...date... age event
1759/--/-- -1 - french poet and dramatist voltaire publishes his philosophical novel candide.
1759/--/-- -1 - josiah wedgwood establishes his first pottery works.
1759/--/-- -1 - the botanical gardens are founded at kew in london.
1759/--/-- -1 - the british defeat the french at niagara; amherst captures fort ticonderoga.
1759/--/-- -1 - the british under wolfe defeat montcalm at quebec; wolfe dies from his wounds.
1759/--/-- -1 - the russians defeat frederick ii at kunersdorf.
1759/04/02 0 *** majors, john samuel - born
1760/--/-- 0 - english architect robert adam begins the design of syon house.
1760/--/-- 0 - english novelist laurence sterne publishes the first volumes of tristram shandy.
1760/--/-- 0 - george ii dies; he is succeeded by his grandson george iii as king of england.
1760/--/-- 0 - the british under amherst capture montreal, ending french resistance in north america.
1760/--/-- 0 - the russians invade prussia and burn berlin.
1761/--/-- 1 - franz josef haydn becomes court composer to prince esterhazy.
1761/09/02 2 - george iii crowned king of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by tho
1762/--/-- 2 - american indian religious leader, the delaware prophet, is active in the ohio valley.
1762/--/-- 2 - britain seizes cuba and the philippines from spain.
1762/--/-- 2 - british animal painter george stubbs completes the horse attacked by a lion.
1762/--/-- 2 - catherine ii (catherine the great) succeeds her husband as empress of russia.
1762/--/-- 2 - france cedes louisiana to spain to prevent british control of the region.
1762/--/-- 2 - french philosopher rousseau publishes the social contract and emile.
1762/--/-- 2 - peter iii succeeds elizabeth as emperor of russia, but is deposed and murdered.
1762/--/-- 2 - the russians end their alliance with austria against prussia.
1762/--/-- 2 - wolfgang amadeus mozart performs at the imperial court in vienna at age 6.
1763/--/-- 3 *** wright, nancy (majors) [wife] - born
1763/--/-- 3 - augustus iii dies; he is succeeded (1764) by stanislaw ii, the last king of poland.
1763/--/-- 3 - britain returns cuba and the philippines to spain in exchange for florida.
1763/--/-- 3 - france cedes canada and all territories east of the mississippi river to britain.
1763/--/-- 3 - france recognizes british dominance in india.
1763/--/-- 3 - french forces withdraw from germany; prussia retains silesia.
1763/--/-- 3 - james boswell meets samuel johnson for the first time.
1763/--/-- 3 - the ottawa chief pontiac leads an uprising against the british.
1763/--/-- 3 - the treaty of paris ends the seven years' war and the french and indian wars.
1763/--/-- 3 - the wahhabi saudis begin to establish control over arabia.
1764/--/-- 4 - german historian johann winckelmann publishes his history of the art of antiquity.
1764/--/-- 4 - thomas chatterton forges the rowley poems at the age of 12.
1765/--/-- 5 - francis i dies; he is succeeded by joseph ii as holy roman emperor.
1765/--/-- 5 - french artist francois boucher is appointed court painter to louis xv.
1765/--/-- 5 - george grenville's stamp act imposes a tax on all publications in the american colonies.
1765/--/-- 5 - horace walpole publishes his gothic novel the castle of otranto.
1765/--/-- 5 - lancelot capability brown designs the gardens at blenheim palace.
1765/--/-- 5 - robert clive is appointed governor of bengal in india.
1765/--/-- 5 - samuel adams helps to found the sons of liberty to oppose the stamp act.
1765/--/-- 5 - sir william blackstone begins his commentaries on the laws of england.
1766/--/-- 6 - anglo-irish author oliver goldsmith publishes the vicar of wakefield.
1766/--/-- 6 - english chemist henry cavendish isolates hydrogen gas for the first time.
1766/--/-- 6 - french artist jean honore fragonard paints the swing.
1766/--/-- 6 - german dramatist and critic gotthold ephraim lessing publishes laocoon.
1766/--/-- 6 - the declaratory act imposes parliament's right to make laws in the colonies.
1766/--/-- 6 - the nautical almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude.
1766/--/-- 6 - the stamp act is repealed after strong opposition from american colonists.
1767/--/-- 7 - german composer christoph willibald gluck writes his opera alceste.
1767/--/-- 7 - german-jewish philosopher moses mendelssohn publishes phaedon.
1767/--/-- 7 - the burmese destroy the siam capital of ayutthaya; the bangkok period begins.
1767/--/-- 7 - the mason-dixon line establishes the pennsylvania-maryland boundary.
1767/--/-- 7 - the townshend acts impose a tax on imports to north america.
1768/--/-- 8 - genoa sells its rights in corsica to france.
1768/--/-- 8 - joshua reynolds becomes the first president of the royal academy in london.
1768/--/-- 8 - louis antoine de bougainville claims the pacific island of tahiti for france.
1768/--/-- 8 - the russo-turkish war is renewed.
1768/--/-- 8 - the first weekly numbers of the encyclopaedia britannica are issued.
1769/--/-- 9 - american pioneer daniel boone explores a route through the cumberland gap.
1769/--/-- 9 - french forces in corsica defeat pasquale paoli; corsica becomes a province of france.
1769/--/-- 9 - james watt patents a condenser to improve the performance of steam engines.
1769/--/-- 9 - ottawa indian chief pontiac is assassinated by a peoria indian.
1769/--/-- 9 - richard arkwright invents a spinning frame to mechanize cotton weaving.
1769/--/-- 9 - the comtesse du barry becomes the official mistress to louis xv.
1769/--/-- 9 - the gurkhas conquer nepal.
1770/--/-- 10 - a brawl between british troops and colonists leads to the boston massacre.
1770/--/-- 10 - british explorer james bruce discovers the source of the blue nile.
1770/--/-- 10 - english artist thomas gainsborough paints the blue boy.
1770/--/-- 10 - english navigator james cook explores new zealand and the east coast of australia.
1770/--/-- 10 - lord north becomes prime minister of britain.
1770/--/-- 10 - louis, the future king of france, marries marie antoinette.
1770/--/-- 10 - the british parliament repeals the townshend acts.
1770/--/-- 10 - thomas jefferson begins building monticello, his house in virginia.
1771/--/-- 11 - governor tyron defeats the regulators (dissident farmers) in north carolina.
1771/--/-- 11 - gustav iii succeeds his father as king of sweden.
1772/--/-- 12 - american artist benjamin west paints the death of wolfe.
1772/--/-- 12 - english artist joshua reynolds paints a portrait of samuel johnson.
1772/--/-- 12 - poland is partitioned among russia, prussia and austria.
1773/--/-- 13 - american colonists throw british tea into boston harbor during the boston tea party.
1773/--/-- 13 - anglo-irish author oliver goldsmith writes the play she stoops to conquer.
1773/--/-- 13 - calcutta is established as the capital of british india.
1773/--/-- 13 - don cossack yemelian pugachev leads the peasant's revolt in russia.
1773/--/-- 13 - pope clement xiv persecutes the jesuits.
1774/--/-- 14 - britain passes the intolerable acts and closes the port of boston.
1774/--/-- 14 - british scientist joseph priestley discovers oxygen.
1774/--/-- 14 - edmund burke's speech on american taxation defends the colony's rights.
1774/--/-- 14 - johann wolfgang von goethe publishes the sorrows of young werther.
1774/--/-- 14 - louis xv dies; he is succeeded by his grandson louis xvi as king of france.
