...date... age event
1868/--/-- 0 *** cowan, samuel - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1868/--/-- 0 - a military coup led by general juan prim deposes queen isabella ii of spain.
1868/--/-- 0 - a skeleton of cro-magnon man is discovered in southern france.
1868/--/-- 0 - british labor unions form the trades union congress.
1868/--/-- 0 - christopher sholes patents the first practical typewriter.
1868/--/-- 0 - chulalongkorn succeeds his father mongkut as the king of siam (thailand).
1868/--/-- 0 - feminists susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton publish revolution.
1868/--/-- 0 - johannes brahms' a german requiem is performed for the first time.
1868/--/-- 0 - ndebele king mzilikazi dies in africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son lobengula.
1868/--/-- 0 - the meiji dynasty is restored in japan; the tokugawa shogunate is abolished.
1868/--/-- 0 - the ten years' war begins in cuba against spanish rule.
1868/--/-- 0 - u.s. president andrew johnson is impeached by congress but acquitted by the senate.
1868/--/-- 0 - william gladstone becomes liberal prime minister of britain for the first time.
1869/--/-- 1 - 200 pitched battles between indians and u.s. calvary
1869/--/-- 1 - english author matthew arnold publishes culture and anarchy.
1869/--/-- 1 - french artist eugene louis boudin paints on the beach at deauville.
1869/--/-- 1 - grant is inaugurated as the 18th u.s. president; colfax becomes vice-president.
1869/--/-- 1 - james gordon bennett jr. commissions stanley to search for livingston in africa.
1869/--/-- 1 - john roebling designs the brooklyn bridge but dies after a construction accident.
1869/--/-- 1 - louis riel leads the red river rebellion in canada.
1869/--/-- 1 - ludwig ii (mad ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in bavaria.
1869/--/-- 1 - philadelphia garment workers organize the knights of labor, an early labor union.
1869/--/-- 1 - pope pius ix calls the first vatican council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility.
1869/--/-- 1 - russian composer modest mussorgsky begins work on his opera boris gudunov.
1869/--/-- 1 - suez canal opens
1869/--/-- 1 - the cincinnati red stockings become the first professional baseball team.
1869/--/-- 1 - the suez canal is opened in egypt.
1869/--/-- 1 - the first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum.
1869/--/-- 1 - the transcontinental railroad is completed at promontory point, utah.
1869/--/-- 1 - ulysses s. grant (republican) becomes president of the united states
1869/--/-- 1 - union pacific meets central pacific
1870/--/-- 2 - american industrialist john d. rockefeller founds the standard oil company.
1870/--/-- 2 - french war minister leon gambetta escapes from besieged paris in a balloon.
1870/--/-- 2 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of troy.
1870/--/-- 2 - paraguayan dictator solano lopez dies, ending the war of the triple alliance.
1870/--/-- 2 - rome becomes the capital of the kingdom of italy.
1870/--/-- 2 - the franco-prussian war begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by bismark.
1870/--/-- 2 - the prussians defeat the french at sedan; napoleon iii is taken prisoner.
1870/--/-- 2 - the third republic is formed in france; a government of national defense is established.
1870/--/-- 2 - the city of miami is founded in florida.
1871/--/-- 3 *** cowan, allen [brother] - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1871/--/-- 3 - american explorer henry morton stanley finds dr. livingston in central africa.
1871/--/-- 3 - charles taze russell founds the jehovah's witnesses about this time.
1871/--/-- 3 - fire destroys one-third of the city of chicago.
1871/--/-- 3 - p.t barnum launches a traveling circus, museum and menagerie.
1871/--/-- 3 - the franco-prussian war ends; alsace and lorraine are ceded to germany.
1871/--/-- 3 - the french surrender to prussia incites the commune of paris uprising.
1871/--/-- 3 - the german empire is formally proclaimed at the palace of versailles.
1871/--/-- 3 - the paris commune is suppressed by government troops after a 2-month siege.
1871/--/-- 3 - trade unions legalized in britain
1872/--/-- 4 - american artist james mcneill whistler paints the portrait of the artist's mother.
1872/--/-- 4 - english author george eliot (mary anne evans) publishes middlemarch.
1872/--/-- 4 - indian leader kintpuash leaves the modoc reservation; the modoc wars begin.
1872/--/-- 4 - monet paints impression: sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title.
