...date... age event
1772/--/-- 0 *** stephens, hester (hopper) - born virginia
1772/--/-- 0 - american artist benjamin west paints the death of wolfe.
1772/--/-- 0 - english artist joshua reynolds paints a portrait of samuel johnson.
1772/--/-- 0 - poland is partitioned among russia, prussia and austria.
1773/--/-- 1 - american colonists throw british tea into boston harbor during the boston tea party.
1773/--/-- 1 - anglo-irish author oliver goldsmith writes the play she stoops to conquer.
1773/--/-- 1 - calcutta is established as the capital of british india.
1773/--/-- 1 - don cossack yemelian pugachev leads the peasant's revolt in russia.
1773/--/-- 1 - pope clement xiv persecutes the jesuits.
1774/--/-- 2 - britain passes the intolerable acts and closes the port of boston.
1774/--/-- 2 - british scientist joseph priestley discovers oxygen.
1774/--/-- 2 - edmund burke's speech on american taxation defends the colony's rights.
1774/--/-- 2 - johann wolfgang von goethe publishes the sorrows of young werther.
1774/--/-- 2 - louis xv dies; he is succeeded by his grandson louis xvi as king of france.
1774/--/-- 2 - rhode island becomes the first state to abolish slavery.
1774/--/-- 2 - the quebec act grants religious liberty to roman catholics in canada.
1774/--/-- 2 - the treaty of kuchuk kainarji ends the russo-turkish war.
1774/--/-- 2 - the first continental congress meets and condemns britain's intolerable acts.
1774/--/-- 2 - warren hastings is appointed as the first governor-general of british india.
1775/--/-- 3 - american patriot patrick henry states "give me liberty, or give me death."
1775/--/-- 3 - americans under montgomery occupy montreal, but fail to capture quebec.
1775/--/-- 3 - british troops and colonial militia clash at lexington, starting the american revolution.
1775/--/-- 3 - british troops suffer heavy losses at the battle of bunker hill.
1775/--/-- 3 - french dramatist caron de beaumarchais writes the barber of seville.
1775/--/-- 3 - paul revere rides to lexington to warn of approaching british troops.
1775/--/-- 3 - revolutionary war begins
1775/--/-- 3 - the continental congress chooses george washington to head the continental army.
1776/--/-- 4 - american general charles lee is captured by the british.
1776/--/-- 4 - ann lee establishes a shaker community at wartervliet in new york.
1776/--/-- 4 - british forces are evacuated from boston.
1776/--/-- 4 - british forces under sir henry clinton bombard charleston harbor.
1776/--/-- 4 - charles burney publishes the first volume of a general history of music.
1776/--/-- 4 - david bushnell's submarine the turtle makes an abortive attack on british ships.
1776/--/-- 4 - economist adam smith publishes the wealth of nations.
1776/--/-- 4 - edward gibbon publishes the first volume of decline and fall of the roman empire.
1776/--/-- 4 - grigory aleksandrovich potemkin organizes the russian black sea fleet.
1776/--/-- 4 - howe defeats washington at white plains; washington retreats across the delaware.
1776/--/-- 4 - nathan hale is executed by the british as a spy.
1776/--/-- 4 - swiss banker jacques necker is appointed director of the treasury by louis xvi.
1776/--/-- 4 - the british under howe defeat washington on long island and occupy new york.
1776/--/-- 4 - the continental congress adopts the declaration of independence.
1776/--/-- 4 - the sturm und drang (storm and stress) literary movement begins in germany.
1776/--/-- 4 - thomas paine publishes his revolutionary war pamphlet common sense.
1776/--/-- 4 - washington defeats british forces at trenton and princeton (1777).
1777/--/-- 5 - burgoyne capitulates to horatio gates' american forces at saratoga.
1777/--/-- 5 - christianity is introduced into korea.
1777/--/-- 5 - french chemist lavoisier proves that air is composed of oxygen and nitrogen.
1777/--/-- 5 - general burgoyne captures ticonderoga and defeats the americans in pennsylvania.
1777/--/-- 5 - richard brinsley sheridan's comedy the school for scandal is produced.
1777/--/-- 5 - the british under howe capture philadelphia, forcing congress to flee.
1777/--/-- 5 - the british under howe defeat washington's continental army at brandywine creek.
1777/--/-- 5 - the continental congress adopts the stars and stripes as the american flag.
1777/--/-- 5 - the marquis de lafayette offers his services to the continental congress.
1777/--/-- 5 - washington's continental army spends a hard winter at valley forge.
1778/--/-- 6 - english novelist fanny burney writes evelina.
1778/--/-- 6 - france enters the american war of independence in support of the colonies.
1778/--/-- 6 - franz anton mesmer opens a paris practice to treat patients using magnetism.
1778/--/-- 6 - john singleton copley paints watson and the shark.
1778/--/-- 6 - la scala opera house opens in milan, italy.
1778/--/-- 6 - portugal transfers its rights in equatorial guinea to spain.
1778/--/-- 6 - washington clashes with british forces under clinton at monmouth, n.j.
1779/--/-- 7 - american forces under sullivan campaign against the iroquois on the new york border.
1779/--/-- 7 - an american squadron led by john paul jones attacks british shipping.
1779/--/-- 7 - british explorer james cook is killed by natives on hawaii.
1779/--/-- 7 - george rogers clark recaptures vincennes from the british.
1779/--/-- 7 - samuel crompton develops his spinning mule for england's cotton industry.
1779/--/-- 7 - samuel johnson begins writing the lives of the poets
1779/--/-- 7 - spain declares war on britain and lays siege to gibraltar.
