloroform for childbirth
1847/--/-- 68 - taylor defeats santa anna's mexican army at the battle of buena vista.
1847/--/-- 68 - the african slave colony of liberia is declared independent.
1847/--/-- 68 - the american medical association is founded.
1847/--/-- 68 - the mormons under brigham young found salt lake city.
1847/--/-- 68 - the u.s. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps.
1847/--/-- 68 - u.s. forces under stockton, fremont and kearny occupy california.
1847/--/-- 68 - u.s. forces under winfield scott land at veracruz and advance on mexico city.
1848/--/-- 69 - a czech uprising under frantisek palacky is suppressed by austria.
1848/--/-- 69 - american engineer james bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction.
1848/--/-- 69 - february revolution by french workers makes louis napoleon iii president of 2nd reublic
1848/--/-- 69 - ferdinand i abdicates; francis joseph becomes emperor of austria.
1848/--/-- 69 - french barbizon artist theodore rousseau paints the forest at fontainebleau.
1848/--/-- 69 - french author alexandre dumas (dumas fils) publishes his novel camille.
1848/--/-- 69 - gold discovered in california
1848/--/-- 69 - holman hunt, millais and rossetti form the pre-raphaelite brotherhood in britain.
1848/--/-- 69 - karl marx and friedrich engels publish the communist manifesto.
1848/--/-- 69 - karl marx and friedrick engels publish "communist manifesto"
1848/--/-- 69 - louis philippe abdicates; a second republic is declared in france.
1848/--/-- 69 - mexican cession
1848/--/-- 69 - risorgimento leader garibaldi returns to italy to fight in the war of independence.
1848/--/-- 69 - scottish physicist william thomson kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale.
1848/--/-- 69 - the austrian revolution begins in vienna; chancellor metternich resigns.
1848/--/-- 69 - the revolutions of 1848 break out in europe.
1848/--/-- 69 - the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ratifies the cession of california and new mexico.
1848/--/-- 69 - the discovery of gold at sutter's mill begins the california gold rush.
1848/--/-- 69 - the first u.s. women's rights assembly meets at the seneca falls convention.
1848/--/-- 69 - uprisings in berlin force frederick william iv to summon a constitutional assembly.
1848/--/-- 69 - wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the union.
1849/--/-- 70 - amelia bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the lily magazine.
1849/--/-- 70 - austrian forces crush the italian revolution; mazzini and garibaldi flee from italy.
1849/--/-- 70 - austrian premier felix schwarzenberg uses the russian army to defeat the hungarians.
1849/--/-- 70 - black slave harriet tubman escapes and begins her underground railway work.
1849/--/-- 70 - elizabeth blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree.
1849/--/-- 70 - francois rene de chateaubriand publishes memoirs from beyond the tomb.
1849/--/-- 70 - french physicist armand fizeau measures the velocity of light.
1849/--/-- 70 - lajos kossuth declares hungarian independence from austria.
1849/--/-- 70 - russian anarchist mikhail bakunin is deported to siberia.
1849/--/-- 70 - taylor is inaugurated as the 12th u.s. president; fillmore becomes vice-president
1849/--/-- 70 - zachary taylor (whig) becomes president of the united states
1850/--/-- 71 - allan pinkerton founds the pinkerton national detective agency.
1850/--/-- 71 - american author nathaniel hawthorne writes the scarlet letter.
1850/--/-- 71 - american popular songwriter stephen foster publishes camptown races.
1850/--/-- 71 - california is inaugurated as the 31st state of the union.
1850/--/-- 71 - congress reinforces the fugitive slave law for the return of escaped slaves.
1850/--/-- 71 - elizabeth barrett browning publishes her sonnets from the portuguese.
1850/--/-- 71 - english author charles dickens writes david copperfield.
1850/--/-- 71 - french realist artist gustave courbet paints the stone breakers.
1850/--/-- 71 - jenny lind the swedish nightingale begins her u.s. tour.
1850/--/-- 71 - millard fillmore (whig) becomes president of the united states
1850/--/-- 71 - nathanial hawthorne "the scarlet letter"
1850/--/-- 71 - photographer mathew brady publishes the gallery of illustrious americans.
1850/--/-- 71 - plains indians cede land in exchange for reservations
1850/--/-- 71 - president taylor dies; millard fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th u.s. president.
1850/--/-- 71 - the compromise of 1850 establishes california as a non-slavery state.
1850/--/-- 71 - the taiping rebellion breaks out in china against the ch'ing dynasty.
1850/--/-- 71 - the first issue of harper's magazine is published.
1850/--/-- 71 - utah and new mexico territories
1851/--/-- 72 - a gold rush begins in victoria, australia; victoria becomes a separate colony.
1851/--/-- 72 - american author herman melville publishes moby-dick.
1851/--/-- 72 - giuseppe verdi's opera rigoletto is produced in venice.
1851/--/-- 72 - harriet beecher stowe begins publishing uncle tom's cabin.
1851/--/-- 72 - henry jarvis raymond and george jones found the new york times.
1851/--/-- 72 - isaac merrit singer invents the first practical sewing machine.
1851/--/-- 72 - jacob fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in baltimore.
1851/--/-- 72 - melville "moby dick"
1851/--/-- 72 - mongkut (rama iv) becomes king of siam (thailand).
1851/--/-- 72 - singer patents sewing machine
1851/--/-- 72 - the crystal palace is built in london to house the great exhibition.
1851/--/-- 72 - the u.s. yacht america defeats 17 british yachts in the first america's cup contest.
1851/--/-- 72 - the first college sorority is established at wesleyan college, georgia.
1852/--/-- 73 - argentinean dictator rosas is defeated by forces under urquiza at monte caseros.
1852/--/-- 73 - britain gains control of the irrawaddy delta after the second anglo-burma war.
1852/--/-- 73 - the grimms begin publication of their deutsches worterbuch (german dictionary).