1872/--/-- 4 - photographer eadweard muybridge begins his series of motion studies.
1872/--/-- 4 - the challenger expedition begins the first systematic oceanographic survey.
1872/--/-- 4 - the cities of buda and pest unite to form budapest (the capital of hungary from 1918).
1872/--/-- 4 - the death of kamehameha v ends the kamehameha dynasty of hawaiian kings.
1872/--/-- 4 - the first woman impressionist artist berthe morisot paints the cradle.
1873/--/-- 5 - englishman maj. walter clopton wingfield invents lawn tennis.
1873/--/-- 5 - french novelist jules verne publishes around the world in eighty days.
1873/--/-- 5 - the pacific scandal in canada causes the collapse of the conservative government.
1873/--/-- 5 - the panic of 1873 leads to 5 years of economic depression in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 6 - benjamin disraeli becomes the conservative prime minister of britain.
1874/--/-- 6 - english author thomas hardy publishes far from the madding crowd.
1874/--/-- 6 - first impressionist exhibit in paris
1874/--/-- 6 - french impressionist artist pierre auguste renoir paints la loge (the box).
1874/--/-- 6 - the comanche, kiowa and other indian tribes attack adobe walls in texas.
1874/--/-- 6 - the greenback party advocates currency reform in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 6 - the first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in paris.
1875/--/-- 7 - american author mark twain publishes tom sawyer.
1875/--/-- 7 - britain buys suez canal shares from the bankrupt egyptian leader ismail pasha.
1875/--/-- 7 - charles stewart parnell begins movement for irish independence
1875/--/-- 7 - georges bizet's opera carmen is performed in paris.
1875/--/-- 7 - mary baker eddy, founder of christian science, publishes science and health.
1875/--/-- 7 - the bourbon monarchy is restored in spain under alfonso xii.
1876/--/-- 8 - abd al-hamid ii assumes his rule as the last ottoman sultan.
1876/--/-- 8 - alexander graham bell patents his invention of the telephone.
1876/--/-- 8 - alexander graham bell patents the telephone
1876/--/-- 8 - british philosopher herbert spencer begins publishing the principles of sociology.
1876/--/-- 8 - colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the union.
1876/--/-- 8 - general porfirio diaz seizes power as the dictator of mexico.
1876/--/-- 8 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of mycenae.
1876/--/-- 8 - impressionist artist alfred sisley paints flood at the port of marly.
1876/--/-- 8 - japan forces korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of china.
1876/--/-- 8 - johann strauss jr. composes his waltz the beautiful blue danube.
1876/--/-- 8 - national league founded (baseball)
1876/--/-- 8 - queen victoria assumes the title of empress of india.
1876/--/-- 8 - sioux indians defeat general custer at the battle of little bighorn.
1876/--/-- 8 - sioux and cheyenne defeat custer at little big horn, montanna
1876/--/-- 8 - the bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of wagner's ring cycle.
1876/--/-- 8 - the u.s. centennial exposition of 1876 is held in fairmount park, philadelphia.
1877/--/-- 9 - britain annexes transvaal in south africa.
1877/--/-- 9 - chief joseph leads the nez perce tribe against the u.s. army.
1877/--/-- 9 - hayes is inaugurated as the 19th u.s. president; wheeler becomes vice-president
1877/--/-- 9 - italian astronomer giovanni schiaparelli observes canali (channels) on mars.
1877/--/-- 9 - nez perce leave idaho for canada
1877/--/-- 9 - rutherford b. hayes (republican) becomes president of the united states
1877/--/-- 9 - tchaikovsky's swan lake is performed by the bolshoi ballet in moscow.
1877/--/-- 9 - the all-england lawn tennis championship is played at wimbledon for the first time.
1877/--/-- 9 - the japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by saigo takamori.
1877/--/-- 9 - thomas edison invents the phonograph.
1877/--/-- 9 - turkish suppression of balkan nationalists leads to a new russo-turkish war.
1878/--/-- 10 - ismail pasha presents cleopatra's needles to britain (1878) and the u.s. (1880).
1878/--/-- 10 - northern cheyenne escape indian territory
1878/--/-- 10 - serbia, montenegro and romania are granted independence from turkey.
1878/--/-- 10 - the congress of berlin reverses russian gains from the san stefano treaty.
1878/--/-- 10 - the d'oyly carte opera company performs gilbert and sullivan's h.m.s. pinafore.
