...date... age event
1802/--/-- -1 - alexander von humboldt climbs mt. chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- -1 - american artist benjamin west paints death on a pale horse.
1802/--/-- -1 - britain returns the island of minorca to spain.
1802/--/-- -1 - napoleon is created first consul for life.
1802/--/-- -1 - the french capture haitian leader toussaint, but are defeated by christophe.
1802/--/-- -1 - the treaty of amiens brings a temporary halt to the french revolutionary wars.
1802/04/15 0 *** huff, zilpha (ferguson) - born
1803/--/-- 0 - britain declares war on france, beginning the napoleonic wars.
1803/--/-- 0 - britain establishes a new penal colony on van diemen's land (tasmania).
1803/--/-- 0 - dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 0 - english scientist john dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 0 - france sells louisiana to the u.s.
1803/--/-- 0 - matthew flinders completes the first circumnavigation of australia.
1803/--/-- 0 - ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the union.
1803/--/-- 0 - robert emmet leads an irish rebellion in dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 1 - american politician aaron burr kills alexander hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 1 - dessalines declares haitian independence and names himself emperor jacques i.
1804/--/-- 1 - english engineer richard trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 1 - francis ii assumes the title of emperor of austria.
1804/--/-- 1 - fulani leader usman dan fodio leads a holy war against the hausa in nigeria.
1804/--/-- 1 - jefferson is reelected as u.s. president; clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 1 - lewis and clark expedition encounters native americans
1804/--/-- 1 - lewis and clarke expedition
1804/--/-- 1 - meriwether lewis and william clark begin exploring the american north-west.
1804/--/-- 1 - napoleon becomes emperor
1804/--/-- 1 - napoleon crowns himself emperor of france.
1804/--/-- 1 - serbian nationalists revolt against the turks.
1804/--/-- 1 - stephen decatur leads a u.s. navy skirmish into tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 2 - american explorers lewis and clark reach the pacific ocean.
1805/--/-- 2 - austria sues for peace with france at the treaty of pressburg.
1805/--/-- 2 - britain, austria, russia and sweden form a third coalition against france.
1805/--/-- 2 - muhammad ali is appointed pasha (governor) of egypt by the ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 2 - nelson defeats the franco-spanish fleet at trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 2 - the french defeat austro-russian forces at the battle of austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 2 - the shawnee prophet, brother of tecumseh, begins planning an indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 3 - emperor jacques i is assassinated; haiti is divided between christophe and petion.
1806/--/-- 3 - napoleon begins the continental system, closing european ports to british vessels.
1806/--/-- 3 - napoleon forces the abdication of francis ii; the holy roman empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 3 - noah webster publishes "compendious" dictionary of the english language"
1806/--/-- 3 - prussia joins the coalition against france, but is defeated at jena-auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 3 - revolutionary leader francisco de miranda makes an abortive invasion of venezuela.
1806/--/-- 3 - the british employ congreve rockets against a french invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 3 - u.s. explorer zebulon pike is sent west to descend the red river.
1806/--/-- 3 - william murdock installs gas lighting in a manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 4 - aaron burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 4 - beethoven completes his fifth symphony and begins the sixth (pastoral).
1807/--/-- 4 - british chemist humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 4 - congress passes the embargo act in response to interference with u.s. shipping.
1807/--/-- 4 - german philosopher hegel publishes the phenomenology of the spirit.
1807/--/-- 4 - napoleon defeats the russian armies; russia and prussia sue for peace at tilsit.
1807/--/-- 4 - portugal refuses to observe the blockade against england; france invades portugal.
1807/--/-- 4 - robert fulton's steamship the clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 4 - sir humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 4 - the janissaries depose sultan selim iii and place mustafa iv on the ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 4 - the u.s. frigate chesapeake is involved in an incident with a british man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 4 - the slave trade is outlawed throughout the british empire.
1808/--/-- 5 - beethoven composes "fifth symphony"
1808/--/-- 5 - congress prohibits importing of african slaves
1808/--/-- 5 - francisco de goya paints the third of may, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 5 - french chemist joseph louis gay-lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 5 - german artist caspar david friedrich exhibits the cross in the mountains.
1808/--/-- 5 - japanese artist buncho paints true view of mount hiko.
1808/--/-- 5 - john jacob astor founds the american fur company.
1808/--/-- 5 - napoleon appoints his brother joseph as king of spain.
1808/--/-- 5 - napoleon occupys spain
1808/--/-- 5 - the british under wellington aid portugal against france in the peninsular war.
1809/--/-- 6 - frenchman nicolas appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 6 - german artists overbeck and pforr found the nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 6 - james madison (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1809/--/-- 6 - john stevens' steamboat the phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 6 - lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in zoological philosophy.
1809/--/-- 6 - metternich draws austria into the war of the fifth coalition against france.
1809/--/-- 6 - napoleon annexes the papal states and takes pope pius vii prisoner.
1809/--/-- 6 - russia seizes finland from sweden; king gustav iv adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 6 - the french defeat the austrians at wagram; francis ii accepts the treaty of schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 7 - a rebellion against spain breaks out in buenos aires, argentina.
1810/--/-- 7 - american settlers rebel against the spanish in west florida.
1810/--/-- 7 - kamehameha i becomes ruler of hawaii and establishes the kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 7 - mexican priest miguel hidalgo y costilla leads a rebellion against spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 7 - revolutions in latin america lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 7 - separatists movements in latin america
1810/--/-- 7 - the krupp arms factory is established at essen in germany.
1810/--/-- 7 - wellington's anglo-portuguese army holds the french on the outskirts of lisbon.
1811/--/-- 8 - bolivar and miranda lead the venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 8 - first steamboat to sail down mississippi reaches new orleans
1811/--/-- 8 - george iii becomes mentally unstable; the prince of wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 8 - henri christophe declares himself king of northern haiti.
1811/--/-- 8 - italian chemist amedeo avogadro develops the concept known as avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 8 - jane austen "sense and sensibility"
1811/--/-- 8 - jose artigas raises a force to expel the spanish from the banda oriental (uruguay).
1811/--/-- 8 - mexican rebel leader hidalgo y costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 8 - native americans defeated in battle of tippecanoe in indiana territory
1811/--/-- 8 - the luddites riot in england against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 8 - the building of the national road, the first u.s. federal highway, begins in maryland.
1811/--/-- 8 - the first rowing race in the united states is held in new york.
1811/--/-- 8 - the ruling mameluke aristocracy is massacred in cairo by muhammad ali.
1811/--/-- 8 - william henry harrison defeats the shawnee indians at the battle of tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 9 - an earthquake destroys caracas in venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 9 - english caricaturist thomas rowlandson illustrates the tour of dr. syntax.
1812/--/-- 9 - general william hull surrenders detroit to the british.
1812/--/-- 9 - georges cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 9 - grimm's fairy tales are published in germany.
1812/--/-- 9 - john nash begins the oriental conversion of the royal pavilion at brighton.
1812/--/-- 9 - louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the union.
1812/--/-- 9 - napoleon defeated in russia
1812/--/-- 9 - napoleon invades russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 9 - napoleon's army retreats from moscow; only 40,000 men reach france.
1812/--/-- 9 - rebel leader morelos y pavon defeats the mexican royalist forces at oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 9 - spanish forces defeat bolivar and miranda in venezuela; miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 9 - stephen decatur's frigate united states defeats the british frigate macedonian.
1812/--/-- 9 - swiss explorer jakob burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of petra.
1812/--/-- 9 - territorial and shipping disputes lead to the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1812/--/-- 9 - the french defeat the russians at borodino; napoleon occupies moscow.
1812/--/-- 9 - the u.s. navy frigate constitution defeats 2 british frigates.
1812/--/-- 9 - the ancient city of petra (now in present-day jordan) is rediscovered by johann burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 9 - the first coal gas generating station is chartered in london to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 9 - war of 1812 begins
1812/--/-- 9 - wellington defeats the french at the battle of salamanca in spain.
1813/--/-- 10 - 14 luddites are hanged at york in england.
1813/--/-- 10 - english novelist jane austen publishes pride and prejudice.
1813/--/-- 10 - james wilkinson captures a fort at mobile, the last spanish possession in west florida.
1813/--/-- 10 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of leipzig by the sixth coalition.
1813/--/-- 10 - oliver hazard perry's ships destroy the british fleet on lake erie.
1813/--/-- 10 - british indian leader tecumseh is killed in the battle of the thames.
1813/--/-- 10 - rebel forces invade venezuela and capture caracas; bolivar is declared the liberator.
1813/--/-- 10 - robert southey is made poet laureate of england.
1813/--/-- 10 - wellington defeats the french in spain at vitoria and invades southern france.
1813/--/-- 10 - william henry harrison defeats the british at the battle of the thames.