1852/--/-- 73 - the second empire begins in france under napoleon iii.
1853/--/-- 74 - a u.s. naval squadron under matthew perry enters tokyo bay to negotiate a treaty.
1853/--/-- 74 - chinese rebels capture nanking and make it the capital of the taiping kingdom.
1853/--/-- 74 - crimean war between turkey, france & britain against russia
1853/--/-- 74 - franklin pierce (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1853/--/-- 74 - franklin pierce is inaugurated as the 14th u.s. president; king becomes vice-president.
1853/--/-- 74 - general santa anna becomes dictator of mexico for the last time.
1853/--/-- 74 - georges haussmann begins the reconstruction of paris.
1853/--/-- 74 - napoleon iii marries the empress eugenie.
1853/--/-- 74 - richard wagner begins his cycle of four operas the ring of the nibelung.
1853/--/-- 74 - russia occupies the turkish principalities of moldavia and walachia.
1853/--/-- 74 - the u.s. adds land to new mexico and arizona with the gadsden purchase.
1853/--/-- 74 - turkey issues an ultimatum to russia; the russians destroy the turkish fleet at sinope.
1854/--/-- 75 - a commercial treaty is signed between the u.s. and japan, ending japanese isolation.
1854/--/-- 75 - american writer and naturalist henry david thoreau publishes walden.
1854/--/-- 75 - an anglo-french-turkish expeditionary force lands at sevastopol in the crimea.
1854/--/-- 75 - britain and france declare war on russia, beginning the crimean war.
1854/--/-- 75 - nebraska and kansas territories
1854/--/-- 75 - pope pius ix proclaims the dogma of the immaculate conception of the virgin mary.
1854/--/-- 75 - raphaelite artist holman hunt paints the scapegoat.
1854/--/-- 75 - republican party formed for abolition of slavery
1854/--/-- 75 - smith & wesson invent revolver
1854/--/-- 75 - the allied armies defeat the russians at the battle of inkerman.
1854/--/-- 75 - the british grant independence to the orange free state in south africa.
1854/--/-- 75 - the charge of the light brigade is made by the british during the battle of balaklava.
1854/--/-- 75 - the kansas-nebraska act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery.
1854/--/-- 75 - the republican party is formed after the passage of the kansas-nebraska act.
1854/--/-- 75 - upper half of indian territory becomes part of kansas territory
1855/--/-- 76 - british photographer roger fenton documents the crimean war.
1855/--/-- 76 - florence nightingale reforms hygienic standards in crimean hospitals.
1855/--/-- 76 - henry wadsworth longfellow publishes the songs of hiawatha.
1855/--/-- 76 - lord palmerston becomes prime minister of great britain for the first time.
1855/--/-- 76 - matthew fontaine maury publishes the physical geography of the sea.
1855/--/-- 76 - mexican dictator santa anna is overthrown.
1855/--/-- 76 - nicholas i, emperor of russia dies; he is succeeded by his son alexander ii.
1855/--/-- 76 - robert browning publishes his poetry collection men and women.
1855/--/-- 76 - scottish explorer david livingstone discovers the victoria falls in africa.
1855/--/-- 76 - the allies occupy the russian fortress at sevastapol in the crimea.
1855/--/-- 76 - the first formal ice hockey game is played in kingston, ontario.
1855/--/-- 76 - walt whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the leaves of grass.
1856/--/-- 77 - a new opium war begins between china, britain and france.
1856/--/-- 77 - english chemist william perkin discovers synthetic dyes.
1856/--/-- 77 - the treaty of paris ends the crimean war.
1856/--/-- 77 - the first neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in germany.
1856/--/-- 77 - victor hugo writes les miserables during his exile from france.
1857/--/-- 78 - buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th u.s. president; breckinridge becomes vice-president.
1857/--/-- 78 - disputes between mormons and non-mormon settlers leads to the utah war.
1857/--/-- 78 - elisha graves otis installs the first passenger elevator in a new york city store.
1857/--/-- 78 - english author thomas hughes publishes tom brown's schooldays.
1857/--/-- 78 - french novelist gustave flaubert publishes madame bovary.
1857/--/-- 78 - french poet baudelaire publishes flowers of evil and is arrested for immorality.
1857/--/-- 78 - james buchanan (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1857/--/-- 78 - kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution
1857/--/-- 78 - mormons and paiute indians kill 120 settlers in the mountain meadows massacre.
1857/--/-- 78 - the indian mutiny begins when indian troops rebel against the british in meerut.
1857/--/-- 78 - the oxford english dictionary is begun in england.
1858/--/-- 79 - benito juarez becomes the first mexican president of indian descent.
1858/--/-- 79 - bernadette soubirous sees visions of the vigin mary in a grotto near lourdes, france.
1858/--/-- 79 - britain and france impose the tientsin treaty on china.
1858/--/-- 79 - british explorer john hanning speke discovers lake victoria in africa.
1858/--/-- 79 - british naturalist alfred russel wallace outlines his theories of evolution.
1858/--/-- 79 - charles frederick worth establishes his paris fashion house.
1858/--/-- 79 - cyrus w. field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
1858/--/-- 79 - federal forces end the utah war; brigham young is replaced as governor of utah territory.
1858/--/-- 79 - french photographer nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon.
1858/--/-- 79 - german-american artist albert bierstadt begins his landscapes of the american west.
1858/--/-- 79 - jacques offenbach's operetta orpheus in the underworld premiers in paris.
1858/--/-- 79 - james renwick begins the design of saint patrick's cathedral in new york city.
1858/--/-- 79 - minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the union.
1858/--/-- 79 - the fenians (irish republican brotherhood) are founded to overthrow british rule.
1858/--/-- 79 - the indian mutiny is suppressed by the british army and loyal indian troops.
1858/--/-- 79 - the government of india is transferred from the east india company to the british crown.
1859/--/-- 80 - abolitionist john brown leads an attack on harpers ferry; he is captured and executed.