1878/--/-- 10 - the russo-turkish war ends; the treaty of san stefano is imposed on turkey.
1878/--/-- 10 - the second anglo-afghan war begins.
1878/--/-- 10 - turkey's provinces of bosnia and hercegovina are placed under austrian administration.
1879/--/-- 11 - belgian king leopold ii sponsors henry morton stanley's expedition to the congo.
1879/--/-- 11 - cetewayo's zulus defeat the british at isandhlwana, but are beaten at ulundi.
1879/--/-- 11 - charles stewart parnell leads the home rule for ireland party.
1879/--/-- 11 - general roca defeats the patagonian indians, opening the pampas for settlement.
1879/--/-- 11 - impressionist artist edgar degas paints ballerina posing for a photograph.
1879/--/-- 11 - norwegian playwright henrik ibsen writes a doll's house.
1879/--/-- 11 - tawfiq pasha succeeds his father ismail pasha as khedive (viceroy) of egypt.
1879/--/-- 11 - territorial disputes lead to the war of the pacific between chile and peru.
1879/--/-- 11 - thomas edison develops the first workable incandescent lamp (light bulb).
1879/--/-- 11 - thomas edison invents incandescent light
1880/--/-- 12 - american impressionist artist mary cassatt exhibits a woman in black at the opera.
1880/--/-- 12 - australian bushranger ned kelly is hanged for murder.
1880/--/-- 12 - boer (afrikaner) uprisings begin against the british in transvaal, south africa.
1880/--/-- 12 - france annexes the pacific island of tahiti.
1880/--/-- 12 - french novelist emile zola writes nana, a portrait of a prostitute.
1880/--/-- 12 - german composer jacques offenbach writes the opera tales of hoffmann.
1880/--/-- 12 - gladstone succeeds disraeli as british prime minister.
1880/--/-- 12 - russian composer peter ilich tchaikovsky writes the 1812 overture.
1881/--/-- 13 - alexander ii is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in russia.
1881/--/-- 13 - chester a. arthur (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 13 - chester a. arthur is inaugurated as the 21st u.s. president.
1881/--/-- 13 - ferdinand de lesseps begins an abortive attempt to build the panama canal.
1881/--/-- 13 - garfield is inaugurated as the 20th u.s. president; arthur becomes vice-president.
1881/--/-- 13 - james a. garfield (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 13 - japanese statesman itagaki taisuke founds the jiyuto (liberal party).
1881/--/-- 13 - lillie langtry, mistress of the prince of wales, makes her acting debut.
1881/--/-- 13 - president garfield is assassinated by charles j. guiteau.
1881/--/-- 13 - the sudanese under mahdi muhammad ahmad overthrow egyptian rule.
1881/--/-- 13 - the first u.s. tennis championship is held in newport, r.i.
1882/--/-- 14 - a triple alliance is established between austria, italy and germany.
1882/--/-- 14 - edison's new york plant begins supplying 59 customers with electricity.
1882/--/-- 14 - impressionist artist edouard manet completes the bar at the folies-bergere.
1882/--/-- 14 - japanese statesman okuma shigenobu founds the kaishinto, or progressive, party.
1882/--/-- 14 - the british take control of egypt, suppressing uprisings against tawfiq pasha.
1882/--/-- 14 - the u.s. begins to restrict immigration with the chinese exclusion acts.
1883/--/-- 15 - buffalo bill cody organizes his wild west show.
1883/--/-- 15 - civil service established
1883/--/-- 15 - cyrus h. k. curtis publishes the lady's home journal magazine.
1883/--/-- 15 - german philosopher frederich wilhelm nietzsche begins thus spake zarathustra.
1883/--/-- 15 - maxim invents machine gun
1883/--/-- 15 - paul kruger becomes president of the boer republic of the transvaal in south africa.
1883/--/-- 15 - russian scientist tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space.
1883/--/-- 15 - the brooklyn bridge is completed in new york.
1883/--/-- 15 - the fabian society is founded in london to spread socialist ideas.
1883/--/-- 15 - the island volcano of krakatoa explodes in indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths.
1883/--/-- 15 - the first skyscraper (10 stories) is built in chicago by william lebaron jenney.