1779/--/-- 7 - war breaks out between dutch settlers and the xhosas in south africa.
1780/--/-- 8 - americans under horatio gates are defeated by cornwallis at camden, s.c.
1780/--/-- 8 - andre's capture exposes benedict arnold's plot to surrender west point.
1780/--/-- 8 - english spy john andre is caught and executed by the americans.
1780/--/-- 8 - francis marion and thomas sumter lead guerrilla forces against the british.
1780/--/-- 8 - luigi galvani begins experiments on the effect of electricity on nerves and muscles.
1780/--/-- 8 - maria theresa dies; joseph ii inherits the crown of bohemia and hungary.
1780/--/-- 8 - peruvian indians under tupac amaru revolt against spainish rule.
1780/--/-- 8 - the british under clinton occupy charleston, s.c. and capture the garrison.
1780/--/-- 8 - the derby horse race is established in england.
1780/--/-- 8 - the gordon riots begin in london against catholic emancipation.
1780/--/-- 8 - venetian artist francesco guardi paints the gondola on the lagoon.
1781/--/-- 9 - american forces under daniel morgan defeat the british at the battle of cowpens.
1781/--/-- 9 - english astronomer william herschel discovers the planet uranus.
1781/--/-- 9 - german philosopher immanuel kant publishes his critique of pure reason.
1781/--/-- 9 - the british defeat hyder ali the muslim ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1781/--/-- 9 - the british under cornwallis surrender to the americans at yorktown.
1781/--/-- 9 - the french aid washington in the siege of yorktown.
1782/--/-- 10 - henry grattan's patriot party achieves legislative independence for ireland.
1782/--/-- 10 - kamehameha i begins a ten-year war for control of hawaii.
1782/--/-- 10 - peace talks open in paris between britain and america.
1782/--/-- 10 - pierre choderlos de laclos writes les liaisons dangereuses.
1782/--/-- 10 - rama i founds the chakkri dynasty in siam (thailand) with bangkok as its capital.
1782/--/-- 10 - the design for the great seal of the united states is adopted by the continental congress.
1782/--/-- 10 - tippu sultan succeeds his father as ruler of mysore (now karnataka) in india.
1783/--/-- 11 - an earthquake kills 30,000 people at calabria in italy.
1783/--/-- 11 - britain cedes all lands west to mississippi river
1783/--/-- 11 - britain recognizes the independence of the united states at the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 11 - british forces abandon new york, their last stronghold in north america.
1783/--/-- 11 - french scientist jacques charles demonstrates the first hydrogen-inflated balloon.
1783/--/-- 11 - peace treaty ends revolutionary war
1783/--/-- 11 - revolutionary war ends
1783/--/-- 11 - russia gains control of the crimea after three centuries of turkish rule.
1783/--/-- 11 - the british return florida to spain under the terms of the treaty of paris.
1783/--/-- 11 - the montgolfier brothers make the first manned flight in a hot air balloon.
1783/--/-- 11 - william pitt (the younger) becomes prime minister of britain at age 24.
1783/--/-- 11 - william pitt ii becomes english prime minister at 24
1784/--/-- 12 - american inventor oliver evans develops the first automated flour mill.
1784/--/-- 12 - ben franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses
1784/--/-- 12 - french dramatist caron de beaumarchais writes the marriage of figaro.
1784/--/-- 12 - french neoclassical artist jacques louis david paints the oath of horatii.
1784/--/-- 12 - grigory shelekhov founds the first russian colony in america at kodiak island, alaska.
1784/--/-- 12 - thomas jefferson's proposes a ban on slavery in the western territories.
1785/--/-- 13 - english poet william cowper publishes the task.
1785/--/-- 13 - french navigator la perouse sails to the pacific to find the northwest passage.
1785/--/-- 13 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the english channel.
1785/--/-- 13 - new york city becomes the temporary capital of the united states.
1785/--/-- 13 - newspaper publisher john walter founds the times of london.
1786/--/-- 14 - daniel shays leads a rebellion against the state government in massachusetts.
1786/--/-- 14 - first ice cream made commercially in nyc
1786/--/-- 14 - francisco de goya becomes court painter to charles iii of spain.
1786/--/-- 14 - frederick ii dies; he is succeeded by his son frederick william ii as king of prussia.
1786/--/-- 14 - lord cornwallis succeeds warren hastings as governor-general of india.
1786/--/-- 14 - robert burns publishes poems, chiefly in the scottish dialect.
1786/--/-- 14 - shay's rebellion, mass
1786/--/-- 14 - singapore, penang and melaka are ceded to britain as the straits settlements.
1786/--/-- 14 - swiss climbers make the first ascent of mount blanc.
1787/--/-- 15 - alexander hamilton, john jay and james madison write the first federalist essays.
1787/--/-- 15 - american inventor john fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the delaware.
1787/--/-- 15 - austrian composer wolfgang amadeus mozart writes the opera don giovanni.
1787/--/-- 15 - british reformer william wilberforce declares his aims to abolish slavery.
1787/--/-- 15 - constitutional convention
1787/--/-- 15 - henry holland builds the first royal pavilion at brighton for the prince regent.
1787/--/-- 15 - royall tyler's the contrast becomes the first stage comedy to be produced in the u.s.
1787/--/-- 15 - the assembly of notables is summoned by louis xvi to reform french taxation.
1787/--/-- 15 - the british found freetown and establish sierra leone as a colony for freed slaves.
1787/--/-- 15 - the constitutional convention meets in philadelphia to draw up a u.s. constitution.
1787/--/-- 15 - the continental congress excludes slavery from the northwest territory.
1787/--/-- 15 - the marylebone cricket club (m.c.c.) is formed in london, england.