1859/--/-- 80 - charles darwin "origin of species"
1859/--/-- 80 - charles darwin publishes on the origin of species by means of natural selection.
1859/--/-- 80 - ferdinand de lesseps begins building the suez canal in egypt.
1859/--/-- 80 - french inventor ferdinand carre develops a refrigeration system.
1859/--/-- 80 - napoleon iii assists the italian statesman cavour in a war against austria.
1859/--/-- 80 - oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the union.
1859/--/-- 80 - queensland becomes a separate colony of australia.
1860/--/-- 81 - abraham lincoln is elected as the first republican president of the united states.
1860/--/-- 81 - china resists the tientsin treaty; anglo-french forces occupy peking.
1860/--/-- 81 - english novelist wilkie collins writes the woman in white.
1860/--/-- 81 - florence nightingale establishes a school for training nurses.
1860/--/-- 81 - george eliot (mary anne evans) publishes the mill on the floss.
1860/--/-- 81 - italian patriot garibaldi invades sicily and naples with his 1,000 redshirts.
1860/--/-- 81 - jean joseph etienne lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine.
1860/--/-- 81 - sardinia-piedmont seizes the papal states in italy.
1860/--/-- 81 - south carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the union.
1860/--/-- 81 - the crittenden compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states.
1860/--/-- 81 - the maori wars begin against the british in new zealand.
1860/--/-- 81 - the pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from missouri to california.
1861/--/-- 82 - abraham lincoln (republican) becomes president of the united states
1861/--/-- 82 - american locksmith linus yale jr. patents the cylinder lock.
1861/--/-- 82 - confederacy
1861/--/-- 82 - civil war begins
1861/--/-- 82 - english designer william morris starts the arts and crafts movement.
1861/--/-- 82 - explorers burke and wills die during their north-south crossing of australia.
1861/--/-- 82 - french artist eugene delacroix paints the lion hunt.
1861/--/-- 82 - general george b. mcclellan is made commander of the union forces.
1861/--/-- 82 - italy is unified under victor emmanuel ii.
1861/--/-- 82 - john ericsson designs the monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret.
1861/--/-- 82 - kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the union.
1861/--/-- 82 - lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th u.s. president; hamlin becomes vice-president.
1861/--/-- 82 - nicholas ii abolishes serfdom in russia.
1861/--/-- 82 - the confederate states of america declare their independence from the u.s.
1861/--/-- 82 - the confederates defeat the union army in the first battle of bull run.
1861/--/-- 82 - the southern states meet to draft a constitution; davis is selected as president.
1861/--/-- 82 - the trent affair begins when a union ship intercepts a british steamer.
1861/--/-- 82 - the united states introduce the first national income tax.
1861/--/-- 82 - the bombardment of fort sumter in charleston harbor begins the u.s. civil war.
1861/--/-- 82 - unification of italy
1861/--/-- 82 - western territories reorganized by republican congresses
1862/--/-- 83 - a union fleet under david g. farragut captures new orleans.
1862/--/-- 83 - bartolome mitre unites argentina and is elected president.
1862/--/-- 83 - brady, o'sullivan and gardner document the civil war in photographs.
1862/--/-- 83 - explorer john mcdouall stuart makes the first south to north crossing of australia.
1862/--/-- 83 - foucault measures speed of light
1862/--/-- 83 - french actress sarah bernhardt makes her debut at the comedie francaise.
1862/--/-- 83 - french impressionist artist edouard manet paints le dejeuner sur l'herbe.
1862/--/-- 83 - french physicist jean foucault successfully measures the speed of light.
1862/--/-- 83 - french writer victor hugo completes his social novel les miserables.
1862/--/-- 83 - lee defeats the union army in the second battle of bull run.
1862/--/-- 83 - lee's confederate invasion of maryland is halted at the battle of antietam.
1862/--/-- 83 - mcclellan is defeated in the seven days battle and retreats from the peninsular.
1862/--/-- 83 - napoleon iii imposes the austrian prince maximilian as emperor of mexico.
1862/--/-- 83 - richard j. gatling invents the first practical machine gun.
1862/--/-- 83 - russian novelist ivan turgenev publishes fathers and sons.
1862/--/-- 83 - the first recorded ski competition is held near oslo in norway.
1862/--/-- 83 - the ironclad warships monitor and merrimack clash at hampton roads, va.
1862/--/-- 83 - union forces under burnside are defeated at the battle of fredricksburg.
1862/--/-- 83 - union forces under grant defeat the confederates at the battle of shiloh.
1862/--/-- 83 - union forces under mcclellan begin the peninsular campaign to capture richmond.
1862/--/-- 83 - william i appoints otto von bismarck as minister president of prussia.
1863/--/-- 84 - cambodia (kampuchea) becomes a french protectorate.
1863/--/-- 84 - english philosopher john stuart mill publishes utilitarianism.
1863/--/-- 84 - french impressionist artist camille pissarro exhibits at the salon des refuses.
1863/--/-- 84 - george i succeeds otto as king of greece.
1863/--/-- 84 - grant defeats the confederates in the vicksburg campaign.
1863/--/-- 84 - ismail pasha rules egypt under the suzerainty of the ottoman empire.
1863/--/-- 84 - lincoln's emancipation proclamation abolishes slavery in the confederate states.
1863/--/-- 84 - london's metropolitan railway becomes the first underground subway.
1863/--/-- 84 - the confederate guerrilla band quantrill's raiders pillage lawrence, kansas.
1863/--/-- 84 - the confederates defeat the union army at chancellorsville; jackson is killed.
1863/--/-- 84 - the confederates under lee are defeated at the battle of gettysburg.
1863/--/-- 84 - the french occupy mexico city in support of maximilian, emperor of mexico.
1863/--/-- 84 - the london football association issues the first soccer rules.
1863/--/-- 84 - west virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the union.