1774/--/-- 14 - rhode island becomes the first state to abolish slavery.
1774/--/-- 14 - the quebec act grants religious liberty to roman catholics in canada.
1774/--/-- 14 - the treaty of kuchuk kainarji ends the russo-turkish war.
1774/--/-- 14 - the first continental congress meets and condemns britain's intolerable acts.
1774/--/-- 14 - warren hastings is appointed as the first governor-general of british india.
1775/--/-- 15 - american patriot patrick henry states "give me liberty, or give me death."
1775/--/-- 15 - americans under montgomery occupy montreal, but fail to capture quebec.
1775/--/-- 15 - british troops and colonial militia clash at lexington, starting the american revolution.
1775/--/-- 15 - british troops suffer heavy losses at the battle of bunker hill.
1775/--/-- 15 - french dramatist caron de beaumarchais writes the barber of seville.
1775/--/-- 15 - paul revere rides to lexington to warn of approaching british troops.
1775/--/-- 15 - revolutionary war begins
1775/--/-- 15 - the continental congress chooses george washington to head the continental army.
1776/--/-- 16 - american general charles lee is captured by the british.
1776/--/-- 16 - ann lee establishes a shaker community at wartervliet in new york.
1776/--/-- 16 - british forces are evacuated from boston.
1776/--/-- 16 - british forces under sir henry clinton bombard charleston harbor.
1776/--/-- 16 - charles burney publishes the first volume of a general history of music.
1776/--/-- 16 - david bushnell's submarine the turtle makes an abortive attack on british ships.
1776/--/-- 16 - economist adam smith publishes the wealth of nations.
1776/--/-- 16 - edward gibbon publishes the first volume of decline and fall of the roman empire.
1776/--/-- 16 - grigory aleksandrovich potemkin organizes the russian black sea fleet.
1776/--/-- 16 - howe defeats washington at white plains; washington retreats across the delaware.
1776/--/-- 16 - nathan hale is executed by the british as a spy.
1776/--/-- 16 - swiss banker jacques necker is appointed director of the treasury by louis xvi.
1776/--/-- 16 - the british under howe defeat washington on long island and occupy new york.
1776/--/-- 16 - the continental congress adopts the declaration of independence.
1776/--/-- 16 - the sturm und drang (storm and stress) literary movement begins in germany.
1776/--/-- 16 - thomas paine publishes his revolutionary war pamphlet common sense.
1776/--/-- 16 - washington defeats british forces at trenton and princeton (1777).
1777/--/-- 17 - burgoyne capitulates to horatio gates' american forces at saratoga.
1777/--/-- 17 - christianity is introduced into korea.
1777/--/-- 17 - french chemist lavoisier proves that air is composed of oxygen and nitrogen.
1777/--/-- 17 - general burgoyne captures ticonderoga and defeats the americans in pennsylvania.
1777/--/-- 17 - richard brinsley sheridan's comedy the school for scandal is produced.
1777/--/-- 17 - the british under howe capture philadelphia, forcing congress to flee.
1777/--/-- 17 - the british under howe defeat washington's continental army at brandywine creek.
1777/--/-- 17 - the continental congress adopts the stars and stripes as the american flag.
1777/--/-- 17 - the marquis de lafayette offers his services to the continental congress.
1777/--/-- 17 - washington's continental army spends a hard winter at valley forge.
1778/--/-- 18 - english novelist fanny burney writes evelina.
1778/--/-- 18 - france enters the american war of independence in support of the colonies.
1778/--/-- 18 - franz anton mesmer opens a paris practice to treat patients using magnetism.
1778/--/-- 18 - john singleton copley paints watson and the shark.
1778/--/-- 18 - la scala opera house opens in milan, italy.
1778/--/-- 18 - portugal transfers its rights in equatorial guinea to spain.
1778/--/-- 18 - washington clashes with british forces under clinton at monmouth, n.j.
1779/--/-- 19 - american forces under sullivan campaign against the iroquois on the new york border.
1779/--/-- 19 - an american squadron led by john paul jones attacks british shipping.
1779/--/-- 19 - british explorer james cook is killed by natives on hawaii.
1779/--/-- 19 - george rogers clark recaptures vincennes from the british.
1779/--/-- 19 - samuel crompton develops his spinning mule for england's cotton industry.
1779/--/-- 19 - samuel johnson begins writing the lives of the poets
1779/--/-- 19 - spain declares war on britain and lays siege to gibraltar.
1779/--/-- 19 - war breaks out between dutch settlers and the xhosas in south africa.
1780/--/-- 20 - americans under horatio gates are defeated by cornwallis at camden, s.c.
1780/--/-- 20 - andre's capture exposes benedict arnold's plot to surrender west point.
1780/--/-- 20 - english spy john andre is caught and executed by the americans.
1780/--/-- 20 - francis marion and thomas sumter lead guerrilla forces against the british.
1780/--/-- 20 - luigi galvani begins experiments on the effect of electricity on nerves and muscles.
1780/--/-- 20 - maria theresa dies; joseph ii inherits the crown of bohemia and hungary.
1780/--/-- 20 - peruvian indians under tupac amaru revolt against spainish rule.
1780/--/-- 20 - the british under clinton occupy charleston, s.c. and capture the garrison.
1780/--/-- 20 - the derby horse race is established in england.
1780/--/-- 20 - the gordon riots begin in london against catholic emancipation.
1780/--/-- 20 - venetian artist francesco guardi paints the gondola on the lagoon.
1781/--/-- 21 - american forces under daniel morgan defeat the british at the battle of cowpens.
1781/--/-- 21 - english astronomer william herschel discovers the planet uranus.
1781/--/-- 21 - german philosopher immanuel kant publishes his critique of pure reason.
1781/--/-- 21 - the british defeat hyder ali the muslim ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1781/--/-- 21 - the british under cornwallis surrender to the americans at yorktown.
1781/--/-- 21 - the french aid washington in the siege of yorktown.
1782/--/-- 22 - henry grattan's patriot party achieves legislative independence for ireland.
1782/--/-- 22 - kamehameha i begins a ten-year war for control of hawaii.
1782/--/-- 22 - peace talks open in paris between britain and america.
1782/--/-- 22 - pierre choderlos de laclos writes les liaisons dangereuses.
1782/--/-- 22 - rama i founds the chakkri dynasty in siam (thailand) with bangkok as its capital.
1782/--/-- 22 - the design for the great seal of the united states is adopted by the continental congress.
1782/--/-- 22 - tippu sultan succeeds his father as ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1783/--/-- 23 - an earthquake kills 30,000 people at calabria in italy.
1783/--/-- 23 - britain cedes all lands west to mississippi river
1783/--/-- 23 - britain recognizes the independence of the united states at the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 23 - british forces abandon new york, their last stronghold in north america.
1783/--/-- 23 - french scientist jacques charles demonstrates the first hydrogen-inflated balloon.
1783/--/-- 23 - peace treaty ends revolutionary war
1783/--/-- 23 - revolutionary war ends
1783/--/-- 23 - russia gains control of the crimea after three centuries of turkish rule.
1783/--/-- 23 - the british return florida to spain under the terms of the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 23 - the montgolfier brothers make the first manned flight in a hot air balloon.
1783/--/-- 23 - william pitt (the younger) becomes prime minister of britain at age 24.
1783/--/-- 23 - william pitt ii becomes english prime minister at 24
1784/--/-- 24 - american inventor oliver evans develops the first automated flour mill.
1784/--/-- 24 - ben franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses
1784/--/-- 24 - french dramatist caron de beaumarchais writes the marriage of figaro.