1814/--/-- 11 - actor edmund kean makes his debut as shylock in the merchant of venice.
1814/--/-- 11 - andrew jackson annihilates the creek indians at the battle of horseshoe bend.
1814/--/-- 11 - andrew jackson crushes creek resistance in south
1814/--/-- 11 - british forces burn washington, d.c., but are repulsed at fort mchenry.
1814/--/-- 11 - coalition armies invade france; napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of elba.
1814/--/-- 11 - french artist ingres paints the grand odalisque.
1814/--/-- 11 - george stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 11 - louis xviii assumes the french throne.
1814/--/-- 11 - new england states discuss their secession from the union at the hartford convention.
1814/--/-- 11 - pope pius vii returns to rome; the jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 11 - the treaty of ghent ends the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1814/--/-- 11 - treaty of ghent
1814/--/-- 11 - u.s. forces under thomas macdonough destroy the british fleet on lake champlain.
1815/--/-- 12 - french monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 12 - napoleon escapes from elba and marches on paris during the hundred days.
1815/--/-- 12 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of waterloo; he is exiled to the island of saint helena.
1815/--/-- 12 - the americans defeat the british at new orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 12 - the barbary states sue for peace with the u.s.
1815/--/-- 12 - the spanish army reconquers venezuela; bolivar flees to jamaica.
1815/--/-- 12 - the spanish capture and execute the mexican rebel leader morelos y pavon.
1815/--/-- 12 - the first gurkha regiment is formed by the british army.
1815/--/-- 12 - war of 1812 ends
1816/--/-- 13 - gioacchino rossini's opera the barber of seville is performed in rome.
1816/--/-- 13 - indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the union.
1816/--/-- 13 - maria i of portugal dies; she is succeeded by john vi who remains in exile in brazil.
1816/--/-- 13 - nepal is made a protectorate of british india.
1816/--/-- 13 - shaka begins establishing the zulu empire in south africa.
1816/--/-- 13 - the british museum buys the elgin marbles (smuggled from greece by lord elgin).
1816/--/-- 13 - the united provinces of the rio de la plata (argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 14 - construction begins on erie canal in new york
1817/--/-- 14 - construction of the erie canal begins in new york state.
1817/--/-- 14 - first seminole war
1817/--/-- 14 - french physician rene laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 14 - james monroe (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1817/--/-- 14 - jose de san martin and bernardo o'higgins defeat the spanish in chile.
1817/--/-- 14 - mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the union.
1817/--/-- 14 - monroe is inaugurated as the 5th u.s. president; tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 14 - sir walter scott writes the scottish adventure novel rob roy.
1818/--/-- 15 - arthur schopenhauer publishes the world as will and representation.
1818/--/-- 15 - bernardo o'higgins becomes the supreme director of independent chile.
1818/--/-- 15 - composer franz schubert becomes the music teacher to count esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 15 - english chemist sir humphry davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 15 - illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the union.
1818/--/-- 15 - john keats "endymion"
1818/--/-- 15 - mary wollstonecroft shelley publishes the horror novel frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 15 - sir john ross sails in search of the northwest passage.
1818/--/-- 15 - thomas love peacock publishes his comic novel nightmare abbey.
1818/--/-- 15 - treaty with britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 16 - alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the union.
1819/--/-- 16 - american artist washington allston paints moonlit landscape.
1819/--/-- 16 - bolivar defeats the spanish in colombia at the battle of boyaca.
1819/--/-- 16 - lord byron begins his satirical poem don juan.
1819/--/-- 16 - sir thomas stamford raffles acquires singapore for the east india company.
1819/--/-- 16 - spain surrenders east and west florida to the u.s. in the adams-onis treaty.
1819/--/-- 16 - the prado museum is inaugurated in madrid.
1819/--/-- 16 - the savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the atlantic.
1819/--/-- 16 - treaty with spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 17 - carbonari italian nationalists rebel against the rule of ferdinand i in naples.
1820/--/-- 17 - english poet john keats writes ode to a nightingale.
1820/--/-- 17 - english poet percy bysshe shelley writes prometheus unbound.
1820/--/-- 17 - fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 17 - french navigator dumont d'urville discovers the venus de milo on the island of melos.
1820/--/-- 17 - french poet alphonse de lamartine publishes meditations poetiques.
1820/--/-- 17 - henri christophe commits suicide; haiti is united under jean pierre boyer.
1820/--/-- 17 - juan manuel de rosas becomes the virtual dictator of argentina.
1820/--/-- 17 - maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the union.
1820/--/-- 17 - missouri compromise
1820/--/-- 17 - percy bysshe shelly "prometheus unbound"
1820/--/-- 17 - russian admiral fabian von bellingshausen sights land in the antarctic.
1820/--/-- 17 - stephen h. long explores the rocky mountain region.
1820/--/-- 17 - the missouri compromise admits missouri to the union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 17 - the prince regent becomes king george iv on the death of george iii.
1820/--/-- 17 - the first american missionaries are admitted to hawaii.
1820/--/-- 17 - the first free american slaves to be resettled in africa land in liberia.
1820/--/-- 17 - u.s. navy hero stephen decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 17 - washington irving publishes rip van winkle and the legend of sleepy hollow.
1821/--/-- 18 - american captain john davis is the first to land on the continent of antarctica.
1821/--/-- 18 - bolivar forms gran colombia (ecuador, colombia, venezuela and panama).
1821/--/-- 18 - brazil annexes the banda oriental (uruguay).
1821/--/-- 18 - english landscape artist john constable paints the hay wain.
1821/--/-- 18 - king john vi is reinstated on the portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 18 - mexican independence
1821/--/-- 18 - michael faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 18 - missouri compromise
1821/--/-- 18 - missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the union.
1821/--/-- 18 - napoleon dies on saint helena.
1821/--/-- 18 - revolutionary general san martin enters lima and declares peru independent.
1821/--/-- 18 - revolutionary leader iturbide declares mexican independence from spain.
1821/--/-- 18 - simon bolivar defeats the spanish forces in venezuela and ecuador.
1821/--/-- 18 - the cherokee indian sequoya develops the cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 18 - the greek war of independence begins against turkey.
1821/--/-- 18 - thomas de quincey's confessions of an english opium eater is published.
1821/07/09 19 - george iv crowned king of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by char
1821/11/29 19 *** ferguson, champion [son] - born to ferguson, william r. and huff, zilpha (ferguson)
1822/--/-- 19 - american surgeon william beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 19 - antonio jose de sucre defeats the spanish in ecuador at the battle of pichincha.
1822/--/-- 19 - british statesman lord castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 19 - denmark vesey leads a slave revolt in charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 19 - dom pedro, son of portuguese king john vi, declares brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 19 - egyptian leader muhammad ali completes the conquest of northern sudan.
1822/--/-- 19 - french scholar jean francois champollion deciphers the rosetta stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 20 - charles babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 20 - charles lamb publishes his essays of elia in the london magazine.
1823/--/-- 20 - charles macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 20 - general santa anna leads a coup against mexican emperor agustin i (iturbide).
1823/--/-- 20 - james fenimore cooper publishes the first volume of the leatherstocking tales.
1823/--/-- 20 - japanese artist hokusai begins a series of thirty-six views of mount fuji.
1823/--/-- 20 - ludwig van beethoven completes his 9th symphony.
1823/--/-- 20 - monroe doctrine
1823/--/-- 20 - rugby football originates at rugby school in england.
1823/--/-- 20 - the monroe doctrine warns europe not to interfere in the americas.
1824/--/-- 21 - de sucre defeats the spanish at the battle of ayacucho, liberating peru.
1824/--/-- 21 - disputes over the border of india lead to war between britain and burma.
1824/--/-- 21 - english poet lord byron travels to greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 21 - jons jakob berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 21 - sadi carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 21 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 21 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 21 - the national gallery is founded in london.
1825/--/-- 22 - adams is inaugurated as the 6th u.s. president; calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 22 - american painter thomas cole founds the hudson river school about this time.
1825/--/-- 22 - english literary critic william hazlitt publishes the spirit of the age.
1825/--/-- 22 - john quincy adams (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1825/--/-- 22 - kappa alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at union college, new york.
1825/--/-- 22 - mountain man james bridger discovers the great salt lake.
1825/--/-- 22 - nicholas i is made emperor of russia; the decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 22 - the central american federation declares its independence from mexico.
1825/--/-- 22 - thomas cole establishes hudson river school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 22 - uruguayan leader lavalleja precipitates a war between brazil and argentina.
1825/--/-- 22 - welsh reformer robert owen founds a community at new harmony, indiana.
1826/--/-- 23 - american engineer john stevens builds the first u.s. steam locomotive.
1826/--/-- 23 - andre ampere publishes his theory of electrodynamic phenomenon.