1864/--/-- 85 - a chinese army under gordon recaptures nanking and ends the taiping rebellion.
1864/--/-- 85 - a union army under sherman invades georgia, begining the atlanta campaign.
1864/--/-- 85 - cheyenne and arapaho families massacred at sand creek, colorado
1864/--/-- 85 - denmark is defeated by prussia; schleswig-holstein is ceded to germany.
1864/--/-- 85 - nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the union.
1864/--/-- 85 - paraguayan dictator francisco solano lopez begins the war of the triple alliance.
1864/--/-- 85 - sherman defeats the confederates at atlanta and begins his march to the sea.
1864/--/-- 85 - the colorado militia massacre cheyenne indians at sand creek.
1864/--/-- 85 - the confederate submarine hunley sinks a federal ship but is sunk in the process.
1864/--/-- 85 - the geneva convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war.
1864/--/-- 85 - the ionian islands are ceded to greece by britain.
1864/--/-- 85 - the union launches a drive on richmond but falters in the wilderness campaign.
1864/--/-- 85 - ulysses s. grant is made general in chief of all the union armies.
1865/--/-- 86 - andrew johnson (republican) becomes president of the united states
1865/--/-- 86 - andrew johnson becomes the 17th president of the u.s.
1865/--/-- 86 - civil war ends
1865/--/-- 86 - confederate forces under lee surrender to grant at appomattox court house.
1865/--/-- 86 - count leo tolstoi begins his monumental russian novel war and peace.
1865/--/-- 86 - english author lewis carroll writes alice's adventures in wonderland.
1865/--/-- 86 - johnston surrenders the last confederate army to sherman, ending the u.s. civil war.
1865/--/-- 86 - leo tolstoy "war and peace"
1865/--/-- 86 - lincoln assassinated
1865/--/-- 86 - lincoln is assassinated by john wilkes booth at ford's theatre in washington d.c.
1865/--/-- 86 - russian author fyodor dostoevsky publishes crime and punishment.
1865/--/-- 86 - the 13th amendment to the u.s. constitution abolishes slavery.
1865/--/-- 86 - the petersburg campaign is won by union forces; lee evacuates richmond.
1866/--/-- 87 - british engineer robert whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo.
1866/--/-- 87 - congress authorize (but do not mandate) the use of the metric system in the u.s.
1866/--/-- 87 - mendel publishes his genetic research in experiments with plant hybrids.
1866/--/-- 87 - prussia and italy defeat austria in the seven weeks' war.
1866/--/-- 87 - the ku klux klan is founded in the southern united states.
1867/--/-- 88 - alfred nobel patents dynamite
1867/--/-- 88 - bismark forms the north german confederation under prussian leadership.
1867/--/-- 88 - diamond fields are discovered in south africa.
1867/--/-- 88 - english photographer julia margaret cameron takes sir john herschel's portrait.
1867/--/-- 88 - french troops withdraw from mexico; emperor maximilian is executed by juarez.
1867/--/-- 88 - karl marx publishes the first volume of das kapital.
1867/--/-- 88 - nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the union.
1867/--/-- 88 - sir john a. macdonald becomes canada's first prime minister.
1867/--/-- 88 - the compromise (ausgleich) of 1867 creates the dual monarchy of austria-hungary.
1867/--/-- 88 - the dominion of canada is established by the british north america act.
1868/--/-- 89 - a military coup led by general juan prim deposes queen isabella ii of spain.
1868/--/-- 89 - a skeleton of cro-magnon man is discovered in southern france.
1868/--/-- 89 - british labor unions form the trades union congress.
1868/--/-- 89 - christopher sholes patents the first practical typewriter.
1868/--/-- 89 - chulalongkorn succeeds his father mongkut as the king of siam (thailand).
1868/--/-- 89 - feminists susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton publish revolution.
1868/--/-- 89 - johannes brahms' a german requiem is performed for the first time.
1868/--/-- 89 - ndebele king mzilikazi dies in africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son lobengula.
1868/--/-- 89 - the meiji dynasty is restored in japan; the tokugawa shogunate is abolished.
1868/--/-- 89 - the ten years' war begins in cuba against spanish rule.
1868/--/-- 89 - u.s. president andrew johnson is impeached by congress but acquitted by the senate.
1868/--/-- 89 - william gladstone becomes liberal prime minister of britain for the first time.
1869/--/-- 90 - 200 pitched battles between indians and u.s. calvary
1869/--/-- 90 - english author matthew arnold publishes culture and anarchy.
1869/--/-- 90 - french artist eugene louis boudin paints on the beach at deauville.
1869/--/-- 90 - grant is inaugurated as the 18th u.s. president; colfax becomes vice-president.
1869/--/-- 90 - james gordon bennett jr. commissions stanley to search for livingston in africa.
1869/--/-- 90 - john roebling designs the brooklyn bridge but dies after a construction accident.
1869/--/-- 90 - louis riel leads the red river rebellion in canada.
1869/--/-- 90 - ludwig ii (mad ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in bavaria.
1869/--/-- 90 - philadelphia garment workers organize the knights of labor, an early labor union.
1869/--/-- 90 - pope pius ix calls the first vatican council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility.
1869/--/-- 90 - russian composer modest mussorgsky begins work on his opera boris gudunov.
1869/--/-- 90 - suez canal opens
1869/--/-- 90 - the cincinnati red stockings become the first professional baseball team.
1869/--/-- 90 - the suez canal is opened in egypt.
1869/--/-- 90 - the first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum.
1869/--/-- 90 - the transcontinental railroad is completed at promontory point, utah.
1869/--/-- 90 - ulysses s. grant (republican) becomes president of the united states
1869/--/-- 90 - union pacific meets central pacific
1870/--/-- 91 - american industrialist john d. rockefeller founds the standard oil company.
1870/--/-- 91 - french war minister leon gambetta escapes from besieged paris in a balloon.
1870/--/-- 91 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of troy.