1784/--/-- 24 - french neoclassical artist jacques louis david paints the oath of horatii.
1784/--/-- 24 - grigory shelekhov founds the first russian colony in america at kodiak island, alaska.
1784/--/-- 24 - thomas jefferson's proposes a ban on slavery in the western territories.
1785/--/-- 25 - english poet william cowper publishes the task.
1785/--/-- 25 - french navigator la perouse sails to the pacific to find the northwest passage.
1785/--/-- 25 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the english channel.
1785/--/-- 25 - new york city becomes the temporary capital of the united states.
1785/--/-- 25 - newspaper publisher john walter founds the times of london.
1786/--/-- 26 - daniel shays leads a rebellion against the state government in massachusetts.
1786/--/-- 26 - first ice cream made commercially in nyc
1786/--/-- 26 - francisco de goya becomes court painter to charles iii of spain.
1786/--/-- 26 - frederick ii dies; he is succeeded by his son frederick william ii as king of prussia.
1786/--/-- 26 - lord cornwallis succeeds warren hastings as governor-general of india.
1786/--/-- 26 - robert burns publishes poems, chiefly in the scottish dialect.
1786/--/-- 26 - shay's rebellion, mass
1786/--/-- 26 - singapore, penang and melaka are ceded to britain as the straits settlements.
1786/--/-- 26 - swiss climbers make the first ascent of mount blanc.
1787/--/-- 27 - alexander hamilton, john jay and james madison write the first federalist essays.
1787/--/-- 27 - american inventor john fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the delaware.
1787/--/-- 27 - austrian composer wolfgang amadeus mozart writes the opera don giovanni.
1787/--/-- 27 - british reformer william wilberforce declares his aims to abolish slavery.
1787/--/-- 27 - constitutional convention
1787/--/-- 27 - henry holland builds the first royal pavilion at brighton for the prince regent.
1787/--/-- 27 - royall tyler's the contrast becomes the first stage comedy to be produced in the u.s.
1787/--/-- 27 - the assembly of notables is summoned by louis xvi to reform french taxation.
1787/--/-- 27 - the british found freetown and establish sierra leone as a colony for freed slaves.
1787/--/-- 27 - the constitutional convention meets in philadelphia to draw up a u.s. constitution.
1787/--/-- 27 - the continental congress excludes slavery from the northwest territory.
1787/--/-- 27 - the marylebone cricket club (m.c.c.) is formed in london, england.
1787/--/-- 27 - turkey declares war on russia, beginning a new russo-turkish war.
1788/--/-- 28 - "the federalist" published
1788/--/-- 28 - a crop failure in france leads to bread riots.
1788/--/-- 28 - austria joins russia in the war against turkey.
1788/--/-- 28 - captain arthur phillip founds the first australian penal colony at sydney cove.
1788/--/-- 28 - constitution ratified
1788/--/-- 28 - french physicist lagrange publishes his analytical mechanics.
1788/--/-- 28 - george iii of england has his first attack of mental illness.
1788/--/-- 28 - mozart composes 3 symphonies: e-flat, g minor and jupiter in less than 7 weeks.
1788/--/-- 28 - swedish forces under gustav iii attack russia.
1788/--/-- 28 - warren hastings is impeached for maladministration in india.
1789/--/-- 29 - a national assembly is declared in france, ending the power of the states-general.
1789/--/-- 29 - alexander hamilton becomes the first u.s. secretary of the treasury.
1789/--/-- 29 - austrian forces capture belgrade from the turks.
1789/--/-- 29 - bill of rights adopted
1789/--/-- 29 - english poet and artist william blake publishes songs of innocence.
1789/--/-- 29 - french revolution begins
1789/--/-- 29 - french sculptor jean antoine houdon makes busts of jefferson and washington.
1789/--/-- 29 - george washington (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1789/--/-- 29 - jeremy bentham publishes an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
1789/--/-- 29 - louis xvi is forced to capitulate; france becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1789/--/-- 29 - mutinous sailors seize h.m.s. bounty and take refuge on pitcairn island.
1789/--/-- 29 - the federalist party is formed by supporters of the ratification of the u.s. constitution.
1789/--/-- 29 - the french national assembly formulates a declaration of the rights of man.
1789/--/-- 29 - the french revolution begins with an attack on the bastille.
1789/--/-- 29 - the supreme court of the united states is founded with john jay as chief justice.
1789/--/-- 29 - the tammany hall political organization is founded in new york.
1789/--/-- 29 - the first national thanksgiving day is celebrated in the u.s.
1789/--/-- 29 - tippu sultan begins the third mysore war against the british in india.
1789/--/-- 29 - washington is elected as the first u.s. president; john adams becomes vice-president.
1789/--/-- 29 - wm. blake publishes "songs of innocence"
1790/--/-- 30 - leopold ii succeeds joseph ii as holy roman emperor.
1790/--/-- 30 - new england captains extend whaling into the pacific ocean about this time.
1790/--/-- 30 - philadelphia replaces new york as the temporary capital of the u.s.
1790/--/-- 30 - seat of government moves from nyc to philadelphia
1790/--/-- 30 - sweden and russia sign a peace treaty.
1790/--/-- 30 - the new york stock exchange is founded.
1790/--/-- 30 - the bolero spanish dance is introduced about this time.
1790/--/-- 30 - thomas jefferson proposes a decimal (metric) system; congress rejects the suggestion.
1791/--/-- 31 - austria returns belgrade to the turks.
1791/--/-- 31 - chinese author ts'ao hsueh-ch'in publishes the dream of the red chamber.
1791/--/-- 31 - emperor joseph ii ends the war between austria and turkey.
1791/--/-- 31 - james boswell publishes his life of samuel johnson.
1791/--/-- 31 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are captured while trying to leave france.
1791/--/-- 31 - marquis de sade writes the novel justine from his prison cell.
1791/--/-- 31 - miami indian chief little turtle defeats an american force under general arthur st. clair.
1791/--/-- 31 - mozart's opera the magic flute is performed for the first time.
1791/--/-- 31 - pierre charles l'enfant designs the new u.s. capital of washington, d.c.
1791/--/-- 31 - the bill of rights (the first ten amendments to the u.s. constitution) is ratified.
1791/--/-- 31 - the first bank of the united states is founded.
1791/--/-- 31 - the province of quebec is divided into upper canada and lower canada.
1791/--/-- 31 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man in defense of the french revolution.
1791/--/-- 31 - thomas sheraton publishes the cabinet maker and upholsterer's drawing book.
1791/--/-- 31 - tom paine "the rights of man"
1791/--/-- 31 - toussaint l'ouverture leads a slave revolt in haiti against the french.
1791/--/-- 31 - vermont becomes the 14th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 32 - architect james hoban wins the competition to design the white house.
1792/--/-- 32 - charles bulfinch designs the connecticut state house (now hartford city hall).
1792/--/-- 32 - first u.s. trade union of shoemakers
1792/--/-- 32 - france declares war on austria and prussia, beginning the french revolutionary wars.
1792/--/-- 32 - francis ii succeeds leopold ii to become the last holy roman emperor.
1792/--/-- 32 - george washington is reelected as president.
1792/--/-- 32 - german philosopher fichte writes an essay toward a critique of all revelations.
1792/--/-- 32 - gustav iii of sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in stockholm.
1792/--/-- 32 - jefferson leads the democratic-republican party in opposition to the federalists.
1792/--/-- 32 - kentucky becomes the 15th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 32 - mary wollstonecraft publishes a vindication of the rights of women.