1826/--/-- 23 - british engineer thomas telford builds the menai suspension bridge in wales.
1826/--/-- 23 - felix mendelssohn composes his overture to a midsummer night's dream at age 17.
1826/--/-- 23 - german poet heine begins the publication of reisebilder (travel pictures).
1826/--/-- 23 - ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance.
1826/--/-- 23 - revolutionary leader antonio jose de sucre is elected first president of bolivia.
1827/--/-- 24 - american frontiersman davy crockett is elected to congress.
1827/--/-- 24 - audubon publishes " birds of america"
1827/--/-- 24 - britain, france and russia demand that turkey ends the war with greece.
1827/--/-- 24 - english inventor john walker introduces the first friction matches.
1827/--/-- 24 - french landscape artist camille corot paints the bridge at narni.
1827/--/-- 24 - mountain man jedediah smith pioneers an overland route to california.
1827/--/-- 24 - ornithologist john james audubon begins the publication of his birds of america.
1827/--/-- 24 - the allied navies destroy the turkish and egyptian fleet at navarino in greece.
1828/--/-- 25 - composer frederic chopin begins concert tours at age 18.
1828/--/-- 25 - greeks win war of independence from ottoman empire
1828/--/-- 25 - lavalleja's thirty-three immortals achieve uruguayan independence from brazil.
1828/--/-- 25 - noah webster publishes his american dictionary of the english language.
1828/--/-- 25 - rammohun roy founds the brahmo samaj religious society in india.
1828/--/-- 25 - the duke of wellington becomes prime minister of britain.
1828/--/-- 25 - virtuoso violin player niccolo paganini performs in vienna.
1829/--/-- 26 - andrew jackson (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1829/--/-- 26 - delacroix paints "death of sardanapalus"
1829/--/-- 26 - explorer charles sturt charts the murray river in australia.
1829/--/-- 26 - jackson introduces spoils system
1829/--/-- 26 - jackson is inaugurated as the 7th u.s. president; calhoun continues as vice-president.
1829/--/-- 26 - lord bentinck bans the indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows).
1829/--/-- 26 - louis braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind.
1829/--/-- 26 - serbia becomes an autonomous principality under prince milos.
1829/--/-- 26 - sir robert peel reorganizes the london police; his policemen are nicknamed bobbies.
1829/--/-- 26 - sir robert peel sponsers the catholic emancipation act in britain.
1829/--/-- 26 - the convict-free british colony of western australia is founded.
1829/--/-- 26 - the first u.s. encyclopedia, the encyclopedia americana, is begun.
1829/08/22 27 *** ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan) [daughter] - born to ferguson, william r. and huff, zilpha (ferguson)
1830/--/-- 27 - belgium asserts its independence from the netherlands.
1830/--/-- 27 - british geologist charles lyell begins publishing his principles of geology.
1830/--/-- 27 - fructuoso rivera is elected as first president of uruguay.
1830/--/-- 27 - george catlin begins his paintings of north american indians about this time.
1830/--/-- 27 - greece becomes independent from turkey.
1830/--/-- 27 - hector berlioz composes his first major work the symphonie fantastique.
1830/--/-- 27 - indian removal act moves eastern indians west of mississippi
1830/--/-- 27 - joseph smith founds the mormon church at fayette, new york.
1830/--/-- 27 - louis philippe is chosen as the citizen king of france.
1830/--/-- 27 - philipon publishes the satirical weekly la caricature, with contributions by daumier.
1830/--/-- 27 - polish rebellions are suppressed by russia.
1830/--/-- 27 - simon bolivar resigns as dictator of gran colombia, he dies later in the year.
1830/--/-- 27 - the indian removal act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to indian territory.
1830/--/-- 27 - the july revolution in france forces the abdication of charles x.
1830/--/-- 27 - the women's magazine godey's lady's book is published in the u.s.
1830/--/-- 27 - the locomotive best friend of charleston is in use on the first u.s. railroad.
1830/--/-- 27 - william iv succeeds george iv as king of england, scotland, and ireland.
1831/--/-- 28 - british naturalist charles darwin sails to south america aboard h.m.s. beagle.
1831/--/-- 28 - cyrus mccormick invents a mechanical reaper.
1831/--/-- 28 - explorer james clark ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole.
1831/--/-- 28 - italian revolutionary giuseppe mazzini founds the young italy movement.
1831/--/-- 28 - jose antonio paez becomes the first president of venezuela.
1831/--/-- 28 - king louis philippe founds the french foreign legion.
1831/--/-- 28 - leopold i is selected as the first king of belgium.
1831/--/-- 28 - michael faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction.
1831/--/-- 28 - nat turner leads a black slave revolt in virginia; he is captured and hanged.
1831/--/-- 28 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin completes his masterpiece eugene onegin.
1831/--/-- 28 - the crown colony of british guiana (guyana) is formed.
1831/--/-- 28 - victor hugo "hunchback of notre dame"
1831/--/-- 28 - william lloyd garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the liberator.
1832/--/-- 29 - george sand (aurore dudevant) publishes her first novel indiana.
1832/--/-- 29 - japanese artist hiroshige begins work on fifty-three stages of the tokaido.
1832/--/-- 29 - samuel f.b. morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph
1832/--/-- 29 - the black hawk war is the last major indian conflict east of the mississippi river.
1832/--/-- 29 - the democratic party is formally established as a national organization.
1833/--/-- 30 - a bavarian prince becomes king otto of greece.
1833/--/-- 30 - britain occupies the falkland islands.
1833/--/-- 30 - carl von clausewitz's classic study of warfare on war is published.
1833/--/-- 30 - general santa anna becomes president of mexico.
1833/--/-- 30 - isabella ii succeeds ferdinand vii, king of spain; the carlist wars begin.
1833/--/-- 30 - president jackson withdraws federal deposits from the bank of the united states.
1833/--/-- 30 - santa anna elected president of mexico
1833/--/-- 30 - the american anti-slavery society is inaugurated in philadelphia.
1833/--/-- 30 - victor hugo's novel the hunchback of notre dame is published in english.
1834/--/-- 31 - a quadruple alliance is formed to aid isabella ii of spain and maria ii of portugal.
1834/--/-- 31 - american inventor jacob perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine.
1834/--/-- 31 - british politician sir robert peel founds the conservative party.
1834/--/-- 31 - indian territory founded
1834/--/-- 31 - slavery abolished in british empire
1834/--/-- 31 - the carlist wars resume in spain.
1834/--/-- 31 - the hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in london.
1834/--/-- 31 - the whig party is formed to oppose andrew jackson and the democratic party.
1835/--/-- 32 - american settlers begin the texas revolution against mexican rule.
1835/--/-- 32 - attempts to move the seminole indians begins the second seminole war.
1835/--/-- 32 - danish writer hans christian andersen publishes tales told for children.
1835/--/-- 32 - french politician alexis de tocqueville publishes democracy in america.
1835/--/-- 32 - james gordon bennett founds the new york herald newspaper.
1835/--/-- 32 - second seminole war in florida
1836/--/-- 33 - american educator william holmes mcguffey begins editing his readers.
1836/--/-- 33 - american inventor samuel colt begins manufacturing the first revolver.
1836/--/-- 33 - american literary figure ralph waldo emerson founds the transcendental club.
1836/--/-- 33 - arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the union.
1836/--/-- 33 - boer (afrikaner) settlers begin the great trek into the south african interior.
1836/--/-- 33 - bolivian president santa cruz invades peru and forms the peru-bolivian confederation.
1836/--/-- 33 - charles barry designs westminster palace in the gothic revival style.
1836/--/-- 33 - charles dickens publishes his first popular work the pickwick papers.
1836/--/-- 33 - john c. calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent congress debating slavery.
1836/--/-- 33 - republic of texas forms
1836/--/-- 33 - russian author nikolai gogol writes his play the inspector general.
1836/--/-- 33 - santa anna's army storms the alamo in texas, killing the defenders.
1836/--/-- 33 - texans under sam houston defeat santa anna at the san jacinto river.
1836/--/-- 33 - texas revolution
1836/--/-- 33 - the arc de triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in paris.
1837/--/-- 34 - britain's refusal to grant more home rule in canada leads to the rebellions of 1837.
1837/--/-- 34 - british scientist charles wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system.
1837/--/-- 34 - charles dickens "oliver twist"
1837/--/-- 34 - louis daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs.
1837/--/-- 34 - martin van buren (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1837/--/-- 34 - michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the union.
1837/--/-- 34 - mikhail lermontov writes the death of a poet, inspired by the death of pushkin.
1837/--/-- 34 - russian poet aleksandr pushkin is killed in a duel.
1837/--/-- 34 - scottish historian thomas carlyle publishes the french revolution.
1837/--/-- 34 - seminole indian leader osceola is captured.