1870/--/-- 91 - paraguayan dictator solano lopez dies, ending the war of the triple alliance.
1870/--/-- 91 - rome becomes the capital of the kingdom of italy.
1870/--/-- 91 - the franco-prussian war begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by bismark.
1870/--/-- 91 - the prussians defeat the french at sedan; napoleon iii is taken prisoner.
1870/--/-- 91 - the third republic is formed in france; a government of national defense is established.
1870/--/-- 91 - the city of miami is founded in florida.
1871/--/-- 92 - american explorer henry morton stanley finds dr. livingston in central africa.
1871/--/-- 92 - charles taze russell founds the jehovah's witnesses about this time.
1871/--/-- 92 - fire destroys one-third of the city of chicago.
1871/--/-- 92 - p.t barnum launches a traveling circus, museum and menagerie.
1871/--/-- 92 - the franco-prussian war ends; alsace and lorraine are ceded to germany.
1871/--/-- 92 - the french surrender to prussia incites the commune of paris uprising.
1871/--/-- 92 - the german empire is formally proclaimed at the palace of versailles.
1871/--/-- 92 - the paris commune is suppressed by government troops after a 2-month siege.
1871/--/-- 92 - trade unions legalized in britain
1872/--/-- 93 - american artist james mcneill whistler paints the portrait of the artist's mother.
1872/--/-- 93 - english author george eliot (mary anne evans) publishes middlemarch.
1872/--/-- 93 - indian leader kintpuash leaves the modoc reservation; the modoc wars begin.
1872/--/-- 93 - monet paints impression: sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title.
1872/--/-- 93 - photographer eadweard muybridge begins his series of motion studies.
1872/--/-- 93 - the challenger expedition begins the first systematic oceanographic survey.
1872/--/-- 93 - the cities of buda and pest unite to form budapest (the capital of hungary from 1918).
1872/--/-- 93 - the death of kamehameha v ends the kamehameha dynasty of hawaiian kings.
1872/--/-- 93 - the first woman impressionist artist berthe morisot paints the cradle.
1873/--/-- 94 - englishman maj. walter clopton wingfield invents lawn tennis.
1873/--/-- 94 - french novelist jules verne publishes around the world in eighty days.
1873/--/-- 94 - the pacific scandal in canada causes the collapse of the conservative government.
1873/--/-- 94 - the panic of 1873 leads to 5 years of economic depression in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 95 - benjamin disraeli becomes the conservative prime minister of britain.
1874/--/-- 95 - english author thomas hardy publishes far from the madding crowd.
1874/--/-- 95 - first impressionist exhibit in paris
1874/--/-- 95 - french impressionist artist pierre auguste renoir paints la loge (the box).
1874/--/-- 95 - the comanche, kiowa and other indian tribes attack adobe walls in texas.
1874/--/-- 95 - the greenback party advocates currency reform in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 95 - the first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in paris.
1875/--/-- 96 - american author mark twain publishes tom sawyer.
1875/--/-- 96 - britain buys suez canal shares from the bankrupt egyptian leader ismail pasha.
1875/--/-- 96 - charles stewart parnell begins movement for irish independence
1875/--/-- 96 - georges bizet's opera carmen is performed in paris.
1875/--/-- 96 - mary baker eddy, founder of christian science, publishes science and health.
1875/--/-- 96 - the bourbon monarchy is restored in spain under alfonso xii.
1876/--/-- 97 - abd al-hamid ii assumes his rule as the last ottoman sultan.
1876/--/-- 97 - alexander graham bell patents his invention of the telephone.
1876/--/-- 97 - alexander graham bell patents the telephone
1876/--/-- 97 - british philosopher herbert spencer begins publishing the principles of sociology.
1876/--/-- 97 - colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the union.
1876/--/-- 97 - general porfirio diaz seizes power as the dictator of mexico.
1876/--/-- 97 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of mycenae.
1876/--/-- 97 - impressionist artist alfred sisley paints flood at the port of marly.
1876/--/-- 97 - japan forces korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of china.
1876/--/-- 97 - johann strauss jr. composes his waltz the beautiful blue danube.
1876/--/-- 97 - national league founded (baseball)
1876/--/-- 97 - queen victoria assumes the title of empress of india.
1876/--/-- 97 - sioux indians defeat general custer at the battle of little bighorn.
1876/--/-- 97 - sioux and cheyenne defeat custer at little big horn, montanna
1876/--/-- 97 - the bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of wagner's ring cycle.
1876/--/-- 97 - the u.s. centennial exposition of 1876 is held in fairmount park, philadelphia.
1877/--/-- 98 - britain annexes transvaal in south africa.
1877/--/-- 98 - chief joseph leads the nez perce tribe against the u.s. army.
1877/--/-- 98 - hayes is inaugurated as the 19th u.s. president; wheeler becomes vice-president
1877/--/-- 98 - italian astronomer giovanni schiaparelli observes canali (channels) on mars.
1877/--/-- 98 - nez perce leave idaho for canada
1877/--/-- 98 - rutherford b. hayes (republican) becomes president of the united states
1877/--/-- 98 - tchaikovsky's swan lake is performed by the bolshoi ballet in moscow.
1877/--/-- 98 - the all-england lawn tennis championship is played at wimbledon for the first time.
1877/--/-- 98 - the japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by saigo takamori.
1877/--/-- 98 - thomas edison invents the phonograph.
1877/--/-- 98 - turkish suppression of balkan nationalists leads to a new russo-turkish war.
1878/--/-- 99 - ismail pasha presents cleopatra's needles to britain (1878) and the u.s. (1880).
1878/--/-- 99 - northern cheyenne escape indian territory
1878/--/-- 99 - serbia, montenegro and romania are granted independence from turkey.
1878/--/-- 99 - the congress of berlin reverses russian gains from the san stefano treaty.
1878/--/-- 99 - the d'oyly carte opera company performs gilbert and sullivan's h.m.s. pinafore.