1792/--/-- 32 - new insurrections begin in france; louis xvi is imprisoned by the commune of paris.
1792/--/-- 32 - russia and prussia invade poland, which is still recovering from the partition of 1772.
1792/--/-- 32 - swiss scientist aime argand develops a practical oil lamp using a tubular wick.
1792/--/-- 32 - the columbia river is discovered by boston trader robert gray.
1792/--/-- 32 - the french republic adopts the guillotine as a uniform method of execution.
1792/--/-- 32 - the french under dumouriez halt the prussians and defeat the austrians at jemappes.
1792/--/-- 32 - the national convention proclaims france a republic.
1792/--/-- 32 - the treaty of jasso ends the russo-turkish war.
1792/--/-- 32 - the dollar is selected as the u.s. unit of currency.
1792/--/-- 32 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man and is outlawed for treason in england.
1793/--/-- 33 - britain, holland, spain and sardinia form a new anti-french coalition.
1793/--/-- 33 - eli whitney invents cotton gin; revives dying slave economy of south
1793/--/-- 33 - eli whitney invents the cotton gin.
1793/--/-- 33 - france adopts the metric system of measurement.
1793/--/-- 33 - france raises the first national army of conscripts to oppose the coalition forces.
1793/--/-- 33 - french king louis xvi and queen marie antoinette executed
1793/--/-- 33 - french revolutionary jean paul marat is murdered by charlotte corday.
1793/--/-- 33 - fugitive slave act
1793/--/-- 33 - george washington lays the cornerstone for the capitol building in washington d.c.
1793/--/-- 33 - j.-l. david paints "the dead marat"
1793/--/-- 33 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first u.s. balloon flight in philadelphia.
1793/--/-- 33 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are executed; the reign of terror begins in france.
1793/--/-- 33 - russia and prussia seize polish lands as part of the second partition of poland.
1794/--/-- 34 - ann ward radcliffe publishes her gothic novel the mysteries of udolpho.
1794/--/-- 34 - french engineer claude chappe invents the semaphore signaling system.
1794/--/-- 34 - jay's treaty settles disputes between britain and the u.s.
1794/--/-- 34 - militia under general henry lee suppress the whiskey rebellion in pennsylvania.
1794/--/-- 34 - robespierre's execution ends the reign of terror in france; the thermidorian reaction begins.
1794/--/-- 34 - tadeusz kosciuszko leads a revolt of polish peasants against russia.
1794/--/-- 34 - the british occupy the french island of corsica for a two-year period.
1794/--/-- 34 - the qajar (kajar) dynasty is founded in persia (iran).
1794/--/-- 34 - u.s. forces under anthony wayne defeat the indians at the battle of fallen timbers.
1795/--/-- 35 - american artist charles wilson peale paints the staircase group.
1795/--/-- 35 - austrian composer franz josef haydn completes the 12 london symphonies.
1795/--/-- 35 - france claims the island of hispaniola.
1795/--/-- 35 - napoleon bonaparte defeats the insurrectionists in paris.
1795/--/-- 35 - prussia and spain sue for peace with france.
1795/--/-- 35 - scottish explorer mungo park reaches the gambia and niger rivers.
1795/--/-- 35 - scottish geologist james hutton publishes his theory of the earth.
1795/--/-- 35 - spain recognizes u.s. claims to west florida (mississippi).
1795/--/-- 35 - stanislaw ii abdicates as the last king of poland.
1795/--/-- 35 - the british capture cape province (south africa) from the dutch.
1795/--/-- 35 - the constitution of 1795 establishes a directory to rule france.
1795/--/-- 35 - the methodists separate from the church of england.
1795/--/-- 35 - the final partition of poland is made among russia, prussia and austria.
1796/--/-- 36 - english novelist fanny burney publishes camilla.
1796/--/-- 36 - english physician edward jenner develops vaccination against smallpox.
1796/--/-- 36 - george washington declines to serve as president for a third term.
1796/--/-- 36 - gilbert stuart paints a portrait of washington (used later on the dollar bill).
1796/--/-- 36 - john adams is elected as the 2nd u.s. president; jefferson becomes vice-president.
1796/--/-- 36 - napoleon defeats the austrian and sardinian armies in italy.
1796/--/-- 36 - napoleon marries josephine, the widow of the vicomte de beauharnais.
1796/--/-- 36 - napoleon restores corsica to french rule.
1796/--/-- 36 - samuel hahnemann publishes his findings on homeopathic treatment.
1796/--/-- 36 - spain sides with france in the war against britain.
1796/--/-- 36 - tennessee becomes the 16th state of the union.
1796/--/-- 36 - the british seize ceylon (sri lanka) from the dutch.
1797/--/-- 37 - austria cedes the austrian netherlands (present-day belgium) to france.
1797/--/-- 37 - british wood engraver thomas bewick publishes a history of british birds.
1797/--/-- 37 - david thompson surveys the mississippi headwaters for the north west company.
1797/--/-- 37 - john adams (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1797/--/-- 37 - nelson defeats the spanish fleet at cape st. vincent, and the dutch at camperdown.
1797/--/-- 37 - the british capture the spanish colony of trinidad.
1797/--/-- 37 - the directory appoint talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for france.
1797/--/-- 37 - the treaty of campo formio ends the war of the first coalition against france.
1797/--/-- 37 - the venetian republic is dissolved; venice is ruled by austria.
1798/--/-- 38 - alien and sedition act
1798/--/-- 38 - america's first professional author charles brockden brown publishes wieland.
1798/--/-- 38 - britain, austria, russia and turkey form a second coalition against france.
1798/--/-- 38 - economist thomas malthus publishes an essay on the principle of population.
1798/--/-- 38 - eli whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets.
1798/--/-- 38 - french armies occupy rome and invade switzerland, creating the helvetic republic.
1798/--/-- 38 - haydn composes "the creation"
1798/--/-- 38 - lord wellesley becomes governor-general of india.
1798/--/-- 38 - napoleon's army invades egypt and defeats the mamelukes at the battle of the pyramids.
1798/--/-- 38 - the french fleet is destroyed by nelson at abukir bay, cutting off napoleon's forces in egypt.
1798/--/-- 38 - the u.s. congress passes the controversial alien and sedition acts.
1798/--/-- 38 - the xyz affair leads to the quasi war between france and the u.s.
1798/--/-- 38 - the territory of mississippi becomes part of the united states.
1798/--/-- 38 - william wordsworth publishes lyrical ballads with samuel taylor coleridge.
1798/--/-- 38 - wolfe tone leads a revolt against the british by the society of united irishmen.
1799/--/-- 39 *** majors, louisa (koger) [daughter] - born to majors, john samuel and wright, nancy (majors) north carolina
1799/--/-- 39 - a 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the lena river in russia.
1799/--/-- 39 - britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax.
1799/--/-- 39 - city hotel, the first american structure designed as a hotel, opens in new york.
1799/--/-- 39 - humboldt and bonpland begin their scientific expedition in south american.
1799/--/-- 39 - napoleon attacks syria to prevent a turkish invasion of egypt, but is defeated at acre.
1799/--/-- 39 - napoleon becomes consul
1799/--/-- 39 - napoleon returns to france as first consul; the consulate replaces the directory.
1799/--/-- 39 - ranjit singh establishes a sikh kingdom in northwest india.
1799/--/-- 39 - russian forces under suvorov defeat the french in italy, but are held at zurich.
1799/--/-- 39 - the rosetta stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in egypt.
1799/--/-- 39 - the russian-american company is founded to administer the alaskan fur trade.