1787/--/-- 15 - turkey declares war on russia, beginning a new russo-turkish war.
1788/--/-- 16 - "the federalist" published
1788/--/-- 16 - a crop failure in france leads to bread riots.
1788/--/-- 16 - austria joins russia in the war against turkey.
1788/--/-- 16 - captain arthur phillip founds the first australian penal colony at sydney cove.
1788/--/-- 16 - constitution ratified
1788/--/-- 16 - french physicist lagrange publishes his analytical mechanics.
1788/--/-- 16 - george iii of england has his first attack of mental illness.
1788/--/-- 16 - mozart composes 3 symphonies: e-flat, g minor and jupiter in less than 7 weeks.
1788/--/-- 16 - swedish forces under gustav iii attack russia.
1788/--/-- 16 - warren hastings is impeached for maladministration in india.
1789/--/-- 17 - a national assembly is declared in france, ending the power of the states-general.
1789/--/-- 17 - alexander hamilton becomes the first u.s. secretary of the treasury.
1789/--/-- 17 - austrian forces capture belgrade from the turks.
1789/--/-- 17 - bill of rights adopted
1789/--/-- 17 - english poet and artist william blake publishes songs of innocence.
1789/--/-- 17 - french revolution begins
1789/--/-- 17 - french sculptor jean antoine houdon makes busts of jefferson and washington.
1789/--/-- 17 - george washington (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1789/--/-- 17 - jeremy bentham publishes an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.
1789/--/-- 17 - louis xvi is forced to capitulate; france becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1789/--/-- 17 - mutinous sailors seize h.m.s. bounty and take refuge on pitcairn island.
1789/--/-- 17 - the federalist party is formed by supporters of the ratification of the u.s. constitution.
1789/--/-- 17 - the french national assembly formulates a declaration of the rights of man.
1789/--/-- 17 - the french revolution begins with an attack on the bastille.
1789/--/-- 17 - the supreme court of the united states is founded with john jay as chief justice.
1789/--/-- 17 - the tammany hall political organization is founded in new york.
1789/--/-- 17 - the first national thanksgiving day is celebrated in the u.s.
1789/--/-- 17 - tippu sultan begins the third mysore war against the british in india.
1789/--/-- 17 - washington is elected as the first u.s. president; john adams becomes vice-president.
1789/--/-- 17 - wm. blake publishes "songs of innocence"
1790/--/-- 18 - leopold ii succeeds joseph ii as holy roman emperor.
1790/--/-- 18 - new england captains extend whaling into the pacific ocean about this time.
1790/--/-- 18 - philadelphia replaces new york as the temporary capital of the u.s.
1790/--/-- 18 - seat of government moves from nyc to philadelphia
1790/--/-- 18 - sweden and russia sign a peace treaty.
1790/--/-- 18 - the new york stock exchange is founded.
1790/--/-- 18 - the bolero spanish dance is introduced about this time.
1790/--/-- 18 - thomas jefferson proposes a decimal (metric) system; congress rejects the suggestion.
1791/--/-- 19 - austria returns belgrade to the turks.
1791/--/-- 19 - chinese author ts'ao hsueh-ch'in publishes the dream of the red chamber.
1791/--/-- 19 - emperor joseph ii ends the war between austria and turkey.
1791/--/-- 19 - james boswell publishes his life of samuel johnson.
1791/--/-- 19 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are captured while trying to leave france.
1791/--/-- 19 - marquis de sade writes the novel justine from his prison cell.
1791/--/-- 19 - miami indian chief little turtle defeats an american force under general arthur st. clair.
1791/--/-- 19 - mozart's opera the magic flute is performed for the first time.
1791/--/-- 19 - pierre charles l'enfant designs the new u.s. capital of washington, d.c.
1791/--/-- 19 - the bill of rights (the first ten amendments to the u.s. constitution) is ratified.
1791/--/-- 19 - the first bank of the united states is founded.
1791/--/-- 19 - the province of quebec is divided into upper canada and lower canada.
1791/--/-- 19 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man in defense of the french revolution.
1791/--/-- 19 - thomas sheraton publishes the cabinet maker and upholsterer's drawing book.
1791/--/-- 19 - tom paine "the rights of man"
1791/--/-- 19 - toussaint l'ouverture leads a slave revolt in haiti against the french.
1791/--/-- 19 - vermont becomes the 14th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 20 - architect james hoban wins the competition to design the white house.
1792/--/-- 20 - charles bulfinch designs the connecticut state house (now hartford city hall).
1792/--/-- 20 - first u.s. trade union of shoemakers
1792/--/-- 20 - france declares war on austria and prussia, beginning the french revolutionary wars.
1792/--/-- 20 - francis ii succeeds leopold ii to become the last holy roman emperor.
1792/--/-- 20 - george washington is reelected as president.
1792/--/-- 20 - german philosopher fichte writes an essay toward a critique of all revelations.
1792/--/-- 20 - gustav iii of sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in stockholm.
1792/--/-- 20 - jefferson leads the democratic-republican party in opposition to the federalists.
1792/--/-- 20 - kentucky becomes the 15th state of the union.
1792/--/-- 20 - mary wollstonecraft publishes a vindication of the rights of women.
1792/--/-- 20 - new insurrections begin in france; louis xvi is imprisoned by the commune of paris.
1792/--/-- 20 - russia and prussia invade poland, which is still recovering from the partition of 1772.
1792/--/-- 20 - swiss scientist aime argand develops a practical oil lamp using a tubular wick.
1792/--/-- 20 - the columbia river is discovered by boston trader robert gray.
1792/--/-- 20 - the french republic adopts the guillotine as a uniform method of execution.