1883/03/21 15 *** huff, zilpha (ferguson) [grandmother] - died irwin cem. clinton county ky
1884/--/-- 16 - 15 european nations partition africa for "spheres of influence"
1884/--/-- 16 - american author mark twain publishes the adventures of huckleberry finn.
1884/--/-- 16 - belva lockwood becomes the first woman nominated as a u.s. presidential candidate.
1884/--/-- 16 - german east africa is formed from rwanda, mozambique,tanzania and burundi.
1884/--/-- 16 - germany occupies south west africa (namibia).
1884/--/-- 16 - lewis e. waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir.
1885/--/-- 17 - boston symphony orchestra organizes its promenade concerts (the boston pops).
1885/--/-- 17 - cleveland is inaugurated as the 22nd u.s. president; hendricks becomes vice-president.
1885/--/-- 17 - french chemist louis pasteur develops a vaccine for rabies.
1885/--/-- 17 - general gordon is killed by mahdist forces at the siege of khartoum in sudan.
1885/--/-- 17 - gottlieb daimler develops the first motorcycle.
1885/--/-- 17 - grover cleveland (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1885/--/-- 17 - j. k. stanley introduces his safety cycle, the basic model for the modern bicycle.
1885/--/-- 17 - louis pasteur administers successful rabies vaccination
1885/--/-- 17 - the congo free state (zaire) becomes the possession of king leopold ii of belgium.
1885/--/-- 17 - the indian national congress movement is founded in bombay.
1886/--/-- 18 - apache indian chief geronimo surrenders to general nelson miles.
1886/--/-- 18 - britain makes burma a province of india after winning the anglo-burma war.
1886/--/-- 18 - british prime minister gladstone introduces an unsuccessful home rule bill for ireland.
1886/--/-- 18 - french sculptor auguste rodin completes the kiss.
1886/--/-- 18 - gold is discovered in transvaal, south africa.
1886/--/-- 18 - haymarket square labor riot in chicago kills eleven people
1886/--/-- 18 - jose balmaceda becomes president of chile.
1886/--/-- 18 - samuel gompers organizes the american federation of labor.
1886/--/-- 18 - the anglo-german agreement recognizes german control over tanganyika (tanzania).
1886/--/-- 18 - the statue of liberty is unveiled in new york harbor.
1887/--/-- 19 - arthur conan doyle publishes the first sherlock holmes story.
1887/--/-- 19 - france creates the union of indochina (most of modern day vietnam and kampuchea).
1887/--/-- 19 - the michelson-morley experiment confirms the absence of ether.
1888/--/-- 20 - a patent is issued to american inventor john h. loud for the first ball-point pen.
1888/--/-- 20 - american inventor george eastman introduces the kodak box camera.
1888/--/-- 20 - britain unites its caribbean colonies of trinidad and tobago.
1888/--/-- 20 - dutch artist vincent van gogh paints still life with sunflowers.
1888/--/-- 20 - eastman's kodak camera begins amateur photography
1888/--/-- 20 - jack the ripper murders seven women in london.
1888/--/-- 20 - russian composer nikolai rimsky-korsakov writes scheherazade.
1888/--/-- 20 - the national geographic magazine is published for the first time.
1888/--/-- 20 - william ii succeeds frederick iii as emperor of germany.
1889/--/-- 21 - benjamin harrison (republican) becomes president of the united states
1889/--/-- 21 - benjamin harrison is inaugurated as the 23rd u.s. president.
1889/--/-- 21 - crown prince rudolf of austria commits suicide at mayerling.
1889/--/-- 21 - german revolutionary rosa luxemburg is exiled in switzerland.
1889/--/-- 21 - gustave eiffel designs the eiffel tower for the paris exposition.
1889/--/-- 21 - japan's first prime minister ito hirobumi introduces the meiji constitution.
1889/--/-- 21 - montana is inaugurated as the 41st state.
1889/--/-- 21 - montana is inaugurated as the 41st state; washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state.
1889/--/-- 21 - north dakota and south dakota are inaugurated as the 39th and 40th states.
1889/--/-- 21 - north dakota is inaugurated as the 39th state of the union.
1889/--/-- 21 - pedro ii emperor of brazil is overthrown in a coup; brazil is declared a republic.
1889/--/-- 21 - south dakota is inaugurated as the 40th state of the union.
1889/--/-- 21 - washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state.
1890/--/-- 22 - afl founded by s gompers
1890/--/-- 22 - american naval officer alfred mahan publishes the influence of sea power upon history.