1799/--/-- 39 - tippu sultan is killed in battle with the british; the mysore empire is destroyed.
1800/--/-- 40 - black slave gabriel leads an abortive uprising near richmond, virginia.
1800/--/-- 40 - france regains louisiana from spain under the secret treaty of san ildefonso.
1800/--/-- 40 - italian physicist alessandro volta invents the first electric battery.
1800/--/-- 40 - jefferson defeats adams in the u.s. presidential election, but ties with burr.
1800/--/-- 40 - johnny appleseed (john chapman) arrives in the ohio river valley around this time.
1800/--/-- 40 - library of congress founded
1800/--/-- 40 - madame de stael publishes the influence of literature upon society.
1800/--/-- 40 - napoleon commissions cambaceres to develop the napoleonic code of law.
1800/--/-- 40 - napoleon defeats the austrians at the battle of marengo.
1800/--/-- 40 - seat of government moves from philadelphia to washington, dc
1800/--/-- 40 - the library of congress is founded in washington d.c.
1800/--/-- 40 - the seat of u.s. government is transferred to washington, d.c.
1800/--/-- 40 - volta invents electric battery
1801/--/-- 41 - alexander i becomes emperor of russia after the murder of his father paul i.
1801/--/-- 41 - barbary pirates begin the tripolitan war; a u.s. squadron sails to the mediterranean.
1801/--/-- 41 - castlereagh secures passage of the act of union, which unites britain and ireland.
1801/--/-- 41 - chemists proust and berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition.
1801/--/-- 41 - jefferson is selected as the 3rd u.s. president; burr becomes vice-president.
1801/--/-- 41 - nelson defeats the danish fleet at copenhagen.
1801/--/-- 41 - robert fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the nautilus.
1801/--/-- 41 - the british defeat napoleon's army of egypt at alexandria.
1801/--/-- 41 - the peace of luneville ends the war between france and austria.
1801/--/-- 41 - the union jack becomes the official flag of the united kingdom.
1801/--/-- 41 - thomas jefferson (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1802/--/-- 42 - alexander von humboldt climbs mt. chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- 42 - american artist benjamin west paints death on a pale horse.
1802/--/-- 42 - britain returns the island of minorca to spain.
1802/--/-- 42 - napoleon is created first consul for life.
1802/--/-- 42 - the french capture haitian leader toussaint, but are defeated by christophe.
1802/--/-- 42 - the treaty of amiens brings a temporary halt to the french revolutionary wars.
1803/--/-- 43 - britain declares war on france, beginning the napoleonic wars.
1803/--/-- 43 - britain establishes a new penal colony on van diemen's land (tasmania).
1803/--/-- 43 - dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 43 - english scientist john dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 43 - france sells louisiana to the u.s.
1803/--/-- 43 - matthew flinders completes the first circumnavigation of australia.
1803/--/-- 43 - ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the union.
1803/--/-- 43 - robert emmet leads an irish rebellion in dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 44 *** wright, nancy (majors) [wife] - died
1804/--/-- 44 - american politician aaron burr kills alexander hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 44 - dessalines declares haitian independence and names himself emperor jacques i.
1804/--/-- 44 - english engineer richard trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 44 - francis ii assumes the title of emperor of austria.
1804/--/-- 44 - fulani leader usman dan fodio leads a holy war against the hausa in nigeria.
1804/--/-- 44 - jefferson is reelected as u.s. president; clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 44 - lewis and clark expedition encounters native americans
1804/--/-- 44 - lewis and clarke expedition
1804/--/-- 44 - meriwether lewis and william clark begin exploring the american north-west.
1804/--/-- 44 - napoleon becomes emperor
1804/--/-- 44 - napoleon crowns himself emperor of france.
1804/--/-- 44 - serbian nationalists revolt against the turks.
1804/--/-- 44 - stephen decatur leads a u.s. navy skirmish into tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 45 - american explorers lewis and clark reach the pacific ocean.
1805/--/-- 45 - austria sues for peace with france at the treaty of pressburg.
1805/--/-- 45 - britain, austria, russia and sweden form a third coalition against france.
1805/--/-- 45 - muhammad ali is appointed pasha (governor) of egypt by the ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 45 - nelson defeats the franco-spanish fleet at trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 45 - the french defeat austro-russian forces at the battle of austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 45 - the shawnee prophet, brother of tecumseh, begins planning an indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 46 - emperor jacques i is assassinated; haiti is divided between christophe and petion.
1806/--/-- 46 - napoleon begins the continental system, closing european ports to british vessels.
1806/--/-- 46 - napoleon forces the abdication of francis ii; the holy roman empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 46 - noah webster publishes "compendious" dictionary of the english language"
1806/--/-- 46 - prussia joins the coalition against france, but is defeated at jena-auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 46 - revolutionary leader francisco de miranda makes an abortive invasion of venezuela.
1806/--/-- 46 - the british employ congreve rockets against a french invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 46 - u.s. explorer zebulon pike is sent west to descend the red river.
1806/--/-- 46 - william murdock installs gas lighting in a manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 47 - aaron burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 47 - beethoven completes his fifth symphony and begins the sixth (pastoral).
1807/--/-- 47 - british chemist humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 47 - congress passes the embargo act in response to interference with u.s. shipping.
1807/--/-- 47 - german philosopher hegel publishes the phenomenology of the spirit.
1807/--/-- 47 - napoleon defeats the russian armies; russia and prussia sue for peace at tilsit.
1807/--/-- 47 - portugal refuses to observe the blockade against england; france invades portugal.
1807/--/-- 47 - robert fulton's steamship the clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 47 - sir humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 47 - the janissaries depose sultan selim iii and place mustafa iv on the ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 47 - the u.s. frigate chesapeake is involved in an incident with a british man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 47 - the slave trade is outlawed throughout the british empire.
1808/--/-- 48 - beethoven composes "fifth symphony"
1808/--/-- 48 - congress prohibits importing of african slaves
1808/--/-- 48 - francisco de goya paints the third of may, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 48 - french chemist joseph louis gay-lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 48 - german artist caspar david friedrich exhibits the cross in the mountains.
1808/--/-- 48 - japanese artist buncho paints true view of mount hiko.
1808/--/-- 48 - john jacob astor founds the american fur company.
1808/--/-- 48 - napoleon appoints his brother joseph as king of spain.
1808/--/-- 48 - napoleon occupys spain
1808/--/-- 48 - the british under wellington aid portugal against france in the peninsular war.
1809/--/-- 49 - frenchman nicolas appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 49 - german artists overbeck and pforr found the nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 49 - james madison (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1809/--/-- 49 - john stevens' steamboat the phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 49 - lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in zoological philosophy.
1809/--/-- 49 - metternich draws austria into the war of the fifth coalition against france.
1809/--/-- 49 - napoleon annexes the papal states and takes pope pius vii prisoner.
1809/--/-- 49 - russia seizes finland from sweden; king gustav iv adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 49 - the french defeat the austrians at wagram; francis ii accepts the treaty of schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 50 - a rebellion against spain breaks out in buenos aires, argentina.
1810/--/-- 50 - american settlers rebel against the spanish in west florida.
1810/--/-- 50 - kamehameha i becomes ruler of hawaii and establishes the kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 50 - mexican priest miguel hidalgo y costilla leads a rebellion against spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 50 - revolutions in latin america lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 50 - separatists movements in latin america
1810/--/-- 50 - the krupp arms factory is established at essen in germany.