1792/--/-- 20 - the french under dumouriez halt the prussians and defeat the austrians at jemappes.
1792/--/-- 20 - the national convention proclaims france a republic.
1792/--/-- 20 - the treaty of jasso ends the russo-turkish war.
1792/--/-- 20 - the dollar is selected as the u.s. unit of currency.
1792/--/-- 20 - thomas paine publishes the rights of man and is outlawed for treason in england.
1793/--/-- 21 - britain, holland, spain and sardinia form a new anti-french coalition.
1793/--/-- 21 - eli whitney invents cotton gin; revives dying slave economy of south
1793/--/-- 21 - eli whitney invents the cotton gin.
1793/--/-- 21 - france adopts the metric system of measurement.
1793/--/-- 21 - france raises the first national army of conscripts to oppose the coalition forces.
1793/--/-- 21 - french king louis xvi and queen marie antoinette executed
1793/--/-- 21 - french revolutionary jean paul marat is murdered by charlotte corday.
1793/--/-- 21 - fugitive slave act
1793/--/-- 21 - george washington lays the cornerstone for the capitol building in washington d.c.
1793/--/-- 21 - j.-l. david paints "the dead marat"
1793/--/-- 21 - jean pierre blanchard makes the first u.s. balloon flight in philadelphia.
1793/--/-- 21 - louis xvi and marie antoinette are executed; the reign of terror begins in france.
1793/--/-- 21 - russia and prussia seize polish lands as part of the second partition of poland.
1794/--/-- 22 - ann ward radcliffe publishes her gothic novel the mysteries of udolpho.
1794/--/-- 22 - french engineer claude chappe invents the semaphore signaling system.
1794/--/-- 22 - jay's treaty settles disputes between britain and the u.s.
1794/--/-- 22 - militia under general henry lee suppress the whiskey rebellion in pennsylvania.
1794/--/-- 22 - robespierre's execution ends the reign of terror in france; the thermidorian reaction begins.
1794/--/-- 22 - tadeusz kosciuszko leads a revolt of polish peasants against russia.
1794/--/-- 22 - the british occupy the french island of corsica for a two-year period.
1794/--/-- 22 - the qajar (kajar) dynasty is founded in persia (iran).
1794/--/-- 22 - u.s. forces under anthony wayne defeat the indians at the battle of fallen timbers.
1795/--/-- 23 - american artist charles wilson peale paints the staircase group.
1795/--/-- 23 - austrian composer franz josef haydn completes the 12 london symphonies.
1795/--/-- 23 - france claims the island of hispaniola.
1795/--/-- 23 - napoleon bonaparte defeats the insurrectionists in paris.
1795/--/-- 23 - prussia and spain sue for peace with france.
1795/--/-- 23 - scottish explorer mungo park reaches the gambia and niger rivers.
1795/--/-- 23 - scottish geologist james hutton publishes his theory of the earth.
1795/--/-- 23 - spain recognizes u.s. claims to west florida (mississippi).
1795/--/-- 23 - stanislaw ii abdicates as the last king of poland.
1795/--/-- 23 - the british capture cape province (south africa) from the dutch.
1795/--/-- 23 - the constitution of 1795 establishes a directory to rule france.
1795/--/-- 23 - the methodists separate from the church of england.
1795/--/-- 23 - the final partition of poland is made among russia, prussia and austria.
1796/--/-- 24 - english novelist fanny burney publishes camilla.
1796/--/-- 24 - english physician edward jenner develops vaccination against smallpox.
1796/--/-- 24 - george washington declines to serve as president for a third term.
1796/--/-- 24 - gilbert stuart paints a portrait of washington (used later on the dollar bill).
1796/--/-- 24 - john adams is elected as the 2nd u.s. president; jefferson becomes vice-president.
1796/--/-- 24 - napoleon defeats the austrian and sardinian armies in italy.
1796/--/-- 24 - napoleon marries josephine, the widow of the vicomte de beauharnais.
1796/--/-- 24 - napoleon restores corsica to french rule.
1796/--/-- 24 - samuel hahnemann publishes his findings on homeopathic treatment.
1796/--/-- 24 - spain sides with france in the war against britain.
1796/--/-- 24 - tennessee becomes the 16th state of the union.
1796/--/-- 24 - the british seize ceylon (sri lanka) from the dutch.
1797/--/-- 25 *** hopper, william [son] - born to hopper, william and stephens, hester (hopper) north carolina
1797/--/-- 25 - austria cedes the austrian netherlands (present-day belgium) to france.
1797/--/-- 25 - british wood engraver thomas bewick publishes a history of british birds.
1797/--/-- 25 - david thompson surveys the mississippi headwaters for the north west company.
1797/--/-- 25 - john adams (federalist) becomes president of the united states
1797/--/-- 25 - nelson defeats the spanish fleet at cape st. vincent, and the dutch at camperdown.
1797/--/-- 25 - the british capture the spanish colony of trinidad.
1797/--/-- 25 - the directory appoint talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for france.
1797/--/-- 25 - the treaty of campo formio ends the war of the first coalition against france.
1797/--/-- 25 - the venetian republic is dissolved; venice is ruled by austria.
1798/--/-- 26 - alien and sedition act
1798/--/-- 26 - america's first professional author charles brockden brown publishes wieland.
1798/--/-- 26 - britain, austria, russia and turkey form a second coalition against france.
1798/--/-- 26 - economist thomas malthus publishes an essay on the principle of population.
1798/--/-- 26 - eli whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets.
1798/--/-- 26 - french armies occupy rome and invade switzerland, creating the helvetic republic.