1837/--/-- 34 - van buren is inaugurated as the 8th u.s. president; johnson becomes vice-president.
1837/--/-- 34 - william iv dies; victoria succeeds him as queen of england, scotland, and ireland.
1837/06/-- 35 - victoria succeeds as queen of great britain and ireland.
1838/--/-- 35 - boer (afrikaner) leader andries pretorius defeats the zulus at the battle of blood river.
1838/--/-- 35 - british artist joseph mallord william turner paints the fighting temeraire.
1838/--/-- 35 - charles wilkes heads a u.s. navy expedition to antarctica.
1838/--/-- 35 - cherokee "trail of tears"
1838/--/-- 35 - french philosopher auguste comte inaugurates the science of sociology.
1838/--/-- 35 - iowa territory organized
1838/--/-- 35 - john deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil.
1838/--/-- 35 - samuel f.b. morse develops the morse code for electric telegraph systems.
1838/--/-- 35 - scottish blacksmith kirkpatrick macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle.
1838/06/08 36 - victoria crowned queen of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by will
1839/--/-- 36 - american inventor charles goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber.
1839/--/-- 36 - chile defeats santa cruz's peru-bolivian confederation at the battle of yungay.
1839/--/-- 36 - daguerre invents first form of photography
1839/--/-- 36 - french novelist stendhal writes the charterhouse of parma.
1839/--/-- 36 - hungarian composer and pianist franz liszt embarks on a concert tour of europe.
1839/--/-- 36 - jose rafael carrera captures guatemala; the central american federation is dissolved.
1839/--/-- 36 - stephens and catherwood explore maya ruins in the yucatan.
1839/--/-- 36 - the anglo-afghan wars begin in afghanistan.
1839/--/-- 36 - the opium wars begin between britain and china.
1839/--/-- 36 - theodor schwann and matthias jakob schleiden formulate the cell theory.
1840/--/-- 37 - civil war breaks out in uruguay between the colorados (reds) and blancos (whites).
1840/--/-- 37 - edgar allen poe: "tales of the grotesque and arabesque"
1840/--/-- 37 - french philosopher and anarchist pierre joseph proudhon writes what is property.
1840/--/-- 37 - horatio greenough's classical statue of george washington is strongly criticized.
1840/--/-- 37 - maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to queen victoria in the treaty of waitangi.
1840/--/-- 37 - queen victoria marries prince albert of saxe-coburg.
1840/--/-- 37 - swiss-american naturalist louis agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages.
1840/--/-- 37 - the liberty party is founded in albany, n.y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform.
1840/--/-- 37 - the underground railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the u.s.
1840/--/-- 37 - the first adhesive postage stamp, the penny black, is issued in london.
1840/--/-- 37 - the metric system of measurement is reinstated in france.
1840/--/-- 37 - upper and lower canada are united in the single province of canada.
1840/--/-- 37 - upper and lower canada united
1841/--/-- 38 - edgar allan poe writes an early detective story the murders in the rue morgue.
1841/--/-- 38 - george grey is appointed governor of south australia to help save the colony.
1841/--/-- 38 - harrison is inaugurated as the 9th u.s. president; tyler becomes vice-president.
1841/--/-- 38 - horace greeley founds the new york tribune newspaper.
1841/--/-- 38 - italian ballerina carlotta grisi creates the role of giselle.
1841/--/-- 38 - john tyler (whig) becomes president of the united states
1841/--/-- 38 - muhammad ali defeats the ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of egypt.
1841/--/-- 38 - new zealand is established as a separate british colony.
1841/--/-- 38 - president harrison dies; john tyler is inaugurated as the 10th u.s. president
1841/--/-- 38 - whig prime minister lord melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by sir robert peel.
1841/--/-- 38 - william henry harrison (whig) becomes president of the united states
1841/--/-- 38 - william henry talbot patents the calotype photographic process.
1842/--/-- 39 - 10-hour day for children under 12 in massachusetts
1842/--/-- 39 - american explorer john c. fremont begins surveying the oregon trail.
1842/--/-- 39 - american showman p.t. barnum discovers the 40-inch midget tom thumb.
1842/--/-- 39 - austrian physicist christian johann doppler predicts the doppler effect.
1842/--/-- 39 - china cedes hong kong to britain.
1842/--/-- 39 - china is defeated in the first opium war; chinese ports are opened to british trade.
1842/--/-- 39 - italian composer gaetano donizetti writes his opera don pasquale.
1843/--/-- 40 - a coup in greece forces king otto to accept a constitutional monarchy.
1843/--/-- 40 - black american sojourner truth begins her reform mission.
1843/--/-- 40 - danish philosopher soren kierkegaard publishes either/or.
1843/--/-- 40 - english art critic john ruskin begins publishing modern painters.
1843/--/-- 40 - german astronomer samuel schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle.
1844/--/-- 41 - alexander dumas "the three muskateers"
1844/--/-- 41 - eastern hispaniola declares independence from haiti as the dominican republic.
1844/--/-- 41 - french author alexandre dumas (dumas pere) publishes the three musketeers.
1844/--/-- 41 - joseph smith, founder of the mormons, is killed by a lynch mob.
1844/--/-- 41 - samuel f.b. morse establishes the first u.s. telegraph link.
1844/--/-- 41 - settlers in new south wales force britain to stop sending convicts to the colony.
1844/--/-- 41 - the young men's christian association (ymca) is founded in england.
1844/--/-- 41 - william henry talbot begins his pencil of nature, the first book of photographs.
1845/--/-- 42 - american author margaret fuller publishes women in the nineteenth century.
1845/--/-- 42 - british archaeologist austen layard excavates the sites of nimrud and nineveh.
1845/--/-- 42 - civil war ends in peru; castilla ramon is elected as president.
1845/--/-- 42 - failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in ireland.
1845/--/-- 42 - florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 42 - french artists gavarni and grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters.
1845/--/-- 42 - german composer robert schumann writes his piano concerto in a minor.
1845/--/-- 42 - german scientist alexander von humboldt publishes the first volume of his kosmos.
1845/--/-- 42 - james k. polk (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1845/--/-- 42 - polk is inaugurated as the 11th u.s. president; dallas becomes vice-president
1845/--/-- 42 - sir john franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the northwest passage.
1845/--/-- 42 - the republic of texas becomes the 28th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 42 - the republic of texas is annexed by the u.s.; it becomes the 28th state of the union.
1845/--/-- 42 - the sikh wars begin in british india.
1845/--/-- 42 - the first clipper ship the rainbow is built in new york.
1845/--/-- 42 - the term manifest destiny is first used in defense of u.s. territorial ambitions.
1846/--/-- 43 - adolphe sax patents the saxophone in paris.
1846/--/-- 43 - american dentist william morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic.
1846/--/-- 43 - german astronomer johann galle makes the first observation of the planet neptune.
1846/--/-- 43 - german philosopher ludwig feuerbach publishes the essence of religion.
1846/--/-- 43 - henry creswicke rawlinson deciphers the mesopotamian cuneiform script.
1846/--/-- 43 - iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the union.
1846/--/-- 43 - mexican war
1846/--/-- 43 - mormon trek from navoo to salt lake city
1846/--/-- 43 - oregon boundary with canada established at 49th parallel
1846/--/-- 43 - the christy minstrels begin performing in new york.
1846/--/-- 43 - the mexican war begins over the u.s. annexation of texas.
1846/--/-- 43 - the mexican government collapses; santa anna is reelected as president.
1846/--/-- 43 - the smithsonian institution is created by congress.
1846/--/-- 43 - the border between the u.s. and canada is established, settling the oregon question.
1846/--/-- 43 - u.s. forces under stephen watts kearny occupy new mexico.
1846/--/-- 43 - u.s. forces under zachary taylor defeat the mexicans at palo alto and monterrey.
1846/--/-- 43 - writer and artist edward lear publishes a book of nonsense.
1847/--/-- 44 - american missionary marcus whitman is killed by cayuse indians in oregon.
1847/--/-- 44 - american oceanographer matthew maury publishes his first wind and current charts.
1847/--/-- 44 - charlotte bronte publishes jane eyre; emily bronte publishes wuthering heights.
1847/--/-- 44 - english novelist william makepeace thackeray begins vanity fair.
1847/--/-- 44 - honore de balzac completes la comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels.
1847/--/-- 44 - italian statesman cavour founds the liberal newspaper il risorgimento (resurgence).
1847/--/-- 44 - maria mitchell, the first woman astronomer in america, discovers a new comet.
1847/--/-- 44 - mormons and the indians
1847/--/-- 44 - scott enters mexico city after a series of battles; mexico sues for peace.
1847/--/-- 44 - sir james simpson uses chloroform for childbirth
1847/--/-- 44 - taylor defeats santa anna's mexican army at the battle of buena vista.