1878/--/-- 99 - the russo-turkish war ends; the treaty of san stefano is imposed on turkey.
1878/--/-- 99 - the second anglo-afghan war begins.
1878/--/-- 99 - turkey's provinces of bosnia and hercegovina are placed under austrian administration.
1879/--/-- 100 - belgian king leopold ii sponsors henry morton stanley's expedition to the congo.
1879/--/-- 100 - cetewayo's zulus defeat the british at isandhlwana, but are beaten at ulundi.
1879/--/-- 100 - charles stewart parnell leads the home rule for ireland party.
1879/--/-- 100 - general roca defeats the patagonian indians, opening the pampas for settlement.
1879/--/-- 100 - impressionist artist edgar degas paints ballerina posing for a photograph.
1879/--/-- 100 - norwegian playwright henrik ibsen writes a doll's house.
1879/--/-- 100 - tawfiq pasha succeeds his father ismail pasha as khedive (viceroy) of egypt.
1879/--/-- 100 - territorial disputes lead to the war of the pacific between chile and peru.
1879/--/-- 100 - thomas edison develops the first workable incandescent lamp (light bulb).
1879/--/-- 100 - thomas edison invents incandescent light
1880/--/-- 101 - american impressionist artist mary cassatt exhibits a woman in black at the opera.
1880/--/-- 101 - australian bushranger ned kelly is hanged for murder.
1880/--/-- 101 - boer (afrikaner) uprisings begin against the british in transvaal, south africa.
1880/--/-- 101 - france annexes the pacific island of tahiti.
1880/--/-- 101 - french novelist emile zola writes nana, a portrait of a prostitute.
1880/--/-- 101 - german composer jacques offenbach writes the opera tales of hoffmann.
1880/--/-- 101 - gladstone succeeds disraeli as british prime minister.
1880/--/-- 101 - russian composer peter ilich tchaikovsky writes the 1812 overture.
1881/--/-- 102 - alexander ii is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in russia.
1881/--/-- 102 - chester a. arthur (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 102 - chester a. arthur is inaugurated as the 21st u.s. president.
1881/--/-- 102 - ferdinand de lesseps begins an abortive attempt to build the panama canal.
1881/--/-- 102 - garfield is inaugurated as the 20th u.s. president; arthur becomes vice-president.
1881/--/-- 102 - james a. garfield (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 102 - japanese statesman itagaki taisuke founds the jiyuto (liberal party).
1881/--/-- 102 - lillie langtry, mistress of the prince of wales, makes her acting debut.
1881/--/-- 102 - president garfield is assassinated by charles j. guiteau.
1881/--/-- 102 - the sudanese under mahdi muhammad ahmad overthrow egyptian rule.
1881/--/-- 102 - the first u.s. tennis championship is held in newport, r.i.
1882/--/-- 103 - a triple alliance is established between austria, italy and germany.
1882/--/-- 103 - edison's new york plant begins supplying 59 customers with electricity.
1882/--/-- 103 - impressionist artist edouard manet completes the bar at the folies-bergere.
1882/--/-- 103 - japanese statesman okuma shigenobu founds the kaishinto, or progressive, party.
1882/--/-- 103 - the british take control of egypt, suppressing uprisings against tawfiq pasha.
1882/--/-- 103 - the u.s. begins to restrict immigration with the chinese exclusion acts.
1883/--/-- 104 - buffalo bill cody organizes his wild west show.
1883/--/-- 104 - civil service established
1883/--/-- 104 - cyrus h. k. curtis publishes the lady's home journal magazine.
1883/--/-- 104 - german philosopher frederich wilhelm nietzsche begins thus spake zarathustra.
1883/--/-- 104 - maxim invents machine gun
1883/--/-- 104 - paul kruger becomes president of the boer republic of the transvaal in south africa.
1883/--/-- 104 - russian scientist tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space.
1883/--/-- 104 - the brooklyn bridge is completed in new york.
1883/--/-- 104 - the fabian society is founded in london to spread socialist ideas.
1883/--/-- 104 - the island volcano of krakatoa explodes in indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths.
1883/--/-- 104 - the first skyscraper (10 stories) is built in chicago by william lebaron jenney.
1884/--/-- 105 - 15 european nations partition africa for "spheres of influence"
1884/--/-- 105 - american author mark twain publishes the adventures of huckleberry finn.
1884/--/-- 105 - belva lockwood becomes the first woman nominated as a u.s. presidential candidate.
1884/--/-- 105 - german east africa is formed from rwanda, mozambique,tanzania and burundi.
1884/--/-- 105 - germany occupies south west africa (namibia).
1884/--/-- 105 - lewis e. waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir.
1885/--/-- 106 - boston symphony orchestra organizes its promenade concerts (the boston pops).
1885/--/-- 106 - cleveland is inaugurated as the 22nd u.s. president; hendricks becomes vice-president.
1885/--/-- 106 - french chemist louis pasteur develops a vaccine for rabies.
1885/--/-- 106 - general gordon is killed by mahdist forces at the siege of khartoum in sudan.
1885/--/-- 106 - gottlieb daimler develops the first motorcycle.
1885/--/-- 106 - grover cleveland (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1885/--/-- 106 - j. k. stanley introduces his safety cycle, the basic model for the modern bicycle.
1885/--/-- 106 - louis pasteur administers successful rabies vaccination
1885/--/-- 106 - the congo free state (zaire) becomes the possession of king leopold ii of belgium.
1885/--/-- 106 - the indian national congress movement is founded in bombay.
1886/--/-- 107 - apache indian chief geronimo surrenders to general nelson miles.
1886/--/-- 107 - britain makes burma a province of india after winning the anglo-burma war.
1886/--/-- 107 - british prime minister gladstone introduces an unsuccessful home rule bill for ireland.
1886/--/-- 107 - french sculptor auguste rodin completes the kiss.