1798/--/-- 26 - haydn composes "the creation"
1798/--/-- 26 - lord wellesley becomes governor-general of india.
1798/--/-- 26 - napoleon's army invades egypt and defeats the mamelukes at the battle of the pyramids.
1798/--/-- 26 - the french fleet is destroyed by nelson at abukir bay, cutting off napoleon's forces in egypt.
1798/--/-- 26 - the u.s. congress passes the controversial alien and sedition acts.
1798/--/-- 26 - the xyz affair leads to the quasi war between france and the u.s.
1798/--/-- 26 - the territory of mississippi becomes part of the united states.
1798/--/-- 26 - william wordsworth publishes lyrical ballads with samuel taylor coleridge.
1798/--/-- 26 - wolfe tone leads a revolt against the british by the society of united irishmen.
1799/--/-- 27 - a 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the lena river in russia.
1799/--/-- 27 - britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax.
1799/--/-- 27 - city hotel, the first american structure designed as a hotel, opens in new york.
1799/--/-- 27 - humboldt and bonpland begin their scientific expedition in south american.
1799/--/-- 27 - napoleon attacks syria to prevent a turkish invasion of egypt, but is defeated at acre.
1799/--/-- 27 - napoleon becomes consul
1799/--/-- 27 - napoleon returns to france as first consul; the consulate replaces the directory.
1799/--/-- 27 - ranjit singh establishes a sikh kingdom in northwest india.
1799/--/-- 27 - russian forces under suvorov defeat the french in italy, but are held at zurich.
1799/--/-- 27 - the rosetta stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in egypt.
1799/--/-- 27 - the russian-american company is founded to administer the alaskan fur trade.
1799/--/-- 27 - tippu sultan is killed in battle with the british; the mysore empire is destroyed.
1800/--/-- 28 - black slave gabriel leads an abortive uprising near richmond, virginia.
1800/--/-- 28 - france regains louisiana from spain under the secret treaty of san ildefonso.
1800/--/-- 28 - italian physicist alessandro volta invents the first electric battery.
1800/--/-- 28 - jefferson defeats adams in the u.s. presidential election, but ties with burr.
1800/--/-- 28 - johnny appleseed (john chapman) arrives in the ohio river valley around this time.
1800/--/-- 28 - library of congress founded
1800/--/-- 28 - madame de stael publishes the influence of literature upon society.
1800/--/-- 28 - napoleon commissions cambaceres to develop the napoleonic code of law.
1800/--/-- 28 - napoleon defeats the austrians at the battle of marengo.
1800/--/-- 28 - seat of government moves from philadelphia to washington, dc
1800/--/-- 28 - the library of congress is founded in washington d.c.
1800/--/-- 28 - the seat of u.s. government is transferred to washington, d.c.
1800/--/-- 28 - volta invents electric battery
1801/--/-- 29 - alexander i becomes emperor of russia after the murder of his father paul i.
1801/--/-- 29 - barbary pirates begin the tripolitan war; a u.s. squadron sails to the mediterranean.
1801/--/-- 29 - castlereagh secures passage of the act of union, which unites britain and ireland.
1801/--/-- 29 - chemists proust and berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition.
1801/--/-- 29 - jefferson is selected as the 3rd u.s. president; burr becomes vice-president.
1801/--/-- 29 - nelson defeats the danish fleet at copenhagen.
1801/--/-- 29 - robert fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the nautilus.
1801/--/-- 29 - the british defeat napoleon's army of egypt at alexandria.
1801/--/-- 29 - the peace of luneville ends the war between france and austria.
1801/--/-- 29 - the union jack becomes the official flag of the united kingdom.
1801/--/-- 29 - thomas jefferson (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1802/--/-- 30 - alexander von humboldt climbs mt. chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- 30 - american artist benjamin west paints death on a pale horse.
1802/--/-- 30 - britain returns the island of minorca to spain.
1802/--/-- 30 - napoleon is created first consul for life.
1802/--/-- 30 - the french capture haitian leader toussaint, but are defeated by christophe.
1802/--/-- 30 - the treaty of amiens brings a temporary halt to the french revolutionary wars.
1803/--/-- 31 - britain declares war on france, beginning the napoleonic wars.
1803/--/-- 31 - britain establishes a new penal colony on van diemen's land (tasmania).
1803/--/-- 31 - dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 31 - english scientist john dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 31 - france sells louisiana to the u.s.
1803/--/-- 31 - matthew flinders completes the first circumnavigation of australia.
1803/--/-- 31 - ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the union.
1803/--/-- 31 - robert emmet leads an irish rebellion in dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 32 - american politician aaron burr kills alexander hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 32 - dessalines declares haitian independence and names himself emperor jacques i.
1804/--/-- 32 - english engineer richard trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 32 - francis ii assumes the title of emperor of austria.
1804/--/-- 32 - fulani leader usman dan fodio leads a holy war against the hausa in nigeria.
1804/--/-- 32 - jefferson is reelected as u.s. president; clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 32 - lewis and clark expedition encounters native americans
1804/--/-- 32 - lewis and clarke expedition
1804/--/-- 32 - meriwether lewis and william clark begin exploring the american north-west.
1804/--/-- 32 - napoleon becomes emperor
1804/--/-- 32 - napoleon crowns himself emperor of france.
1804/--/-- 32 - serbian nationalists revolt against the turks.
1804/--/-- 32 - stephen decatur leads a u.s. navy skirmish into tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 33 - american explorers lewis and clark reach the pacific ocean.
1805/--/-- 33 - austria sues for peace with france at the treaty of pressburg.
1805/--/-- 33 - britain, austria, russia and sweden form a third coalition against france.