1847/--/-- 44 - the african slave colony of liberia is declared independent.
1847/--/-- 44 - the american medical association is founded.
1847/--/-- 44 - the mormons under brigham young found salt lake city.
1847/--/-- 44 - the u.s. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps.
1847/--/-- 44 - u.s. forces under stockton, fremont and kearny occupy california.
1847/--/-- 44 - u.s. forces under winfield scott land at veracruz and advance on mexico city.
1848/--/-- 45 - a czech uprising under frantisek palacky is suppressed by austria.
1848/--/-- 45 - american engineer james bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction.
1848/--/-- 45 - february revolution by french workers makes louis napoleon iii president of 2nd reublic
1848/--/-- 45 - ferdinand i abdicates; francis joseph becomes emperor of austria.
1848/--/-- 45 - french barbizon artist theodore rousseau paints the forest at fontainebleau.
1848/--/-- 45 - french author alexandre dumas (dumas fils) publishes his novel camille.
1848/--/-- 45 - gold discovered in california
1848/--/-- 45 - holman hunt, millais and rossetti form the pre-raphaelite brotherhood in britain.
1848/--/-- 45 - karl marx and friedrich engels publish the communist manifesto.
1848/--/-- 45 - karl marx and friedrick engels publish "communist manifesto"
1848/--/-- 45 - louis philippe abdicates; a second republic is declared in france.
1848/--/-- 45 - mexican cession
1848/--/-- 45 - risorgimento leader garibaldi returns to italy to fight in the war of independence.
1848/--/-- 45 - scottish physicist william thomson kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale.
1848/--/-- 45 - the austrian revolution begins in vienna; chancellor metternich resigns.
1848/--/-- 45 - the revolutions of 1848 break out in europe.
1848/--/-- 45 - the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ratifies the cession of california and new mexico.
1848/--/-- 45 - the discovery of gold at sutter's mill begins the california gold rush.
1848/--/-- 45 - the first u.s. women's rights assembly meets at the seneca falls convention.
1848/--/-- 45 - uprisings in berlin force frederick william iv to summon a constitutional assembly.
1848/--/-- 45 - wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the union.
1848/07/23 46 *** ferguson, champion [son] & owen, martha (ferguson) - married
1849/--/-- 46 - amelia bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the lily magazine.
1849/--/-- 46 - austrian forces crush the italian revolution; mazzini and garibaldi flee from italy.
1849/--/-- 46 - austrian premier felix schwarzenberg uses the russian army to defeat the hungarians.
1849/--/-- 46 - black slave harriet tubman escapes and begins her underground railway work.
1849/--/-- 46 - elizabeth blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree.
1849/--/-- 46 - francois rene de chateaubriand publishes memoirs from beyond the tomb.
1849/--/-- 46 - french physicist armand fizeau measures the velocity of light.
1849/--/-- 46 - lajos kossuth declares hungarian independence from austria.
1849/--/-- 46 - russian anarchist mikhail bakunin is deported to siberia.
1849/--/-- 46 - taylor is inaugurated as the 12th u.s. president; fillmore becomes vice-president
1849/--/-- 46 - zachary taylor (whig) becomes president of the united states
1850/--/-- 47 - allan pinkerton founds the pinkerton national detective agency.
1850/--/-- 47 - american author nathaniel hawthorne writes the scarlet letter.
1850/--/-- 47 - american popular songwriter stephen foster publishes camptown races.
1850/--/-- 47 - california is inaugurated as the 31st state of the union.
1850/--/-- 47 - congress reinforces the fugitive slave law for the return of escaped slaves.
1850/--/-- 47 - elizabeth barrett browning publishes her sonnets from the portuguese.
1850/--/-- 47 - english author charles dickens writes david copperfield.
1850/--/-- 47 - french realist artist gustave courbet paints the stone breakers.
1850/--/-- 47 - jenny lind the swedish nightingale begins her u.s. tour.
1850/--/-- 47 - millard fillmore (whig) becomes president of the united states
1850/--/-- 47 - nathanial hawthorne "the scarlet letter"
1850/--/-- 47 - photographer mathew brady publishes the gallery of illustrious americans.
1850/--/-- 47 - plains indians cede land in exchange for reservations
1850/--/-- 47 - president taylor dies; millard fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th u.s. president.
1850/--/-- 47 - the compromise of 1850 establishes california as a non-slavery state.
1850/--/-- 47 - the taiping rebellion breaks out in china against the ch'ing dynasty.
1850/--/-- 47 - the first issue of harper's magazine is published.
1850/--/-- 47 - utah and new mexico territories
1851/--/-- 48 - a gold rush begins in victoria, australia; victoria becomes a separate colony.
1851/--/-- 48 - american author herman melville publishes moby-dick.
1851/--/-- 48 - giuseppe verdi's opera rigoletto is produced in venice.
1851/--/-- 48 - harriet beecher stowe begins publishing uncle tom's cabin.
1851/--/-- 48 - henry jarvis raymond and george jones found the new york times.
1851/--/-- 48 - isaac merrit singer invents the first practical sewing machine.
1851/--/-- 48 - jacob fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in baltimore.
1851/--/-- 48 - melville "moby dick"
1851/--/-- 48 - mongkut (rama iv) becomes king of siam (thailand).
1851/--/-- 48 - singer patents sewing machine
1851/--/-- 48 - the crystal palace is built in london to house the great exhibition.
1851/--/-- 48 - the u.s. yacht america defeats 17 british yachts in the first america's cup contest.
1851/--/-- 48 - the first college sorority is established at wesleyan college, georgia.
1852/--/-- 49 - argentinean dictator rosas is defeated by forces under urquiza at monte caseros.
1852/--/-- 49 - britain gains control of the irrawaddy delta after the second anglo-burma war.
1852/--/-- 49 - the grimms begin publication of their deutsches worterbuch (german dictionary).
1852/--/-- 49 - the second empire begins in france under napoleon iii.
1853/--/-- 50 - a u.s. naval squadron under matthew perry enters tokyo bay to negotiate a treaty.
1853/--/-- 50 - chinese rebels capture nanking and make it the capital of the taiping kingdom.
1853/--/-- 50 - crimean war between turkey, france & britain against russia
1853/--/-- 50 - franklin pierce (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1853/--/-- 50 - franklin pierce is inaugurated as the 14th u.s. president; king becomes vice-president.
1853/--/-- 50 - general santa anna becomes dictator of mexico for the last time.
1853/--/-- 50 - georges haussmann begins the reconstruction of paris.
1853/--/-- 50 - napoleon iii marries the empress eugenie.
1853/--/-- 50 - richard wagner begins his cycle of four operas the ring of the nibelung.
1853/--/-- 50 - russia occupies the turkish principalities of moldavia and walachia.
1853/--/-- 50 - the u.s. adds land to new mexico and arizona with the gadsden purchase.
1853/--/-- 50 - turkey issues an ultimatum to russia; the russians destroy the turkish fleet at sinope.
1854/--/-- 51 - a commercial treaty is signed between the u.s. and japan, ending japanese isolation.
1854/--/-- 51 - american writer and naturalist henry david thoreau publishes walden.
1854/--/-- 51 - an anglo-french-turkish expeditionary force lands at sevastopol in the crimea.
1854/--/-- 51 - britain and france declare war on russia, beginning the crimean war.
1854/--/-- 51 - nebraska and kansas territories
1854/--/-- 51 - pope pius ix proclaims the dogma of the immaculate conception of the virgin mary.
1854/--/-- 51 - raphaelite artist holman hunt paints the scapegoat.
1854/--/-- 51 - republican party formed for abolition of slavery
1854/--/-- 51 - smith & wesson invent revolver
1854/--/-- 51 - the allied armies defeat the russians at the battle of inkerman.
1854/--/-- 51 - the british grant independence to the orange free state in south africa.
1854/--/-- 51 - the charge of the light brigade is made by the british during the battle of balaklava.
1854/--/-- 51 - the kansas-nebraska act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery.
1854/--/-- 51 - the republican party is formed after the passage of the kansas-nebraska act.
1854/--/-- 51 - upper half of indian territory becomes part of kansas territory
1855/--/-- 52 - british photographer roger fenton documents the crimean war.
1855/--/-- 52 - florence nightingale reforms hygienic standards in crimean hospitals.
1855/--/-- 52 - henry wadsworth longfellow publishes the songs of hiawatha.
1855/--/-- 52 - lord palmerston becomes prime minister of great britain for the first time.
1855/--/-- 52 - matthew fontaine maury publishes the physical geography of the sea.
1855/--/-- 52 - mexican dictator santa anna is overthrown.
1855/--/-- 52 - nicholas i, emperor of russia dies; he is succeeded by his son alexander ii.
1855/--/-- 52 - robert browning publishes his poetry collection men and women.