1886/--/-- 107 - gold is discovered in transvaal, south africa.
1886/--/-- 107 - haymarket square labor riot in chicago kills eleven people
1886/--/-- 107 - jose balmaceda becomes president of chile.
1886/--/-- 107 - samuel gompers organizes the american federation of labor.
1886/--/-- 107 - the anglo-german agreement recognizes german control over tanganyika (tanzania).
1886/--/-- 107 - the statue of liberty is unveiled in new york harbor.
1887/--/-- 108 - arthur conan doyle publishes the first sherlock holmes story.
1887/--/-- 108 - france creates the union of indochina (most of modern day vietnam and kampuchea).
1887/--/-- 108 - the michelson-morley experiment confirms the absence of ether.
1888/--/-- 109 - a patent is issued to american inventor john h. loud for the first ball-point pen.
1888/--/-- 109 - american inventor george eastman introduces the kodak box camera.
1888/--/-- 109 - britain unites its caribbean colonies of trinidad and tobago.
1888/--/-- 109 - dutch artist vincent van gogh paints still life with sunflowers.
1888/--/-- 109 - eastman's kodak camera begins amateur photography
1888/--/-- 109 - jack the ripper murders seven women in london.
1888/--/-- 109 - russian composer nikolai rimsky-korsakov writes scheherazade.
1888/--/-- 109 - the national geographic magazine is published for the first time.
1888/--/-- 109 - william ii succeeds frederick iii as emperor of germany.
1889/--/-- 110 - benjamin harrison (republican) becomes president of the united states
1889/--/-- 110 - benjamin harrison is inaugurated as the 23rd u.s. president.
1889/--/-- 110 - crown prince rudolf of austria commits suicide at mayerling.
1889/--/-- 110 - german revolutionary rosa luxemburg is exiled in switzerland.
1889/--/-- 110 - gustave eiffel designs the eiffel tower for the paris exposition.
1889/--/-- 110 - japan's first prime minister ito hirobumi introduces the meiji constitution.
1889/--/-- 110 - montana is inaugurated as the 41st state.
1889/--/-- 110 - montana is inaugurated as the 41st state; washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state.
1889/--/-- 110 - north dakota and south dakota are inaugurated as the 39th and 40th states.
1889/--/-- 110 - north dakota is inaugurated as the 39th state of the union.
1889/--/-- 110 - pedro ii emperor of brazil is overthrown in a coup; brazil is declared a republic.
1889/--/-- 110 - south dakota is inaugurated as the 40th state of the union.
1889/--/-- 110 - washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state.
1890/--/-- 111 - afl founded by s gompers
1890/--/-- 111 - american naval officer alfred mahan publishes the influence of sea power upon history.
1890/--/-- 111 - american psychologist william james publishes the principles of psychology.
1890/--/-- 111 - cecil rhodes becomes prime minister of the cape colony in south africa.
1890/--/-- 111 - claude debussy begins composing suite bergamasque, including clair de lune.
1890/--/-- 111 - dutch artist vincent van gogh commits suicide.
1890/--/-- 111 - german chancellor otto von bismarck is dismissed by emperor william ii.
1890/--/-- 111 - idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state.
1890/--/-- 111 - idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state; wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state.
1890/--/-- 111 - indian poet rabindranath tagore publishes manasi (the mind's embodiment).
1890/--/-- 111 - photographer jacob riis documents new york's poor in how the other half lives.
1890/--/-- 111 - sherman antitrust act
1890/--/-- 111 - sioux indians are massacred at the battle of wounded knee.
1890/--/-- 111 - the british south africa company occupies zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the ndebele.
1890/--/-- 111 - the forth railway bridge is opened, replacing the brooklyn bridge as the longest span.
1890/--/-- 111 - wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state.
1890/--/-- 111 - zanzibar becomes a british protectorate.
1891/--/-- 112 - anglo-irish author oscar wilde publishes his only novel the picture of dorian gray.
1891/--/-- 112 - english novelist thomas hardy writes tess of the d'urbervilles.
1891/--/-- 112 - eugene dubois discovers the first homo erectus remains on java in indonesia.
1891/--/-- 112 - french postimpressionist artist paul gauguin travels to tahiti.
1891/--/-- 112 - james naismith devises the game of basketball in springfield, mass.
1891/--/-- 112 - the american express company introduces the first traveler's checks.
1892/--/-- 113 - french artist henri de toulouse-lautrec paints at the moulin rouge.
1892/--/-- 113 - impressionist artist paul cezanne completes the card players.
1892/--/-- 113 - james j. corbett wins the heavyweight boxing championship from john l. sullivan.
1892/--/-- 113 - strike at carnegie steel results in ten deaths
1892/--/-- 113 - the san francisco examiner begins printing the first newspaper comic strip.
1892/--/-- 113 - writer and political revolutionary jose marti founds the cuban revolutionary party.
1893/--/-- 114 - american artist louis comfort tiffany begins producing art nouveau glassware.
1893/--/-- 114 - cleveland is inaugurated as the 24th u.s. president; hendricks becomes vice-president.
1893/--/-- 114 - france adds laos to "protectorate" of indochina
1893/--/-- 114 - france adds laos to the union of indochina.
1893/--/-- 114 - gladstone's second irish home rule bill is vetoed by the house of lords in britain.
1893/--/-- 114 - grover cleveland (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1893/--/-- 114 - queen liliuokalani is ousted in hawaii; sanford b. dole, is elected president (1894).
1893/--/-- 114 - the ivory coast becomes a french colony.
1893/--/-- 114 - victor horta's tassel house in brussels initiates the art nouveau architectural style.
1894/--/-- 115 - britain establishes a protectorate over buganda and conquers the rest of uganda.
1894/--/-- 115 - czech decorative artist alfons mucha designs a poster of sarah bernhardt.
1894/--/-- 115 - dreyfus case splits france
1894/--/-- 115 - english artist aubrey beardsley illustrates oscar wilde's salome.