1805/--/-- 33 - muhammad ali is appointed pasha (governor) of egypt by the ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 33 - nelson defeats the franco-spanish fleet at trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 33 - the french defeat austro-russian forces at the battle of austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 33 - the shawnee prophet, brother of tecumseh, begins planning an indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 34 - emperor jacques i is assassinated; haiti is divided between christophe and petion.
1806/--/-- 34 - napoleon begins the continental system, closing european ports to british vessels.
1806/--/-- 34 - napoleon forces the abdication of francis ii; the holy roman empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 34 - noah webster publishes "compendious" dictionary of the english language"
1806/--/-- 34 - prussia joins the coalition against france, but is defeated at jena-auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 34 - revolutionary leader francisco de miranda makes an abortive invasion of venezuela.
1806/--/-- 34 - the british employ congreve rockets against a french invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 34 - u.s. explorer zebulon pike is sent west to descend the red river.
1806/--/-- 34 - william murdock installs gas lighting in a manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 35 - aaron burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 35 - beethoven completes his fifth symphony and begins the sixth (pastoral).
1807/--/-- 35 - british chemist humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 35 - congress passes the embargo act in response to interference with u.s. shipping.
1807/--/-- 35 - german philosopher hegel publishes the phenomenology of the spirit.
1807/--/-- 35 - napoleon defeats the russian armies; russia and prussia sue for peace at tilsit.
1807/--/-- 35 - portugal refuses to observe the blockade against england; france invades portugal.
1807/--/-- 35 - robert fulton's steamship the clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 35 - sir humphry davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 35 - the janissaries depose sultan selim iii and place mustafa iv on the ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 35 - the u.s. frigate chesapeake is involved in an incident with a british man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 35 - the slave trade is outlawed throughout the british empire.
1808/--/-- 36 - beethoven composes "fifth symphony"
1808/--/-- 36 - congress prohibits importing of african slaves
1808/--/-- 36 - francisco de goya paints the third of may, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 36 - french chemist joseph louis gay-lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 36 - german artist caspar david friedrich exhibits the cross in the mountains.
1808/--/-- 36 - japanese artist buncho paints true view of mount hiko.
1808/--/-- 36 - john jacob astor founds the american fur company.
1808/--/-- 36 - napoleon appoints his brother joseph as king of spain.
1808/--/-- 36 - napoleon occupys spain
1808/--/-- 36 - the british under wellington aid portugal against france in the peninsular war.
1809/--/-- 37 - frenchman nicolas appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 37 - german artists overbeck and pforr found the nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 37 - james madison (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1809/--/-- 37 - john stevens' steamboat the phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 37 - lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in zoological philosophy.
1809/--/-- 37 - metternich draws austria into the war of the fifth coalition against france.
1809/--/-- 37 - napoleon annexes the papal states and takes pope pius vii prisoner.
1809/--/-- 37 - russia seizes finland from sweden; king gustav iv adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 37 - the french defeat the austrians at wagram; francis ii accepts the treaty of schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 38 - a rebellion against spain breaks out in buenos aires, argentina.
1810/--/-- 38 - american settlers rebel against the spanish in west florida.
1810/--/-- 38 - kamehameha i becomes ruler of hawaii and establishes the kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 38 - mexican priest miguel hidalgo y costilla leads a rebellion against spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 38 - revolutions in latin america lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 38 - separatists movements in latin america
1810/--/-- 38 - the krupp arms factory is established at essen in germany.
1810/--/-- 38 - wellington's anglo-portuguese army holds the french on the outskirts of lisbon.
1811/--/-- 39 - bolivar and miranda lead the venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 39 - first steamboat to sail down mississippi reaches new orleans
1811/--/-- 39 - george iii becomes mentally unstable; the prince of wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 39 - henri christophe declares himself king of northern haiti.
1811/--/-- 39 - italian chemist amedeo avogadro develops the concept known as avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 39 - jane austen "sense and sensibility"
1811/--/-- 39 - jose artigas raises a force to expel the spanish from the banda oriental (uruguay).
1811/--/-- 39 - mexican rebel leader hidalgo y costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 39 - native americans defeated in battle of tippecanoe in indiana territory
1811/--/-- 39 - the luddites riot in england against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 39 - the building of the national road, the first u.s. federal highway, begins in maryland.
1811/--/-- 39 - the first rowing race in the united states is held in new york.
1811/--/-- 39 - the ruling mameluke aristocracy is massacred in cairo by muhammad ali.
1811/--/-- 39 - william henry harrison defeats the shawnee indians at the battle of tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 40 - an earthquake destroys caracas in venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 40 - english caricaturist thomas rowlandson illustrates the tour of dr. syntax.
1812/--/-- 40 - general william hull surrenders detroit to the british.
1812/--/-- 40 - georges cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 40 - grimm's fairy tales are published in germany.
1812/--/-- 40 - john nash begins the oriental conversion of the royal pavilion at brighton.
1812/--/-- 40 - louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the union.
1812/--/-- 40 - napoleon defeated in russia
1812/--/-- 40 - napoleon invades russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 40 - napoleon's army retreats from moscow; only 40,000 men reach france.
1812/--/-- 40 - rebel leader morelos y pavon defeats the mexican royalist forces at oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 40 - spanish forces defeat bolivar and miranda in venezuela; miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 40 - stephen decatur's frigate united states defeats the british frigate macedonian.
1812/--/-- 40 - swiss explorer jakob burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of petra.
1812/--/-- 40 - territorial and shipping disputes lead to the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1812/--/-- 40 - the french defeat the russians at borodino; napoleon occupies moscow.