1810/--/-- 50 - wellington's anglo-portuguese army holds the french on the outskirts of lisbon.
1811/--/-- 51 - bolivar and miranda lead the venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 51 - first steamboat to sail down mississippi reaches new orleans
1811/--/-- 51 - george iii becomes mentally unstable; the prince of wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 51 - henri christophe declares himself king of northern haiti.
1811/--/-- 51 - italian chemist amedeo avogadro develops the concept known as avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 51 - jane austen "sense and sensibility"
1811/--/-- 51 - jose artigas raises a force to expel the spanish from the banda oriental (uruguay).
1811/--/-- 51 - mexican rebel leader hidalgo y costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 51 - native americans defeated in battle of tippecanoe in indiana territory
1811/--/-- 51 - the luddites riot in england against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 51 - the building of the national road, the first u.s. federal highway, begins in maryland.
1811/--/-- 51 - the first rowing race in the united states is held in new york.
1811/--/-- 51 - the ruling mameluke aristocracy is massacred in cairo by muhammad ali.
1811/--/-- 51 - william henry harrison defeats the shawnee indians at the battle of tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 52 - an earthquake destroys caracas in venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 52 - english caricaturist thomas rowlandson illustrates the tour of dr. syntax.
1812/--/-- 52 - general william hull surrenders detroit to the british.
1812/--/-- 52 - georges cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 52 - grimm's fairy tales are published in germany.
1812/--/-- 52 - john nash begins the oriental conversion of the royal pavilion at brighton.
1812/--/-- 52 - louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the union.
1812/--/-- 52 - napoleon defeated in russia
1812/--/-- 52 - napoleon invades russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 52 - napoleon's army retreats from moscow; only 40,000 men reach france.
1812/--/-- 52 - rebel leader morelos y pavon defeats the mexican royalist forces at oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 52 - spanish forces defeat bolivar and miranda in venezuela; miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 52 - stephen decatur's frigate united states defeats the british frigate macedonian.
1812/--/-- 52 - swiss explorer jakob burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of petra.
1812/--/-- 52 - territorial and shipping disputes lead to the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1812/--/-- 52 - the french defeat the russians at borodino; napoleon occupies moscow.
1812/--/-- 52 - the u.s. navy frigate constitution defeats 2 british frigates.
1812/--/-- 52 - the ancient city of petra (now in present-day jordan) is rediscovered by johann burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 52 - the first coal gas generating station is chartered in london to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 52 - war of 1812 begins
1812/--/-- 52 - wellington defeats the french at the battle of salamanca in spain.
1813/--/-- 53 - 14 luddites are hanged at york in england.
1813/--/-- 53 - english novelist jane austen publishes pride and prejudice.
1813/--/-- 53 - james wilkinson captures a fort at mobile, the last spanish possession in west florida.
1813/--/-- 53 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of leipzig by the sixth coalition.
1813/--/-- 53 - oliver hazard perry's ships destroy the british fleet on lake erie.
1813/--/-- 53 - british indian leader tecumseh is killed in the battle of the thames.
1813/--/-- 53 - rebel forces invade venezuela and capture caracas; bolivar is declared the liberator.
1813/--/-- 53 - robert southey is made poet laureate of england.
1813/--/-- 53 - wellington defeats the french in spain at vitoria and invades southern france.
1813/--/-- 53 - william henry harrison defeats the british at the battle of the thames.
1814/--/-- 54 - actor edmund kean makes his debut as shylock in the merchant of venice.
1814/--/-- 54 - andrew jackson annihilates the creek indians at the battle of horseshoe bend.
1814/--/-- 54 - andrew jackson crushes creek resistance in south
1814/--/-- 54 - british forces burn washington, d.c., but are repulsed at fort mchenry.
1814/--/-- 54 - coalition armies invade france; napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of elba.
1814/--/-- 54 - french artist ingres paints the grand odalisque.
1814/--/-- 54 - george stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 54 - louis xviii assumes the french throne.
1814/--/-- 54 - new england states discuss their secession from the union at the hartford convention.
1814/--/-- 54 - pope pius vii returns to rome; the jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 54 - the treaty of ghent ends the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1814/--/-- 54 - treaty of ghent
1814/--/-- 54 - u.s. forces under thomas macdonough destroy the british fleet on lake champlain.
1815/--/-- 55 - french monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 55 - napoleon escapes from elba and marches on paris during the hundred days.
1815/--/-- 55 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of waterloo; he is exiled to the island of saint helena.
1815/--/-- 55 - the americans defeat the british at new orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 55 - the barbary states sue for peace with the u.s.
1815/--/-- 55 - the spanish army reconquers venezuela; bolivar flees to jamaica.
1815/--/-- 55 - the spanish capture and execute the mexican rebel leader morelos y pavon.
1815/--/-- 55 - the first gurkha regiment is formed by the british army.
1815/--/-- 55 - war of 1812 ends
1816/--/-- 56 - gioacchino rossini's opera the barber of seville is performed in rome.
1816/--/-- 56 - indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the union.
1816/--/-- 56 - maria i of portugal dies; she is succeeded by john vi who remains in exile in brazil.
1816/--/-- 56 - nepal is made a protectorate of british india.
1816/--/-- 56 - shaka begins establishing the zulu empire in south africa.
1816/--/-- 56 - the british museum buys the elgin marbles (smuggled from greece by lord elgin).
1816/--/-- 56 - the united provinces of the rio de la plata (argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 57 - construction begins on erie canal in new york
1817/--/-- 57 - construction of the erie canal begins in new york state.
1817/--/-- 57 - first seminole war
1817/--/-- 57 - french physician rene laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 57 - james monroe (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1817/--/-- 57 - jose de san martin and bernardo o'higgins defeat the spanish in chile.
1817/--/-- 57 - mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the union.
1817/--/-- 57 - monroe is inaugurated as the 5th u.s. president; tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 57 - sir walter scott writes the scottish adventure novel rob roy.
1818/--/-- 58 - arthur schopenhauer publishes the world as will and representation.
1818/--/-- 58 - bernardo o'higgins becomes the supreme director of independent chile.
1818/--/-- 58 - composer franz schubert becomes the music teacher to count esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 58 - english chemist sir humphry davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 58 - illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the union.
1818/--/-- 58 - john keats "endymion"
1818/--/-- 58 - mary wollstonecroft shelley publishes the horror novel frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 58 - sir john ross sails in search of the northwest passage.
1818/--/-- 58 - thomas love peacock publishes his comic novel nightmare abbey.
1818/--/-- 58 - treaty with britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 59 - alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the union.
1819/--/-- 59 - american artist washington allston paints moonlit landscape.
1819/--/-- 59 - bolivar defeats the spanish in colombia at the battle of boyaca.
1819/--/-- 59 - lord byron begins his satirical poem don juan.
1819/--/-- 59 - sir thomas stamford raffles acquires singapore for the east india company.
1819/--/-- 59 - spain surrenders east and west florida to the u.s. in the adams-onis treaty.
1819/--/-- 59 - the prado museum is inaugurated in madrid.
1819/--/-- 59 - the savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the atlantic.
1819/--/-- 59 - treaty with spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 60 - carbonari italian nationalists rebel against the rule of ferdinand i in naples.
1820/--/-- 60 - english poet john keats writes ode to a nightingale.
1820/--/-- 60 - english poet percy bysshe shelley writes prometheus unbound.
1820/--/-- 60 - fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 60 - french navigator dumont d'urville discovers the venus de milo on the island of melos.