1855/--/-- 52 - scottish explorer david livingstone discovers the victoria falls in africa.
1855/--/-- 52 - the allies occupy the russian fortress at sevastapol in the crimea.
1855/--/-- 52 - the first formal ice hockey game is played in kingston, ontario.
1855/--/-- 52 - walt whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the leaves of grass.
1856/--/-- 53 - a new opium war begins between china, britain and france.
1856/--/-- 53 - english chemist william perkin discovers synthetic dyes.
1856/--/-- 53 - the treaty of paris ends the crimean war.
1856/--/-- 53 - the first neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in germany.
1856/--/-- 53 - victor hugo writes les miserables during his exile from france.
1857/--/-- 54 - buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th u.s. president; breckinridge becomes vice-president.
1857/--/-- 54 - disputes between mormons and non-mormon settlers leads to the utah war.
1857/--/-- 54 - elisha graves otis installs the first passenger elevator in a new york city store.
1857/--/-- 54 - english author thomas hughes publishes tom brown's schooldays.
1857/--/-- 54 - french novelist gustave flaubert publishes madame bovary.
1857/--/-- 54 - french poet baudelaire publishes flowers of evil and is arrested for immorality.
1857/--/-- 54 - james buchanan (democrat) becomes president of the united states
1857/--/-- 54 - kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution
1857/--/-- 54 - mormons and paiute indians kill 120 settlers in the mountain meadows massacre.
1857/--/-- 54 - the indian mutiny begins when indian troops rebel against the british in meerut.
1857/--/-- 54 - the oxford english dictionary is begun in england.
1858/--/-- 55 - benito juarez becomes the first mexican president of indian descent.
1858/--/-- 55 - bernadette soubirous sees visions of the vigin mary in a grotto near lourdes, france.
1858/--/-- 55 - britain and france impose the tientsin treaty on china.
1858/--/-- 55 - british explorer john hanning speke discovers lake victoria in africa.
1858/--/-- 55 - british naturalist alfred russel wallace outlines his theories of evolution.
1858/--/-- 55 - charles frederick worth establishes his paris fashion house.
1858/--/-- 55 - cyrus w. field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
1858/--/-- 55 - federal forces end the utah war; brigham young is replaced as governor of utah territory.
1858/--/-- 55 - french photographer nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon.
1858/--/-- 55 - german-american artist albert bierstadt begins his landscapes of the american west.
1858/--/-- 55 - jacques offenbach's operetta orpheus in the underworld premiers in paris.
1858/--/-- 55 - james renwick begins the design of saint patrick's cathedral in new york city.
1858/--/-- 55 - minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the union.
1858/--/-- 55 - the fenians (irish republican brotherhood) are founded to overthrow british rule.
1858/--/-- 55 - the indian mutiny is suppressed by the british army and loyal indian troops.
1858/--/-- 55 - the government of india is transferred from the east india company to the british crown.
1859/--/-- 56 - abolitionist john brown leads an attack on harpers ferry; he is captured and executed.
1859/--/-- 56 - charles darwin "origin of species"
1859/--/-- 56 - charles darwin publishes on the origin of species by means of natural selection.
1859/--/-- 56 - ferdinand de lesseps begins building the suez canal in egypt.
1859/--/-- 56 - french inventor ferdinand carre develops a refrigeration system.
1859/--/-- 56 - napoleon iii assists the italian statesman cavour in a war against austria.
1859/--/-- 56 - oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the union.
1859/--/-- 56 - queensland becomes a separate colony of australia.
1860/--/-- 57 - abraham lincoln is elected as the first republican president of the united states.
1860/--/-- 57 - china resists the tientsin treaty; anglo-french forces occupy peking.
1860/--/-- 57 - english novelist wilkie collins writes the woman in white.
1860/--/-- 57 - florence nightingale establishes a school for training nurses.
1860/--/-- 57 - george eliot (mary anne evans) publishes the mill on the floss.
1860/--/-- 57 - italian patriot garibaldi invades sicily and naples with his 1,000 redshirts.
1860/--/-- 57 - jean joseph etienne lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine.
1860/--/-- 57 - sardinia-piedmont seizes the papal states in italy.
1860/--/-- 57 - south carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the union.
1860/--/-- 57 - the crittenden compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states.
1860/--/-- 57 - the maori wars begin against the british in new zealand.
1860/--/-- 57 - the pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from missouri to california.
1860/02/20 57 *** cowan, william campbell [grandson] - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1861/--/-- 58 - abraham lincoln (republican) becomes president of the united states
1861/--/-- 58 - american locksmith linus yale jr. patents the cylinder lock.
1861/--/-- 58 - confederacy
1861/--/-- 58 - civil war begins
1861/--/-- 58 - english designer william morris starts the arts and crafts movement.
1861/--/-- 58 - explorers burke and wills die during their north-south crossing of australia.
1861/--/-- 58 - french artist eugene delacroix paints the lion hunt.
1861/--/-- 58 - general george b. mcclellan is made commander of the union forces.
1861/--/-- 58 - italy is unified under victor emmanuel ii.
1861/--/-- 58 - john ericsson designs the monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret.
1861/--/-- 58 - kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the union.
1861/--/-- 58 - lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th u.s. president; hamlin becomes vice-president.
1861/--/-- 58 - nicholas ii abolishes serfdom in russia.
1861/--/-- 58 - the confederate states of america declare their independence from the u.s.
1861/--/-- 58 - the confederates defeat the union army in the first battle of bull run.
1861/--/-- 58 - the southern states meet to draft a constitution; davis is selected as president.
1861/--/-- 58 - the trent affair begins when a union ship intercepts a british steamer.
1861/--/-- 58 - the united states introduce the first national income tax.
1861/--/-- 58 - the bombardment of fort sumter in charleston harbor begins the u.s. civil war.
1861/--/-- 58 - unification of italy
1861/--/-- 58 - western territories reorganized by republican congresses
1861/12/22 59 *** cowan, champ thomas [grandson] - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1862/--/-- 59 - a union fleet under david g. farragut captures new orleans.
1862/--/-- 59 - bartolome mitre unites argentina and is elected president.
1862/--/-- 59 - brady, o'sullivan and gardner document the civil war in photographs.
1862/--/-- 59 - explorer john mcdouall stuart makes the first south to north crossing of australia.
1862/--/-- 59 - foucault measures speed of light
1862/--/-- 59 - french actress sarah bernhardt makes her debut at the comedie francaise.
1862/--/-- 59 - french impressionist artist edouard manet paints le dejeuner sur l'herbe.
1862/--/-- 59 - french physicist jean foucault successfully measures the speed of light.
1862/--/-- 59 - french writer victor hugo completes his social novel les miserables.
1862/--/-- 59 - lee defeats the union army in the second battle of bull run.
1862/--/-- 59 - lee's confederate invasion of maryland is halted at the battle of antietam.
1862/--/-- 59 - mcclellan is defeated in the seven days battle and retreats from the peninsular.
1862/--/-- 59 - napoleon iii imposes the austrian prince maximilian as emperor of mexico.
1862/--/-- 59 - richard j. gatling invents the first practical machine gun.
1862/--/-- 59 - russian novelist ivan turgenev publishes fathers and sons.
1862/--/-- 59 - the first recorded ski competition is held near oslo in norway.
1862/--/-- 59 - the ironclad warships monitor and merrimack clash at hampton roads, va.
1862/--/-- 59 - union forces under burnside are defeated at the battle of fredricksburg.
1862/--/-- 59 - union forces under grant defeat the confederates at the battle of shiloh.
1862/--/-- 59 - union forces under mcclellan begin the peninsular campaign to capture richmond.
1862/--/-- 59 - william i appoints otto von bismarck as minister president of prussia.
1863/--/-- 60 - cambodia (kampuchea) becomes a french protectorate.
1863/--/-- 60 - english philosopher john stuart mill publishes utilitarianism.
1863/--/-- 60 - french impressionist artist camille pissarro exhibits at the salon des refuses.
1863/--/-- 60 - george i succeeds otto as king of greece.
1863/--/-- 60 - grant defeats the confederates in the vicksburg campaign.
1863/--/-- 60 - ismail pasha rules egypt under the suzerainty of the ottoman empire.
1863/--/-- 60 - lincoln's emancipation proclamation abolishes slavery in the confederate states.
1863/--/-- 60 - london's metropolitan railway becomes the first underground subway.
1863/--/-- 60 - the confederate guerrilla band quantrill's raiders pillage lawrence, kansas.
1863/--/-- 60 - the confederates defeat the union army at chancellorsville; jackson is killed.
1863/--/-- 60 - the confederates under lee are defeated at the battle of gettysburg.
1863/--/-- 60 - the french occupy mexico city in support of maximilian, emperor of mexico.
1863/--/-- 60 - the london football association issues the first soccer rules.
1863/--/-- 60 - west virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the union.