1812/--/-- 40 - the u.s. navy frigate constitution defeats 2 british frigates.
1812/--/-- 40 - the ancient city of petra (now in present-day jordan) is rediscovered by johann burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 40 - the first coal gas generating station is chartered in london to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 40 - war of 1812 begins
1812/--/-- 40 - wellington defeats the french at the battle of salamanca in spain.
1813/--/-- 41 - 14 luddites are hanged at york in england.
1813/--/-- 41 - english novelist jane austen publishes pride and prejudice.
1813/--/-- 41 - james wilkinson captures a fort at mobile, the last spanish possession in west florida.
1813/--/-- 41 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of leipzig by the sixth coalition.
1813/--/-- 41 - oliver hazard perry's ships destroy the british fleet on lake erie.
1813/--/-- 41 - british indian leader tecumseh is killed in the battle of the thames.
1813/--/-- 41 - rebel forces invade venezuela and capture caracas; bolivar is declared the liberator.
1813/--/-- 41 - robert southey is made poet laureate of england.
1813/--/-- 41 - wellington defeats the french in spain at vitoria and invades southern france.
1813/--/-- 41 - william henry harrison defeats the british at the battle of the thames.
1814/--/-- 42 - actor edmund kean makes his debut as shylock in the merchant of venice.
1814/--/-- 42 - andrew jackson annihilates the creek indians at the battle of horseshoe bend.
1814/--/-- 42 - andrew jackson crushes creek resistance in south
1814/--/-- 42 - british forces burn washington, d.c., but are repulsed at fort mchenry.
1814/--/-- 42 - coalition armies invade france; napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of elba.
1814/--/-- 42 - french artist ingres paints the grand odalisque.
1814/--/-- 42 - george stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 42 - louis xviii assumes the french throne.
1814/--/-- 42 - louis xviii assumes the french throne.
1814/--/-- 42 - new england states discuss their secession from the union at the hartford convention.
1814/--/-- 42 - pope pius vii returns to rome; the jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 42 - the treaty of ghent ends the war of 1812 between the u.s. and britain.
1814/--/-- 42 - treaty of ghent
1814/--/-- 42 - u.s. forces under thomas macdonough destroy the british fleet on lake champlain.
1815/--/-- 43 - french monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 43 - napoleon escapes from elba and marches on paris during the hundred days.
1815/--/-- 43 - napoleon is defeated at the battle of waterloo; he is exiled to the island of saint helena.
1815/--/-- 43 - the americans defeat the british at new orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 43 - the barbary states sue for peace with the u.s.
1815/--/-- 43 - the barbary states sue for peace with the u.s.
1815/--/-- 43 - the spanish army reconquers venezuela; bolivar flees to jamaica.
1815/--/-- 43 - the spanish capture and execute the mexican rebel leader morelos y pavon.
1815/--/-- 43 - the first gurkha regiment is formed by the british army.
1815/--/-- 43 - war of 1812 ends
1816/--/-- 44 - gioacchino rossini's opera the barber of seville is performed in rome.
1816/--/-- 44 - indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the union.
1816/--/-- 44 - maria i of portugal dies; she is succeeded by john vi who remains in exile in brazil.
1816/--/-- 44 - nepal is made a protectorate of british india.
1816/--/-- 44 - shaka begins establishing the zulu empire in south africa.
1816/--/-- 44 - the british museum buys the elgin marbles (smuggled from greece by lord elgin).
1816/--/-- 44 - the united provinces of the rio de la plata (argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 45 - construction begins on erie canal in new york
1817/--/-- 45 - construction of the erie canal begins in new york state.
1817/--/-- 45 - first seminole war
1817/--/-- 45 - french physician rene laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 45 - james monroe (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1817/--/-- 45 - jose de san martin and bernardo o'higgins defeat the spanish in chile.
1817/--/-- 45 - mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the union.
1817/--/-- 45 - monroe is inaugurated as the 5th u.s. president; tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 45 - sir walter scott writes the scottish adventure novel rob roy.
1818/--/-- 46 - arthur schopenhauer publishes the world as will and representation.
1818/--/-- 46 - bernardo o'higgins becomes the supreme director of independent chile.
1818/--/-- 46 - composer franz schubert becomes the music teacher to count esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 46 - english chemist sir humphry davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 46 - illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the union.
1818/--/-- 46 - john keats "endymion"
1818/--/-- 46 - mary wollstonecroft shelley publishes the horror novel frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 46 - sir john ross sails in search of the northwest passage.
1818/--/-- 46 - thomas love peacock publishes his comic novel nightmare abbey.
1818/--/-- 46 - treaty with britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 47 - alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the union.
1819/--/-- 47 - american artist washington allston paints moonlit landscape.
1819/--/-- 47 - bolivar defeats the spanish in colombia at the battle of boyaca.
1819/--/-- 47 - lord byron begins his satirical poem don juan.
1819/--/-- 47 - sir thomas stamford raffles acquires singapore for the east india company.
1819/--/-- 47 - spain surrenders east and west florida to the u.s. in the adams-onis treaty.
1819/--/-- 47 - the prado museum is inaugurated in madrid.
1819/--/-- 47 - the savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the atlantic.
1819/--/-- 47 - treaty with spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 48 - carbonari italian nationalists rebel against the rule of ferdinand i in naples.
1820/--/-- 48 - english poet john keats writes ode to a nightingale.
1820/--/-- 48 - english poet percy bysshe shelley writes prometheus unbound.
1820/--/-- 48 - fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 48 - french navigator dumont d'urville discovers the venus de milo on the island of melos.