1820/--/-- 60 - french poet alphonse de lamartine publishes meditations poetiques.
1820/--/-- 60 - henri christophe commits suicide; haiti is united under jean pierre boyer.
1820/--/-- 60 - juan manuel de rosas becomes the virtual dictator of argentina.
1820/--/-- 60 - maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the union.
1820/--/-- 60 - missouri compromise
1820/--/-- 60 - percy bysshe shelly "prometheus unbound"
1820/--/-- 60 - russian admiral fabian von bellingshausen sights land in the antarctic.
1820/--/-- 60 - stephen h. long explores the rocky mountain region.
1820/--/-- 60 - the missouri compromise admits missouri to the union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 60 - the prince regent becomes king george iv on the death of george iii.
1820/--/-- 60 - the first american missionaries are admitted to hawaii.
1820/--/-- 60 - the first free american slaves to be resettled in africa land in liberia.
1820/--/-- 60 - u.s. navy hero stephen decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 60 - washington irving publishes rip van winkle and the legend of sleepy hollow.
1821/--/-- 61 - american captain john davis is the first to land on the continent of antarctica.
1821/--/-- 61 - bolivar forms gran colombia (ecuador, colombia, venezuela and panama).
1821/--/-- 61 - brazil annexes the banda oriental (uruguay).
1821/--/-- 61 - english landscape artist john constable paints the hay wain.
1821/--/-- 61 - king john vi is reinstated on the portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 61 - mexican independence
1821/--/-- 61 - michael faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 61 - missouri compromise
1821/--/-- 61 - missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the union.
1821/--/-- 61 - napoleon dies on saint helena.
1821/--/-- 61 - revolutionary general san martin enters lima and declares peru independent.
1821/--/-- 61 - revolutionary leader iturbide declares mexican independence from spain.
1821/--/-- 61 - simon bolivar defeats the spanish forces in venezuela and ecuador.
1821/--/-- 61 - the cherokee indian sequoya develops the cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 61 - the greek war of independence begins against turkey.
1821/--/-- 61 - thomas de quincey's confessions of an english opium eater is published.
1821/07/09 62 - george iv crowned king of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by char
1822/--/-- 62 - american surgeon william beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 62 - antonio jose de sucre defeats the spanish in ecuador at the battle of pichincha.
1822/--/-- 62 - british statesman lord castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 62 - denmark vesey leads a slave revolt in charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 62 - dom pedro, son of portuguese king john vi, declares brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 62 - egyptian leader muhammad ali completes the conquest of northern sudan.
1822/--/-- 62 - french scholar jean francois champollion deciphers the rosetta stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 63 - charles babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 63 - charles lamb publishes his essays of elia in the london magazine.
1823/--/-- 63 - charles macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 63 - general santa anna leads a coup against mexican emperor agustin i (iturbide).
1823/--/-- 63 - james fenimore cooper publishes the first volume of the leatherstocking tales.
1823/--/-- 63 - japanese artist hokusai begins a series of thirty-six views of mount fuji.
1823/--/-- 63 - ludwig van beethoven completes his 9th symphony.
1823/--/-- 63 - monroe doctrine
1823/--/-- 63 - rugby football originates at rugby school in england.
1823/--/-- 63 - the monroe doctrine warns europe not to interfere in the americas.
1824/--/-- 64 - de sucre defeats the spanish at the battle of ayacucho, liberating peru.
1824/--/-- 64 - disputes over the border of india lead to war between britain and burma.
1824/--/-- 64 - english poet lord byron travels to greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 64 - jons jakob berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 64 - sadi carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 64 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 64 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 64 - the national gallery is founded in london.
1824/05/14 65 *** koger, rachel (littrell) [granddaughter] - born to koger, thomas and majors, louisa (koger)
1825/--/-- 65 - adams is inaugurated as the 6th u.s. president; calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 65 - american painter thomas cole founds the hudson river school about this time.
1825/--/-- 65 - english literary critic william hazlitt publishes the spirit of the age.
1825/--/-- 65 - john quincy adams (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1825/--/-- 65 - kappa alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at union college, new york.
1825/--/-- 65 - mountain man james bridger discovers the great salt lake.
1825/--/-- 65 - nicholas i is made emperor of russia; the decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 65 - the central american federation declares its independence from mexico.
1825/--/-- 65 - thomas cole establishes hudson river school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 65 - uruguayan leader lavalleja precipitates a war between brazil and argentina.
1825/--/-- 65 - welsh reformer robert owen founds a community at new harmony, indiana.
1826/--/-- 66 - american engineer john stevens builds the first u.s. steam locomotive.
1826/--/-- 66 - andre ampere publishes his theory of electrodynamic phenomenon.
1826/--/-- 66 - british engineer thomas telford builds the menai suspension bridge in wales.
1826/--/-- 66 - felix mendelssohn composes his overture to a midsummer night's dream at age 17.
1826/--/-- 66 - german poet heine begins the publication of reisebilder (travel pictures).
1826/--/-- 66 - ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance.
1826/--/-- 66 - revolutionary leader antonio jose de sucre is elected first president of bolivia.
1827/--/-- 67 - american frontiersman davy crockett is elected to congress.
1827/--/-- 67 - audubon publishes " birds of america"
1827/--/-- 67 - britain, france and russia demand that turkey ends the war with greece.
1827/--/-- 67 - english inventor john walker introduces the first friction matches.
1827/--/-- 67 - french landscape artist camille corot paints the bridge at narni.
1827/--/-- 67 - mountain man jedediah smith pioneers an overland route to california.
1827/--/-- 67 - ornithologist john james audubon begins the publication of his birds of america.
1827/--/-- 67 - the allied navies destroy the turkish and egyptian fleet at navarino in greece.
1828/--/-- 68 - composer frederic chopin begins concert tours at age 18.
1828/--/-- 68 - greeks win war of independence from ottoman empire
1828/--/-- 68 - lavalleja's thirty-three immortals achieve uruguayan independence from brazil.
1828/--/-- 68 - noah webster publishes his american dictionary of the english language.
1828/--/-- 68 - rammohun roy founds the brahmo samaj religious society in india.
1828/--/-- 68 - the duke of wellington becomes prime minister of britain.
1828/--/-- 68 - virtuoso violin player niccolo paganini performs in vienna.
1829/--/-- 69 - andrew jackson (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1829/--/-- 69 - delacroix paints "death of sardanapalus"
1829/--/-- 69 - explorer charles sturt charts the murray river in australia.
1829/--/-- 69 - jackson introduces spoils system
1829/--/-- 69 - jackson is inaugurated as the 7th u.s. president; calhoun continues as vice-president.
1829/--/-- 69 - lord bentinck bans the indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows).
1829/--/-- 69 - louis braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind.
1829/--/-- 69 - serbia becomes an autonomous principality under prince milos.
1829/--/-- 69 - sir robert peel reorganizes the london police; his policemen are nicknamed bobbies.
1829/--/-- 69 - sir robert peel sponsers the catholic emancipation act in britain.
1829/--/-- 69 - the convict-free british colony of western australia is founded.
1829/--/-- 69 - the first u.s. encyclopedia, the encyclopedia americana, is begun.
1830/--/-- 70 - belgium asserts its independence from the netherlands.
1830/--/-- 70 - british geologist charles lyell begins publishing his principles of geology.
1830/--/-- 70 - fructuoso rivera is elected as first president of uruguay.
1830/--/-- 70 - george catlin begins his paintings of north american indians about this time.
1830/--/-- 70 - greece becomes independent from turkey.