1894/--/-- 115 - english author rudyard kipling publishes the jungle book.
1894/--/-- 115 - percival lowell builds an observatory to study the martian canals.
1894/--/-- 115 - rebellion in korea begins the first sino-japanese war.
1894/--/-- 115 - the arrest of army captain albert dreyfus creates a political crisis in france.
1894/--/-- 115 - thousands of armenians are massacred in turkey.
1895/--/-- 116 - anglo-irish playwright oscar wilde writes the importance of being earnest.
1895/--/-- 116 - japan defeats china; the shimonoseki treaty establishes korean independence.
1895/--/-- 116 - louis and auguste lumiere show the first motion pictures to a paris cafe audience.
1895/--/-- 116 - russian revolutionary vladimir ilich lenin is exiled to siberia.
1895/--/-- 116 - sir henry irving becomes the first british actor to be knighted.
1895/--/-- 116 - the american bowling congress (abc) is founded.
1895/--/-- 116 - the cuban war of independence begins against spain; jose marti is killed in battle.
1895/--/-- 116 - the jameson raid on the boer republic of transvaal increases anti-british hostility.
1895/--/-- 116 - the first list of best-selling books is published by the bookman magazine.
1895/--/-- 116 - wilhelm rontgen discovers x-rays
1895/--/-- 116 - x rays are discovered by german physicist wilhelm c. roentgen.
1896/--/-- 117 - a tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in japan.
1896/--/-- 117 - italian composer giacomo puccini writes the opera la boheme.
1896/--/-- 117 - john philip sousa composes the stars and stripes forever.
1896/--/-- 117 - king menelik ii defeats the italians at adwa, maintaining ethiopian independence.
1896/--/-- 117 - supreme court rules "separate but equal" legal
1896/--/-- 117 - the first modern olympic games are held at athens in greece; 13 countries compete.
1896/--/-- 117 - utah is inaugurated as the 45th state of the union.
1897/--/-- 118 - american comic strip the katzenjammer kids is begun by rudolph dirks.
1897/--/-- 118 - austrian artist gustav klimt helps to found the vienna secession group.
1897/--/-- 118 - british physician havelock ellis begins his studies in the psychology of sex.
1897/--/-- 118 - english author rudyard kipling publishes captains courageous.
1897/--/-- 118 - french dramatist edmond rostand writes cyrano de bergerac.
1897/--/-- 118 - french primitive artist henri rousseau paints the sleeping gypsy.
1897/--/-- 118 - mckinley is inaugurated as the 25th u.s. president; hobart becomes vice-president.
1897/--/-- 118 - russian author anton chekhov writes the play uncle vanya.
1897/--/-- 118 - stanislavsky founds the moscow art theater and begins the method acting technique.
1897/--/-- 118 - the first subway un the u.s. opens in boston.
1897/--/-- 118 - theodor herzl organizes the world zionist congress at basel in switzerland.
1897/--/-- 118 - william mckinley (republican) becomes president of the united states
1898/--/-- 119 - anglo-irish playwright george bernard shaw publishes arms and the man.
1898/--/-- 119 - britain obtains a 99-year lease for hong kong from the chinese.
1898/--/-- 119 - commodore dewey destroys the spanish fleet in manila harbor.
1898/--/-- 119 - cuba occupied by u.s. and released
1898/--/-- 119 - english author h. g. wells publishes the war of the worlds.
1898/--/-- 119 - spain cedes puerto rico, guam and the philippines to the u.s. in the treaty of paris.
1898/--/-- 119 - spanish-american war, cuba, phillipines, us
1898/--/-- 119 - the boxer uprising begins in china; empress tz'u-hsi imprisons the emperor.
1898/--/-- 119 - the british under kitchener defeat the mahdists at omdurman in sudan.
1898/--/-- 119 - the fashoda incident leads to a french withdrawal from the sudan.
1898/--/-- 119 - the spanish fleet is destroyed off cuba; spain sues for peace.
1898/--/-- 119 - the spanish-american war begins with a declaration of war by congress.
1898/--/-- 119 - the u.s. army uses machine guns for the first time in the battle of santiago.
1898/--/-- 119 - the u.s. battleship maine explodes in the spanish port of manila in the philippines.
1898/--/-- 119 - u.s. troops land on cuba; theodore roosevelt's rough riders are in action.
1898/--/-- 119 - william randolph hearst's yellow journalism inflames anti-spanish feelings.
1899/--/-- 120 - american artist winslow homer paints the gulf stream.
1899/--/-- 120 - american composer scott joplin publishes his maple leaf rag.
1899/--/-- 120 - designer charles rennie mackintosh completes the glasgow school of art.
1899/--/-- 120 - english composer edward elgar writes the enigma variations.
1899/--/-- 120 - journalist and future statesman winston churchill escapes from boer captivity.
1899/--/-- 120 - sigmund freud "interpretation of dreams"
1899/--/-- 120 - the british under robert baden-powell are besieged by the boers at mafeking.
1899/--/-- 120 - the south african war begins between the boers (afrikaners) and the british.
1899/--/-- 120 - u.s. secretary of state john m. hay advocates an open door policy for china.
in 1779 transportation was by:
foot
horse
sailing ship
by 1899 transportation was by:
bicycle
train
steamboat
balloon
in addition.
by 1899 transportation by:
sailing ship
had been discontinued.
in 1779 communications was by:
word of mouth
post office
by 1899 communications was by:
telegraph
in addition.
in 1779 food preparation was by:
wood
in 1779 entertainment was by:
social intercourse
organized sports
travel
professional sports
movies
radio
television
theme parks
computer
in 1779 health care was by:
operations
anesthetic
x-rays
mri
in 1779 war making was by:
calvary
gun
artillery
submarine
by 1899 war making was by:
machine guns
iron clad ships
mines
in addition.
in 1779 navigation was by:
stars & maps
compass
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