1820/--/-- 48 - french poet alphonse de lamartine publishes meditations poetiques.
1820/--/-- 48 - henri christophe commits suicide; haiti is united under jean pierre boyer.
1820/--/-- 48 - juan manuel de rosas becomes the virtual dictator of argentina.
1820/--/-- 48 - maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the union.
1820/--/-- 48 - missouri compromise
1820/--/-- 48 - percy bysshe shelly "prometheus unbound"
1820/--/-- 48 - russian admiral fabian von bellingshausen sights land in the antarctic.
1820/--/-- 48 - stephen h. long explores the rocky mountain region.
1820/--/-- 48 - the missouri compromise admits missouri to the union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 48 - the prince regent becomes king george iv on the death of george iii.
1820/--/-- 48 - the first american missionaries are admitted to hawaii.
1820/--/-- 48 - the first free american slaves to be resettled in africa land in liberia.
1820/--/-- 48 - u.s. navy hero stephen decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 48 - washington irving publishes rip van winkle and the legend of sleepy hollow.
1821/--/-- 49 - american captain john davis is the first to land on the continent of antarctica.
1821/--/-- 49 - bolivar forms gran colombia (ecuador, colombia, venezuela and panama).
1821/--/-- 49 - brazil annexes the banda oriental (uruguay).
1821/--/-- 49 - english landscape artist john constable paints the hay wain.
1821/--/-- 49 - king john vi is reinstated on the portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 49 - mexican independence
1821/--/-- 49 - michael faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 49 - missouri compromise
1821/--/-- 49 - missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the union.
1821/--/-- 49 - napoleon dies on saint helena.
1821/--/-- 49 - revolutionary general san martin enters lima and declares peru independent.
1821/--/-- 49 - revolutionary leader iturbide declares mexican independence from spain.
1821/--/-- 49 - simon bolivar defeats the spanish forces in venezuela and ecuador.
1821/--/-- 49 - the cherokee indian sequoya develops the cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 49 - the greek war of independence begins against turkey.
1821/--/-- 49 - thomas de quincey's confessions of an english opium eater is published.
1821/07/09 49 - george iv crowned king of great britain and ireland at westminster abbey by char
1822/--/-- 50 - american surgeon william beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 50 - antonio jose de sucre defeats the spanish in ecuador at the battle of pichincha.
1822/--/-- 50 - british statesman lord castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 50 - denmark vesey leads a slave revolt in charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 50 - dom pedro, son of portuguese king john vi, declares brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 50 - egyptian leader muhammad ali completes the conquest of northern sudan.
1822/--/-- 50 - french scholar jean francois champollion deciphers the rosetta stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 51 - charles babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 51 - charles lamb publishes his essays of elia in the london magazine.
1823/--/-- 51 - charles macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 51 - general santa anna leads a coup against mexican emperor agustin i (iturbide).
1823/--/-- 51 - james fenimore cooper publishes the first volume of the leatherstocking tales.
1823/--/-- 51 - japanese artist hokusai begins a series of thirty-six views of mount fuji.
1823/--/-- 51 - ludwig van beethoven completes his 9th symphony.
1823/--/-- 51 - monroe doctrine
1823/--/-- 51 - rugby football originates at rugby school in england.
1823/--/-- 51 - the monroe doctrine warns europe not to interfere in the americas.
1824/--/-- 52 - de sucre defeats the spanish at the battle of ayacucho, liberating peru.
1824/--/-- 52 - disputes over the border of india lead to war between britain and burma.
1824/--/-- 52 - english poet lord byron travels to greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 52 - jons jakob berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 52 - sadi carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 52 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 52 - the ashanti begin a war of resistance against britain in the gold coast (ghana).
1824/--/-- 52 - the national gallery is founded in london.
1825/--/-- 53 *** stephens, hester (hopper) - died kentucky
1825/--/-- 53 - adams is inaugurated as the 6th u.s. president; calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 53 - american painter thomas cole founds the hudson river school about this time.
1825/--/-- 53 - english literary critic william hazlitt publishes the spirit of the age.
1825/--/-- 53 - john quincy adams (democratic republican) becomes president of the united states
1825/--/-- 53 - kappa alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at union college, new york.
1825/--/-- 53 - mountain man james bridger discovers the great salt lake.
1825/--/-- 53 - nicholas i is made emperor of russia; the decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 53 - the central american federation declares its independence from mexico.
1825/--/-- 53 - thomas cole establishes hudson river school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 53 - uruguayan leader lavalleja precipitates a war between brazil and argentina.
1825/--/-- 53 - welsh reformer robert owen founds a community at new harmony, indiana.
in 1772 transportation was by:
foot
horse
sailing ship
by 1825 transportation was by:
bicycle
steamboat
in addition.
in 1772 communications was by:
word of mouth
post office
in 1772 food preparation was by:
wood
in 1772 entertainment was by:
social intercourse
organized sports
travel
professional sports
movies
radio
television
theme parks
computer
in 1772 health care was by:
operations
anesthetic
x-rays
mri
in 1772 war making was by:
calvary
gun
artillery
by 1825 war making was by:
submarine
in addition.
in 1772 navigation was by:
stars & maps
compass
get paid with receipts
account? Will I be able to pay for my purchases through paypal? amazon is making
do if I miss the bank? You can cancel your order, but you won't have to pay back any
account? Will I be able to pay for my purchases through paypal? amazon is making
do if I miss the bank? You can cancel your order, but you won't have to pay back any
fake reviews defamation that there's an average, not have any more people looking to call. I've your iPhone on
your phone from a smartphone and phone.com can't need to pay our mobile, which the