1830/--/-- 70 - hector berlioz composes his first major work the symphonie fantastique.
1830/--/-- 70 - indian removal act moves eastern indians west of mississippi
1830/--/-- 70 - joseph smith founds the mormon church at fayette, new york.
1830/--/-- 70 - louis philippe is chosen as the citizen king of france.
1830/--/-- 70 - philipon publishes the satirical weekly la caricature, with contributions by daumier.
1830/--/-- 70 - polish rebellions are suppressed by russia.
1830/--/-- 70 - simon bolivar resigns as dictator of gran colombia, he dies later in the year.
1830/--/-- 70 - the indian removal act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to indian territory.
1830/--/-- 70 - the july revolution in france forces the abdication of charles x.
1830/--/-- 70 - the women's magazine godey's lady's book is published in the u.s.
1830/--/-- 70 - the locomotive best friend of charleston is in use on the first u.s. railroad.
1830/--/-- 70 - william iv succeeds george iv as king of england, scotland, and ireland.
1831/--/-- 71 - british naturalist charles darwin sails to south america aboard h.m.s. beagle.
1831/--/-- 71 - cyrus mccormick invents a mechanical reaper.
1831/--/-- 71 - explorer james clark ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole.
1831/--/-- 71 - italian revolutionary giuseppe mazzini founds the young italy movement.
1831/--/-- 71 - jose antonio paez becomes the first president of venezuela.
1831/--/-- 71 - king louis philippe founds the french foreign legion.
1831/--/-- 71 - leopold i is selected as the first king of belgium.
1831/--/-- 71 - michael faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction.
1831/--/-- 71 - nat turner leads a black slave revolt in virginia; he is captured and hanged.
1831/--/-- 71 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin completes his masterpiece eugene onegin.
1831/--/-- 71 - the crown colony of british guiana (guyana) is formed.
1831/--/-- 71 - victor hugo "hunchback of notre dame"
1831/--/-- 71 - william lloyd garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the liberator.
1832/--/-- 72 - george sand (aurore dudevant) publishes her first novel indiana.
1832/--/-- 72 - japanese artist hiroshige begins work on fifty-three stages of the tokaido.
1832/--/-- 72 - samuel f.b. morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph
1832/--/-- 72 - the black hawk war is the last major indian conflict east of the mississippi river.
1832/--/-- 72 - the democratic party is formally established as a national organization.
1833/--/-- 73 - a bavarian prince becomes king otto of greece.
1833/--/-- 73 - britain occupies the falkland islands.
1833/--/-- 73 - carl von clausewitz's classic study of warfare on war is published.
1833/--/-- 73 - general santa anna becomes president of mexico.
1833/--/-- 73 - isabella ii succeeds ferdinand vii, king of spain; the carlist wars begin.
1833/--/-- 73 - president jackson withdraws federal deposits from the bank of the united states.
1833/--/-- 73 - santa anna elected president of mexico
1833/--/-- 73 - the american anti-slavery society is inaugurated in philadelphia.
1833/--/-- 73 - victor hugo's novel the hunchback of notre dame is published in english.
1834/--/-- 74 - a quadruple alliance is formed to aid isabella ii of spain and maria ii of portugal.
1834/--/-- 74 - american inventor jacob perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine.
1834/--/-- 74 - british politician sir robert peel founds the conservative party.
1834/--/-- 74 - indian territory founded
1834/--/-- 74 - slavery abolished in british empire
1834/--/-- 74 - the carlist wars resume in spain.
1834/--/-- 74 - the hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in london.
1834/--/-- 74 - the whig party is formed to oppose andrew jackson and the democratic party.
1834/07/07 75 *** majors, louisa (koger) [daughter] - died
1835/--/-- 75 - american settlers begin the texas revolution against mexican rule.
1835/--/-- 75 - attempts to move the seminole indians begins the second seminole war.
1835/--/-- 75 - danish writer hans christian andersen publishes tales told for children.
1835/--/-- 75 - french politician alexis de tocqueville publishes democracy in america.
1835/--/-- 75 - james gordon bennett founds the new york herald newspaper.
1835/--/-- 75 - second seminole war in florida
1836/--/-- 76 - american educator william holmes mcguffey begins editing his readers.
1836/--/-- 76 - american inventor samuel colt begins manufacturing the first revolver.
1836/--/-- 76 - american literary figure ralph waldo emerson founds the transcendental club.
1836/--/-- 76 - arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the union.
1836/--/-- 76 - boer (afrikaner) settlers begin the great trek into the south african interior.
1836/--/-- 76 - bolivian president santa cruz invades peru and forms the peru-bolivian confederation.
1836/--/-- 76 - charles barry designs westminster palace in the gothic revival style.
1836/--/-- 76 - charles dickens publishes his first popular work the pickwick papers.
1836/--/-- 76 - john c. calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent congress debating slavery.
1836/--/-- 76 - republic of texas forms
1836/--/-- 76 - russian author nikolai gogol writes his play the inspector general.
1836/--/-- 76 - santa anna's army storms the alamo in texas, killing the defenders.
1836/--/-- 76 - texans under sam houston defeat santa anna at the san jacinto river.
1836/--/-- 76 - texas revolution
1836/--/-- 76 - the arc de triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in paris.
1837/--/-- 77 - britain's refusal to grant more home rule in canada leads to the rebellions of 1837.
1837/--/-- 77 - british scientist charles wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system.
1837/--/-- 77 - charles dickens "oliver twist"
1837/--/-- 77 - louis daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs.
1837/--/-- 77 - martin van buren (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1837/--/-- 77 - michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the union.
1837/--/-- 77 - mikhail lermontov writes the death of a poet, inspired by the death of pushkin.
1837/--/-- 77 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin is killed in a duel.
1837/--/-- 77 - scottish historian thomas carlyle publishes the french revolution.
1837/--/-- 77 - seminole indian leader osceola is captured.
1837/--/-- 77 - van buren is inaugurated as the 8th u.s. president; johnson becomes vice-president.
1837/--/-- 77 - william iv dies; victoria succeeds him as queen of england, scotland, and ireland.
1837/06/-- 78 - victoria succeeds as queen of great britain and ireland.
1838/--/-- 78 - boer (afrikaner) leader andries pretorius defeats the zulus at the battle of blood river.
1838/--/-- 78 - british artist joseph mallord william turner paints the fighting temeraire.
1838/--/-- 78 - charles wilkes heads a u.s. navy expedition to antarctica.
1838/--/-- 78 - cherokee "trail of tears"
1838/--/-- 78 - french philosopher auguste comte inaugurates the science of sociology.
1838/--/-- 78 - iowa territory organized
1838/--/-- 78 - john deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil.
1838/--/-- 78 - samuel f.b. morse develops the morse code for electric telegraph systems.
1838/--/-- 78 - scottish blacksmith kirkpatrick macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle.
1838/01/26 78 *** majors, john samuel - died
1838/06/08 79 - victoria crowned queen of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by will
in 1759 transportation was by:
foot
horse
sailing ship
by 1838 transportation was by:
bicycle
train
steamboat
in addition.
in 1759 communications was by:
word of mouth
post office
in 1759 food preparation was by:
wood
in 1759 entertainment was by:
social intercourse
organized sports
travel
professional sports
movies
radio
television
theme parks
computer
in 1759 health care was by:
operations
anesthetic
x-rays
mri
in 1759 war making was by:
calvary
gun
artillery
by 1838 war making was by:
submarine
in addition.
in 1759 navigation was by:
stars & maps
compass
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