1890/--/-- 22 - american psychologist william james publishes the principles of psychology.
1890/--/-- 22 - cecil rhodes becomes prime minister of the cape colony in south africa.
1890/--/-- 22 - claude debussy begins composing suite bergamasque, including clair de lune.
1890/--/-- 22 - dutch artist vincent van gogh commits suicide.
1890/--/-- 22 - german chancellor otto von bismarck is dismissed by emperor william ii.
1890/--/-- 22 - idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state.
1890/--/-- 22 - idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state; wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state.
1890/--/-- 22 - indian poet rabindranath tagore publishes manasi (the mind's embodiment).
1890/--/-- 22 - photographer jacob riis documents new york's poor in how the other half lives.
1890/--/-- 22 - sherman antitrust act
1890/--/-- 22 - sioux indians are massacred at the battle of wounded knee.
1890/--/-- 22 - the british south africa company occupies zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the ndebele.
1890/--/-- 22 - the forth railway bridge is opened, replacing the brooklyn bridge as the longest span.
1890/--/-- 22 - wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state.
1890/--/-- 22 - zanzibar becomes a british protectorate.
1891/--/-- 23 - anglo-irish author oscar wilde publishes his only novel the picture of dorian gray.
1891/--/-- 23 - english novelist thomas hardy writes tess of the d'urbervilles.
1891/--/-- 23 - eugene dubois discovers the first homo erectus remains on java in indonesia.
1891/--/-- 23 - french postimpressionist artist paul gauguin travels to tahiti.
1891/--/-- 23 - james naismith devises the game of basketball in springfield, mass.
1891/--/-- 23 - the american express company introduces the first traveler's checks.
1892/--/-- 24 - french artist henri de toulouse-lautrec paints at the moulin rouge.
1892/--/-- 24 - impressionist artist paul cezanne completes the card players.
1892/--/-- 24 - james j. corbett wins the heavyweight boxing championship from john l. sullivan.
1892/--/-- 24 - strike at carnegie steel results in ten deaths
1892/--/-- 24 - the san francisco examiner begins printing the first newspaper comic strip.
1892/--/-- 24 - writer and political revolutionary jose marti founds the cuban revolutionary party.
1893/--/-- 25 - american artist louis comfort tiffany begins producing art nouveau glassware.
1893/--/-- 25 - cleveland is inaugurated as the 24th u.s. president; hendricks becomes vice-president.
1893/--/-- 25 - france adds laos to "protectorate" of indochina
1893/--/-- 25 - france adds laos to the union of indochina.
1893/--/-- 25 - gladstone's second irish home rule bill is vetoed by the house of lords in britain.
1893/--/-- 25 - grover cleveland (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1893/--/-- 25 - queen liliuokalani is ousted in hawaii; sanford b. dole, is elected president (1894).
1893/--/-- 25 - the ivory coast becomes a french colony.
1893/--/-- 25 - victor horta's tassel house in brussels initiates the art nouveau architectural style.
1894/--/-- 26 *** cowan, samuel - died
1894/--/-- 26 - britain establishes a protectorate over buganda and conquers the rest of uganda.
1894/--/-- 26 - czech decorative artist alfons mucha designs a poster of sarah bernhardt.
1894/--/-- 26 - dreyfus case splits france
1894/--/-- 26 - english artist aubrey beardsley illustrates oscar wilde's salome.
1894/--/-- 26 - english author rudyard kipling publishes the jungle book.
1894/--/-- 26 - percival lowell builds an observatory to study the martian canals.
1894/--/-- 26 - rebellion in korea begins the first sino-japanese war.
1894/--/-- 26 - the arrest of army captain albert dreyfus creates a political crisis in france.
1894/--/-- 26 - thousands of armenians are massacred in turkey.
in 1868 transportation was by:
foot
horse
bicycle
train
steamboat
in 1868 communications was by:
word of mouth
post office
telegraph
in 1868 food preparation was by:
wood
in 1868 entertainment was by:
social intercourse
organized sports
travel
professional sports
movies
radio
television
theme parks
computer
in 1868 health care was by:
operations
anesthetic
x-rays
mri
in 1868 war making was by:
calvary
gun
artillery
machine guns
submarine
iron clad ships
mines
in 1868 navigation was by:
stars & maps
compass
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