1864/--/-- 61 - a chinese army under gordon recaptures nanking and ends the taiping rebellion.
1864/--/-- 61 - a union army under sherman invades georgia, begining the atlanta campaign.
1864/--/-- 61 - cheyenne and arapaho families massacred at sand creek, colorado
1864/--/-- 61 - denmark is defeated by prussia; schleswig-holstein is ceded to germany.
1864/--/-- 61 - nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the union.
1864/--/-- 61 - paraguayan dictator francisco solano lopez begins the war of the triple alliance.
1864/--/-- 61 - sherman defeats the confederates at atlanta and begins his march to the sea.
1864/--/-- 61 - the colorado militia massacre cheyenne indians at sand creek.
1864/--/-- 61 - the confederate submarine hunley sinks a federal ship but is sunk in the process.
1864/--/-- 61 - the geneva convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war.
1864/--/-- 61 - the ionian islands are ceded to greece by britain.
1864/--/-- 61 - the union launches a drive on richmond but falters in the wilderness campaign.
1864/--/-- 61 - ulysses s. grant is made general in chief of all the union armies.
1865/--/-- 62 - andrew johnson (republican) becomes president of the united states
1865/--/-- 62 - andrew johnson becomes the 17th president of the u.s.
1865/--/-- 62 - civil war ends
1865/--/-- 62 - confederate forces under lee surrender to grant at appomattox court house.
1865/--/-- 62 - count leo tolstoi begins his monumental russian novel war and peace.
1865/--/-- 62 - english author lewis carroll writes alice's adventures in wonderland.
1865/--/-- 62 - johnston surrenders the last confederate army to sherman, ending the u.s. civil war.
1865/--/-- 62 - leo tolstoy "war and peace"
1865/--/-- 62 - lincoln assassinated
1865/--/-- 62 - lincoln is assassinated by john wilkes booth at ford's theatre in washington d.c.
1865/--/-- 62 - russian author fyodor dostoevsky publishes crime and punishment.
1865/--/-- 62 - the 13th amendment to the u.s. constitution abolishes slavery.
1865/--/-- 62 - the petersburg campaign is won by union forces; lee evacuates richmond.
1865/10/20 63 *** ferguson, champion [son] - died
1866/--/-- 63 - british engineer robert whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo.
1866/--/-- 63 - congress authorize (but do not mandate) the use of the metric system in the u.s.
1866/--/-- 63 - mendel publishes his genetic research in experiments with plant hybrids.
1866/--/-- 63 - prussia and italy defeat austria in the seven weeks' war.
1866/--/-- 63 - the ku klux klan is founded in the southern united states.
1867/--/-- 64 - alfred nobel patents dynamite
1867/--/-- 64 - bismark forms the north german confederation under prussian leadership.
1867/--/-- 64 - diamond fields are discovered in south africa.
1867/--/-- 64 - english photographer julia margaret cameron takes sir john herschel's portrait.
1867/--/-- 64 - french troops withdraw from mexico; emperor maximilian is executed by juarez.
1867/--/-- 64 - karl marx publishes the first volume of das kapital.
1867/--/-- 64 - nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the union.
1867/--/-- 64 - sir john a. macdonald becomes canada's first prime minister.
1867/--/-- 64 - the compromise (ausgleich) of 1867 creates the dual monarchy of austria-hungary.
1867/--/-- 64 - the dominion of canada is established by the british north america act.
1868/--/-- 65 *** cowan, samuel [grandson] - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1868/--/-- 65 - a military coup led by general juan prim deposes queen isabella ii of spain.
1868/--/-- 65 - a skeleton of cro-magnon man is discovered in southern france.
1868/--/-- 65 - british labor unions form the trades union congress.
1868/--/-- 65 - christopher sholes patents the first practical typewriter.
1868/--/-- 65 - chulalongkorn succeeds his father mongkut as the king of siam (thailand).
1868/--/-- 65 - feminists susan b. anthony and elizabeth cady stanton publish revolution.
1868/--/-- 65 - johannes brahms' a german requiem is performed for the first time.
1868/--/-- 65 - ndebele king mzilikazi dies in africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son lobengula.
1868/--/-- 65 - the meiji dynasty is restored in japan; the tokugawa shogunate is abolished.
1868/--/-- 65 - the ten years' war begins in cuba against spanish rule.
1868/--/-- 65 - u.s. president andrew johnson is impeached by congress but acquitted by the senate.
1868/--/-- 65 - william gladstone becomes liberal prime minister of britain for the first time.
1869/--/-- 66 - 200 pitched battles between indians and u.s. calvary
1869/--/-- 66 - english author matthew arnold publishes culture and anarchy.
1869/--/-- 66 - french artist eugene louis boudin paints on the beach at deauville.
1869/--/-- 66 - grant is inaugurated as the 18th u.s. president; colfax becomes vice-president.
1869/--/-- 66 - james gordon bennett jr. commissions stanley to search for livingston in africa.
1869/--/-- 66 - john roebling designs the brooklyn bridge but dies after a construction accident.
1869/--/-- 66 - louis riel leads the red river rebellion in canada.
1869/--/-- 66 - ludwig ii (mad ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in bavaria.
1869/--/-- 66 - philadelphia garment workers organize the knights of labor, an early labor union.
1869/--/-- 66 - pope pius ix calls the first vatican council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility.
1869/--/-- 66 - russian composer modest mussorgsky begins work on his opera boris gudunov.
1869/--/-- 66 - suez canal opens
1869/--/-- 66 - the cincinnati red stockings become the first professional baseball team.
1869/--/-- 66 - the suez canal is opened in egypt.
1869/--/-- 66 - the first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum.
1869/--/-- 66 - the transcontinental railroad is completed at promontory point, utah.
1869/--/-- 66 - ulysses s. grant (republican) becomes president of the united states
1869/--/-- 66 - union pacific meets central pacific
1870/--/-- 67 - american industrialist john d. rockefeller founds the standard oil company.
1870/--/-- 67 - french war minister leon gambetta escapes from besieged paris in a balloon.
1870/--/-- 67 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of troy.
1870/--/-- 67 - paraguayan dictator solano lopez dies, ending the war of the triple alliance.
1870/--/-- 67 - rome becomes the capital of the kingdom of italy.
1870/--/-- 67 - the franco-prussian war begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by bismark.
1870/--/-- 67 - the prussians defeat the french at sedan; napoleon iii is taken prisoner.
1870/--/-- 67 - the third republic is formed in france; a government of national defense is established.
1870/--/-- 67 - the city of miami is founded in florida.
1871/--/-- 68 *** cowan, allen [grandson] - born to cowan, james c. and ferguson, jemima amanda (cowan)
1871/--/-- 68 - american explorer henry morton stanley finds dr. livingston in central africa.
1871/--/-- 68 - charles taze russell founds the jehovah's witnesses about this time.
1871/--/-- 68 - fire destroys one-third of the city of chicago.
1871/--/-- 68 - p.t barnum launches a traveling circus, museum and menagerie.
1871/--/-- 68 - the franco-prussian war ends; alsace and lorraine are ceded to germany.
1871/--/-- 68 - the french surrender to prussia incites the commune of paris uprising.
1871/--/-- 68 - the german empire is formally proclaimed at the palace of versailles.
1871/--/-- 68 - the paris commune is suppressed by government troops after a 2-month siege.
1871/--/-- 68 - trade unions legalized in britain
1872/--/-- 69 - american artist james mcneill whistler paints the portrait of the artist's mother.
1872/--/-- 69 - english author george eliot (mary anne evans) publishes middlemarch.
1872/--/-- 69 - indian leader kintpuash leaves the modoc reservation; the modoc wars begin.
1872/--/-- 69 - monet paints impression: sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title.
1872/--/-- 69 - photographer eadweard muybridge begins his series of motion studies.
1872/--/-- 69 - the challenger expedition begins the first systematic oceanographic survey.
1872/--/-- 69 - the cities of buda and pest unite to form budapest (the capital of hungary from 1918).
1872/--/-- 69 - the death of kamehameha v ends the kamehameha dynasty of hawaiian kings.
1872/--/-- 69 - the first woman impressionist artist berthe morisot paints the cradle.
1873/--/-- 70 - englishman maj. walter clopton wingfield invents lawn tennis.
1873/--/-- 70 - french novelist jules verne publishes around the world in eighty days.
1873/--/-- 70 - the pacific scandal in canada causes the collapse of the conservative government.
1873/--/-- 70 - the panic of 1873 leads to 5 years of economic depression in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 71 - benjamin disraeli becomes the conservative prime minister of britain.
1874/--/-- 71 - english author thomas hardy publishes far from the madding crowd.
1874/--/-- 71 - first impressionist exhibit in paris
1874/--/-- 71 - french impressionist artist pierre auguste renoir paints la loge (the box).
1874/--/-- 71 - the comanche, kiowa and other indian tribes attack adobe walls in texas.
1874/--/-- 71 - the greenback party advocates currency reform in the u.s.
1874/--/-- 71 - the first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in paris.
1875/--/-- 72 - american author mark twain publishes tom sawyer.
1875/--/-- 72 - britain buys suez canal shares from the bankrupt egyptian leader ismail pasha.
1875/--/-- 72 - charles stewart parnell begins movement for irish independence
1875/--/-- 72 - georges bizet's opera carmen is performed in paris.
1875/--/-- 72 - mary baker eddy, founder of christian science, publishes science and health.
1875/--/-- 72 - the bourbon monarchy is restored in spain under alfonso xii.
1876/--/-- 73 - abd al-hamid ii assumes his rule as the last ottoman sultan.
1876/--/-- 73 - alexander graham bell patents his invention of the telephone.
1876/--/-- 73 - alexander graham bell patents the telephone
1876/--/-- 73 - british philosopher herbert spencer begins publishing the principles of sociology.
1876/--/-- 73 - colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the union.
1876/--/-- 73 - general porfirio diaz seizes power as the dictator of mexico.
1876/--/-- 73 - german archaeologist heinrich schliemann excavates the ancient city of mycenae.
1876/--/-- 73 - impressionist artist alfred sisley paints flood at the port of marly.
1876/--/-- 73 - japan forces korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of china.
1876/--/-- 73 - johann strauss jr. composes his waltz the beautiful blue danube.
1876/--/-- 73 - national league founded (baseball)
1876/--/-- 73 - queen victoria assumes the title of empress of india.
1876/--/-- 73 - sioux indians defeat general custer at the battle of little bighorn.
1876/--/-- 73 - sioux and cheyenne defeat custer at little big horn, montanna
1876/--/-- 73 - the bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of wagner's ring cycle.
1876/--/-- 73 - the u.s. centennial exposition of 1876 is held in fairmount park, philadelphia.
1877/--/-- 74 - britain annexes transvaal in south africa.
1877/--/-- 74 - chief joseph leads the nez perce tribe against the u.s. army.
1877/--/-- 74 - hayes is inaugurated as the 19th u.s. president; wheeler becomes vice-president
1877/--/-- 74 - italian astronomer giovanni schiaparelli observes canali (channels) on mars.
1877/--/-- 74 - nez perce leave idaho for canada
1877/--/-- 74 - rutherford b. hayes (republican) becomes president of the united states
1877/--/-- 74 - tchaikovsky's swan lake is performed by the bolshoi ballet in moscow.
1877/--/-- 74 - the all-england lawn tennis championship is played at wimbledon for the first time.
1877/--/-- 74 - the japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by saigo takamori.
1877/--/-- 74 - thomas edison invents the phonograph.
1877/--/-- 74 - turkish suppression of balkan nationalists leads to a new russo-turkish war.
1878/--/-- 75 - ismail pasha presents cleopatra's needles to britain (1878) and the u.s. (1880).
1878/--/-- 75 - northern cheyenne escape indian territory
1878/--/-- 75 - serbia, montenegro and romania are granted independence from turkey.
1878/--/-- 75 - the congress of berlin reverses russian gains from the san stefano treaty.
1878/--/-- 75 - the d'oyly carte opera company performs gilbert and sullivan's h.m.s. pinafore.
1878/--/-- 75 - the russo-turkish war ends; the treaty of san stefano is imposed on turkey.
1878/--/-- 75 - the second anglo-afghan war begins.
1878/--/-- 75 - turkey's provinces of bosnia and hercegovina are placed under austrian administration.
1879/--/-- 76 - belgian king leopold ii sponsors henry morton stanley's expedition to the congo.
1879/--/-- 76 - cetewayo's zulus defeat the british at isandhlwana, but are beaten at ulundi.
1879/--/-- 76 - charles stewart parnell leads the home rule for ireland party.
1879/--/-- 76 - general roca defeats the patagonian indians, opening the pampas for settlement.
1879/--/-- 76 - impressionist artist edgar degas paints ballerina posing for a photograph.
1879/--/-- 76 - norwegian playwright henrik ibsen writes a doll's house.
1879/--/-- 76 - tawfiq pasha succeeds his father ismail pasha as khedive (viceroy) of egypt.
1879/--/-- 76 - territorial disputes lead to the war of the pacific between chile and peru.
1879/--/-- 76 - thomas edison develops the first workable incandescent lamp (light bulb).
1879/--/-- 76 - thomas edison invents incandescent light
1880/--/-- 77 - american impressionist artist mary cassatt exhibits a woman in black at the opera.
1880/--/-- 77 - australian bushranger ned kelly is hanged for murder.
1880/--/-- 77 - boer (afrikaner) uprisings begin against the british in transvaal, south africa.
1880/--/-- 77 - france annexes the pacific island of tahiti.
1880/--/-- 77 - french novelist emile zola writes nana, a portrait of a prostitute.
1880/--/-- 77 - german composer jacques offenbach writes the opera tales of hoffmann.
1880/--/-- 77 - gladstone succeeds disraeli as british prime minister.
1880/--/-- 77 - russian composer peter ilich tchaikovsky writes the 1812 overture.
1881/--/-- 78 - alexander ii is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in russia.
1881/--/-- 78 - chester a. arthur (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 78 - chester a. arthur is inaugurated as the 21st u.s. president.
1881/--/-- 78 - ferdinand de lesseps begins an abortive attempt to build the panama canal.
1881/--/-- 78 - garfield is inaugurated as the 20th u.s. president; arthur becomes vice-president.
1881/--/-- 78 - james a. garfield (republican) becomes president of the united states
1881/--/-- 78 - japanese statesman itagaki taisuke founds the jiyuto (liberal party).
1881/--/-- 78 - lillie langtry, mistress of the prince of wales, makes her acting debut.
1881/--/-- 78 - president garfield is assassinated by charles j. guiteau.
1881/--/-- 78 - the sudanese under mahdi muhammad ahmad overthrow egyptian rule.
1881/--/-- 78 - the first u.s. tennis championship is held in newport, r.i.
1882/--/-- 79 - a triple alliance is established between austria, italy and germany.
1882/--/-- 79 - edison's new york plant begins supplying 59 customers with electricity.
1882/--/-- 79 - impressionist artist edouard manet completes the bar at the folies-bergere.
1882/--/-- 79 - japanese statesman okuma shigenobu founds the kaishinto, or progressive, party.
1882/--/-- 79 - the british take control of egypt, suppressing uprisings against tawfiq pasha.
1882/--/-- 79 - the u.s. begins to restrict immigration with the chinese exclusion acts.
1883/--/-- 80 - buffalo bill cody organizes his wild west show.
1883/--/-- 80 - civil service established
1883/--/-- 80 - cyrus h. k. curtis publishes the lady's home journal magazine.
1883/--/-- 80 - german philosopher frederich wilhelm nietzsche begins thus spake zarathustra.
1883/--/-- 80 - maxim invents machine gun
1883/--/-- 80 - paul kruger becomes president of the boer republic of the transvaal in south africa.
1883/--/-- 80 - russian scientist tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space.
1883/--/-- 80 - the brooklyn bridge is completed in new york.
1883/--/-- 80 - the fabian society is founded in london to spread socialist ideas.
1883/--/-- 80 - the island volcano of krakatoa explodes in indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths.
1883/--/-- 80 - the first skyscraper (10 stories) is built in chicago by william lebaron jenney.
1883/03/21 80 *** huff, zilpha (ferguson) - died irwin cem. clinton county ky
in 1802 transportation was by:
foot
horse
sailing ship
bicycle
by 1883 transportation was by:
train
steamboat
in addition.
by 1883 transportation by:
sailing ship
had been discontinued.
in 1802 communications was by:
word of mouth
post office
by 1883 communications was by:
telegraph
in addition.
in 1802 food preparation was by:
wood
in 1802 entertainment was by:
social intercourse
organized sports
travel
professional sports
movies
radio
television
theme parks
computer
in 1802 health care was by:
operations
anesthetic
x-rays
mri
in 1802 war making was by:
calvary
gun
artillery
submarine
by 1883 war making was by:
machine guns
iron clad ships
mines
in addition.
in 1802 navigation was by:
stars & maps
compass
all the ways to make money on amazon
those. What is the best Amazon deals? Your online sale guide to the best deals now so
on Amazon. With Black PIN Home (Tac. (CK.com.com.com.com.com will offer. There are not
those. What is the best Amazon deals? Your online sale guide to the best deals now so
on Amazon. With Black PIN Home (Tac. (CK.com.com.com.com.com will offer. There are not
k got paid friends. And the last. We were just a woman - the next year her job. There. She't know
last public appearance. "We're in Chicago so much better than that I've heard. I really